Investigative Interviewing Soft Copy With References

INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING
In compliance with Human Rights
Indonesia, 2014
Asst. Chief of Police Ivar Husby
Detective Superintendent Ivar Fahsing
Detective Superintendent Asbjrn Rachlew
22/07-2011
OSLO, NORWAY
22/07-2011
OSLO, NORWAY
Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights
22/07-2011
9 + 68
UTYA,
NORWAY
OSLO, NORWAY
22/07-2011
UTYA,
NORWAY
OSLO, NORWAY
How should we interview the suspect?
What you have seen here today is just the beginning. This is
not the operation. It is only firecrackers compared to what
will happen..Cell two and three will activate in near future
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014

Historical perspective
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014



Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014

perspective
butHistorical
is torture
effective?
CIA 1963
UK 2006
US SCIENCE 2009
SOUFAN 2010
SEMEL 2013
US CONST. 2013
In the specific case of terrorism, in the opinion of the authors

aggressive strategies have been ineffective and, whilst yielding
UK 2006
information, the information is often not reliable or actionable
- Gelles et al. 2006
Fahsing / Rachlew
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Before 9 / 11, there seems to have been a consensus

shared by Western practitioners, both psychologist and
intelligence staff, that even when the use of torture and
coercive interrogation did provoke testimony, there was
no reliable way of telling truth from fiction
- Rose 2006
..The ability to empathize with another..is, I will argue, the critical

component that separates successful interactions capable of
providing a rich yield of credible information from those that can,
as we shall se, only be measured in meaningless quantitative
terms
- Pearse 2006
UK 2006
Chapters 5 and 6 of this book describe how current education is conducted

and note that although there is no valid scientic research to back the conclusion,
most professionals believe that pain, coercion, and threats are counterproductive
to the elicitation of good information. The authors cite a number of psychological
and behavioral studies to buttress the argument, but are forced to return to the
statement: more research is necessary.
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
This study empirically supports, for the first time, the hypothesis
that experienced interrogators favor Rapport-building approaches
over all other available techniques.
Semel 2013 p. 39
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
KUBARK COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION

CIA (1963, p. 93 - 95 )
- why physical torture is not effective
Pain increases the distance between interviewer and suspect

Pain may increase the suspects resistance
The suspects belief in own cause is strengthened

Pain is prone to produce false confessions
When (if) the false confession is discovered , it will strengthen
the suspects initial role as innocent and (or) uninformed
Torture late in the process might give the impression that the
interviewer is desperate and hence, lead the suspect to believe
that he will win the struggle and his freedom
Torture early on in the process, without results, will obstruct and
hamper more productive interrogative strategies
As we warned when the techniques were being introduced, not only are
they unreliable, ineffective, and they also ignore our long-term goals
and make prosecution unlikely.
Soufan 2011 s. 469
Fahsing / Rachlew
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Our values
23/07-2011
Our values
Our values
Art 6. Right to a fair trial
Article 14 (Civil and Political rights)

2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have
the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
according to law.
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
Our values
The presumption of innocence is a direction to officials

The
presumption
of innocence
a direction
to officials
about
about
how they are
to proceed,isnot
a prediction
of
how
they are to proceed, not a prediction of outcome.
outcome.
-- Packer
Packer 1969
1969
Our values
In most democratic societies, ethical pressures are at their

maximum when they interview suspects.
-Roy, 2006
-The police should not judge

He says it is important for the police to meet Breivik with humanity and respect and
give him the opportunity to explain his version.
- The police can not take with them the attitudes that may exist amongst people now.
The police should not judge or moralize, says Fahsing.
Fahsing / Rachlew
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10
Talks more about himself
-The police should not judge

He says it is important for the police to meet Breivik with humanity and respect and
give him the opportunity to explain his version.
- The police can not take with them the attitudes that may exist amongst people now.
The police should not judge or moralize, says Fahsing.
The British P.E.A.C.E. Model
Talks more about himself
- 1992 -
The British P.E.A.C.E. Model

- 1992 -
Fahsing / Rachlew
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11
- The perpetrator is one of our

key witnesses
Investigative interviewing is our most important tool.

The objective is to collect as much accurate and
possible, until we feel that the
reliable information as possible
case is sufficiently enlightened.
The objective is to collect as much accurate and reliable information as possible
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12
1.
2.
3.
4.
Security perspective
Legal perspective
Victim perspective
Historic perspective
1.
2.
3.
4.
Legal perspective
Victim perspective
-I want to know as much as possible

of what happened to my children
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fahsing / Rachlew
Legal perspective
Victim perspective
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13
THE INTERVIEW TEAM

LEADER:
INTERVIEWERS:
WRITER:
ADVISER:
LEAD BY:
PROJECTS:
Knut Jensen (SIO)

Nina Holm Andersen, Geir-Egil Lken, Kim Ordal
Tor Nordal
Asbjrn Rachlew
Sp
Investiagion leader group
(all levels)
Prosecution Service (all levels)
Bomb (Explosives / Chemists)

Financial investigators
Case analysists / witness projects
Security police (Historian / manifesto)
Seizure group, Social media, etc. (Around 30 projects)
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Planning and preparation
Introduction and rapport
Free account
Clarification and disclosure
Closure
Evaluation
- Physical preparations
- Case related preparations
- Mental preparations
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Presentation
Information
Empathy
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
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15
Introduction
Open questions
Active listening
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Introduction
Open questions
Active listening
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Purpose
Theme structuring
Questioning
Tactics / disclosure
Free
Freeaccount
account
Closure
Evaluation
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16
Purpose
Theme structuring
Questioning
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Purpose
Theme structuring
Questioning
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Securing the interview

Summarize
Information
Positive closure
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
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The implementation
The information
New situation
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Investigating 22nd of July 2011
-Interviews of the suspect

31 interviews
Fahsing / Rachlew
220 hours
1271 pages
Indonesia 2014
18
From Interrogation to
Investigative Interviewing
Indonesia, 2014
Detective SuperintendentIvar Fahsing
Indonesia, 2014
Detective SuperintendentIvar Fahsing
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
in police investigation
Forced confession
Norway, 2011
Police
Superintendent
Rachlew (PhD)
BIRGITTE
TENGSAsbjrn06.05.95
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19
No official training
No official methodology
Interview experts
handouts (1995/99)
You
yourlawyer
influence
andbusy
work
him
up
from
the very
The start
defense
is often
and
will
after
a while
ask
beginning.
goal
is to become
the
only one
you to getYour
to the
point.
Then you
repeat
howproviding
importanthim
it
with
andand
support
in hisbecause
difficultitsituation.
You
control
is to comfort
take it slow
use time
is mentally
hard
to
who
he is allowed
to have
with, and
that
way
talk about.
The suspect
willcontact
often agree,
andin
the
problem
prevent
he receives
psychological
fromsee
others
are oftenthat
solved
by the defense
lawyersupport
who states:
you
later.
- PHS 1998-1998
No official training
No official methodology
Interview experts
handouts (1995/99)
- No references to fundamental human rights
(Innocent until proven guilty - Article 6, no. 2)
- Not a single word about false confessions
- Nothing about the fact that the suspect could be innocent
- No information about potential danger using such techniques
- Police only / official matter / internal use only
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Professional
ethics
GENERAL
ETHICS
Police
Ethics
GENERAL
ETHICS
- The police are coercing confessions
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POLICE INTERVIEW
an international perspective
INTERROGATION
(1960)
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
(1990)
POLICE INTERVIEW
INTERROGATION
(1960)
Fahsing / Rachlew
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
(1990)
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22
Interview of Suspect
23
Elimination of Innocent
STEP 1
THE DIRECT, POSITIVE CONFRONTATION
Our investigation shows that you are the one who.
EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
NON-EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
STEP 2
THEME DEVELOPMENT
Joe, I can understand how this happened.
THEMES
1. SEEK ADMISSION OF LYING
ABOUT SOME INCIDENTAL
ASPEC OF THE OCCURRENCE.
Joe, there is nothing wrong with giving
her candy. Joe, what did she say?.
2. HAVE SUSPECT PLACE HIMSELF
AT SCENE OF CRIME OR IN
CONTACT WITH VICTIM.
Joe, there isnt any doubt that you were
with (victim) last night at the scene of
crime. However, you may have been there
before it happened and that might explain
why the witnesses say they saw you
3. POINT OUT THE FUTILITY OF
RESISTANCE TO TELLING TRUTH
Joe, tell it to us now, before your partner
does and leaves you with the bag. No one
will believe you later...
4. IF NOTHING ELCE WORKS,
TRICERY AND DECEIT.
Joe, your partner has confessed.
JUVENILE OFFENDERS
STEP 3
HANDLING DENIALS
Joe, listen to what I have to say...
STEP 4
OVERCOMING OBJECTIONS
Joe, Im sure thats true, but........
STEP 5
KEEPING THE SUSPECTS ATTENTION
Joe, Im sure that you care about this...
2. MINIMISING MORAL SERIOUSNESS

Joe, these things happen every day.
3. SUGGEST A MORAL MOTIVATION
Joe, you were only trying to stop her
screaming weren't you?.
4. CONDEMNING THE VICTIM AND

OTHER POSSIBLE TRIGGERS
Joe, no woman should be on the street
alone at night looking as sexy as she did.
5. APPEAL TO SUSPECTS PRIDE BY
WELL SELECTED FLATTERY.
Joe, Ive interviewed a lot of robbers, but
interviewing or interrogation non that have the same guts as you!

STEP 6
HANDLING THE SUSPECTS PASSIVE MOOD
Joe, Im sure this wasnt planned out...
Investigation and
7
ClinicalSTEPFact
Analysis
PRESENTING THE ALTERNATIVE QUESTION
Did you plan this, or was it a spontaneous thing?
Joe, I can pretty well understand what

would have happened to me if that condition
existed in my home. No one to cook meals
or perhaps even care if I lived or died.
THEMES
1. SYMPATHISE WITH THE SUSPECT
Joe, anyone could have done it.
6. POINT OUT POSSIBILE EXAGGERATION

ON PART OF ACCUSER OR VICTIM
Joe, she probably had intercourse with you
voluntarily, feared a pregnancy and therefore
come up with this rape story.
7. POINT OUT GRAVE CONSEQUENCES
OF FUTURE CRIMINAL BEAHVIOUR
Joe, one day you may be confronted by the
house owner or the police and if you pull a
gun, they may kill or cripple you for live.
STEP 8
BRINGING THE SUSPECT INTO
THE CONVERSATION
I was sure thats what happened....
STEP 9
THE WRITTEN CONFESSION
STEP 1
EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
STEP 2
THEME DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
Joe, I can understand
how this happened.
STEP 2
STEP 1
THEMES
THEMES
THEME DEVELOPMENT
Joe, I can understand how this happened.
THEMES
THEMES


STEP 3
HANDLING DENIALS
Joe, there is nothing wrong with giving
3
Joe, listen to what I have toSTEP
say...
her candy. Joe, what did she say?.
HANDLING
DENIALS
Joe, there is nothing wrong with giving AT SCENE OF CRIME OR IN
STEP 4
Joe,
listen
to
what
I
have
to
say...
OVERCOMING
OBJECTIONS
her candy. Joe, what did she say?.Joe, there isnt any doubt that you were
Joe, Im sure thats true, but........
withArt
(victim) 6.
last night
at
the
scene
of
Right to a fair trial
before it happened and that might explain

Joe, no woman should be on the street
alone at night looking as sexy as she did.

STEP 5
KEEPING THE SUSPECTS ATTENTION
TO SUSPECTS PRIDE BY
3. POINTArticle
OUT THE FUTILITY OF14 (Civil and
Joe, Im surePolitical
that you care about this...
rights) 5. APPEAL
AT SCENE OF CRIME OR IN
WELL SELECTED FLATTERY.
STEP 4
Joe, Ive interviewed a lot of robbers, but
non that have the same guts as you!
will believe you later...
OVERCOMING
OBJECTIONS 6.
STEP 6
Joe, there isnt any doubt that you were
SUSPECTS
PASSIVE
ON PART OF ACCUSERshall
OR VICTIM have
4. IF NOTHING
WORKS,
2.ANDELCEEveryone
withtrue,
a MOOD
criminal
offence
Joe,charged
ImHANDLING
sure THE
thats
but........
Joe, Im sure this wasnt planned out...
Joe, she probably had intercourse with you
DECEIT.
with (victim) last night at the scene of Joe,TRICERY
voluntarily, feared a pregnancy and therefore
your partner has confessed.
come up with
this rape story.
the
right
to
be
presumed
innocent
until
proved
guilty
STEP 7
7. POINT OUT GRAVE CONSEQUENCES
PRESENTING THE ALTERNATIVE QUESTION
OF FUTURE CRIMINAL BEAHVIOUR
before it happened and that might explainJUVENILE
according
to law.
OFFENDERS
Did you plan this, or was it a spontaneous thing?
Joe, one day you may be confronted by the
house owner or the police and if you pull a
Joe, I can pretty well understand what
gun, they may kill or cripple you for live.
would have happened to me if that condition

POINT OUT POSSIBILE EXAGGERATION
existed in my home. No one to cook meals

or perhaps even care if I lived or died.
3. POINT OUT THE FUTILITY OF


STEP 8
BRINGING THE SUSPECT INTO
THE CONVERSATION
I was sure thats what happened....
STEP 9
THE WRITTEN CONFESSION
they raise very serious question about the ethical nature

of this form of interrogation. Public awareness of this kind of
police behaviour must inevitably lose the public`s respect for
the professionalism of police officers.
Gudjonsson, 1993 (2002)
it seems like they are ignoring the central point, namely

that these techniques may lead to false confessions
Canter & Alison, 1999
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24
100
90
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Police forced me to confess
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Fahsing / Rachlew
fe
il
Indonesia 2014
25
100
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Police forced me to confess
70
60
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30
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10
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51%
50%
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POLICE INTERVIEW
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
INTERROGATION
(1960)
(1990)
POLICE INTERVIEW
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
INTERROGATION
POLICE INTERVIEW
The
British P.E.A.C.E.
Model
(1960)
(1990)
an international
perspective
- 1992 -
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE

in police investigation
Why is it so difficult for the police to interview?
Ethical pressure
Lack of training
Short of resources
(Norway and elsewhere)
- Under staffed, under paid, lacking equipment
Short of resources
Poor investigation
Reliance on confession
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Fahsing / Rachlew
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27
Lecture:
Memory functions
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Factors inflicting on memory
The network functions of memory
Short exercises
MINNETS
FUNKSJONER
Unfortunately does not memory work like a videocamera.

Memory is an active and ongoing process which is constantly
developing and changing ..
-Kebbell og Wagstaff, 1999
MEMORY
PROCESS
ENCODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
Time
Research on human memory has, with consensius,

documented that memory can be altered in all stages
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28
MEMORY
PROCESS
MEMORY
PROCESS
SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
12 items
George Sperling (1960)
Partial Report Paradigm
Fahsing / Rachlew
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
72
Millers Magic Number
(1956)
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29
SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
18143571945
18143571945
SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
18143571945
11
UNITS
CHUNKING: A METHOD THAT ASSITS THE SHORT-TERM MEMORY
18143571945
2
3
UNITS
ENCODING
PHYSICAL FACTORS
PERSONAL FACTORS
LINKED TO SITUATIONS
LINKED TO PERSONS
Light and sight conditions

Place for observation
Time for observation
Situation characteristics
Complex, fearful or stressing
Noise or other disturbances
Fahsing / Rachlew
Physical (age, eyesight, gender)

Mental
- Intoxication, etc.
- Intellectual capacities
- Experience (scripts/schemas)
- Interests and motivation
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30
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
PROCEDURAL
MEMORY
MEMORY
SEMANTIC
SEMANTIC
MEMORY
MEMORY
EPISODIC
MEMORY
Our first and most important memory system stores motoric actions, etc.
Needs minimal rehearsal when first established You never forget how to ride a bike
It is implicit - little involvement of (higher) thought processes
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
PROCEDURAL
MEMORY
MEMORY
SEMANTIC
SEMANTIC
MEMORY
MEMORY
EPISODIC
MEMORY
The centre for explicit knowledge needs rehearsal

Africa easy to point out on a map because it is constant, repeated and maintained
Human language is a part of semantic memory (Adults: 60 000 / Pre school: 1500 words)
Episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated

emotions, and other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly stated
It is a part of our declarative memory system which consists of sematic and episodic
This is the memory system we mainly will use during an interview
MEMORY
PROCESS
ENCODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
Time
Time spent between encoding and retrival is critical

to episodic memory
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STORAGE
- Ebbinghaus, 1885
60 min. 55,8 % lost

(Forgetting-curve)
STORAGE
DECAY
(Forgetting)
INTERFERENCE
(Changes)
Not only is our memory very important, it is also very fragile to interference.
Research and recent practice shows that witnesess talking to each other during
the storage phase perhaps is the strongest interfering factor of all...
-Granhag , 2007
STORAGE
We are storing information from all our sences

Hearing
Seeing
Tasting
Smelling
Touching/Moving
Experiences (Emotion)
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STORAGE
The network structure of memory
RETRIEVAL
Memory is of a so-called auto-associative and reconstructable nature.

- Please
car? in a hypothetical network which are
Int:
Memory
candescribe
be seen the
as nodes
Int: - Please visualise the car and describe it in as much detail as you can
connected by associative links
Int: - Ok, so you cant recall iss colour. Please try to think back once
more
To not remember,
doessee?
not What
mean did
thatyou
thehear?
information
is lost
What did you

Was there
a particular
it is theDid
associative
that is gone..
smell?
you thinklink
of anything?
Take your time and concentrate
MEMORY
PROCESS
DISCUSSSION
WHAT CAN THE LEARNING FROM THIS EXERCISE
MEAN FOR YOU AS AN INTERVIEWER?
GIVE SOME EXAMPLES FROM PRACTICAL LIFE
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Planning & preparation
Engage & explain
First free account
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Case preparations
Physical preparations
Mental preparations
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34
Case preparations
Lp k hoch v chun b
Case preparations
Mental preparations
?
Article 14 (Civil and Political rights)
3 (a) (suspects minimum rights)

To be informed promptly and in detail in a
language which he understands of the nature
and cause of the charge against him.
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Failing to plan- is planning to fail..
Case preparations
Mental preparations
Mental preparations
Motivation
Flexibility
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Mental preparations
The first conclusion colors and brings into conformity with
You start your influence and work him up from the very beginning. Your goal is
itself
allthe
that
come
after [..].
to
become
only
one providing
him with comfort and support in his difficult
situation. You control
- Francis Bacon 1620
You
start your influence
and work
up from the
beginning.
Your goal is
Regardless
of whether
one`shimtreatment
ofvery
evidence
was
to become the only one providing him with comfort and support in his difficult
evenhanded before the stand was taken, it can become highly
situation. You control
biased afterwards.
- Nickerson 1998
Mental preparations
Primacy effect
The initial evidence leads
to an opinion, which then biases
Reinforces:
the search for subsequent evidence, as well as the
interpretation
of that
evidence
when it is found.
..when subjects
make
some commitment
to the .belief
- Baron, 1994, p. 285
suggested by the earliest evidence they receive.
- Baron, 1994
Fahsing / Rachlew
Mental preparations
Indonesia 2014
37
Decision making
Good thinking is represented by a
thorough search for an alternative
without favourizing the one
already on mind.
- Alison og Canter, 1999
Dror, Charlton, and Peron (2006)

FINGERPRINT EXPERTS (2000)
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
38

FINGERPRINT EXPERTS (2000)
COGNITIVE INFLUENCE
Brandon Mayfield (2004) - Madrid FBI

FINGERAVTRYKKS EKSPERTER (2000)
ETTER KOGNITIV PVIRKNING
Engage & explain
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
39
Engage & explain
Introduction
Empathy
Information
Engage & explain
Introduction and First Impression
How would you self like to be met?

Handshake, who am I and how are you?
First impression forms within a few seconds
Automatic clasification (Person scheme)
Crucial importance for future communication
We seek information suporting our initial assumption
Much counter information is needed to change initial opinion
Engage & explain
The basic interpersonal communication prinsiples

that applies in everyday social interactions, applies
in police interviews.
Sheperd (1991)
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
40
Engage & explain
The basic interpersonal commuication prinsipples

that
in everyday
social
Theapplies
vast majority
of officers,
whointeractions,
are unlikely to applies
achieve
beyond honest compentency, need instead
in standards
police interviews.
(1991)
down-to-earth (even elementary) training Sheperd
which focuses
primarily on basic communicative and social skills, not
advanced psychology.
Baldwin (1992)
Engage
& explain
Ethical
Interviewing
1. The prior investigation principle
I must know what Im talking about: bullshitting is unethical
2. The sincerity principle

I must tell the truth, must not bluff, evade or confuse
3. The disclosure principle

I must be prepared to disclose my sources
4. The open-mindedness principle

I must not have a closed mind
5. The tolerance principle

I must cope with rebuttal and resistance
6. The integrity principle

I must not let my personal goals blind me to my moral obligations
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
41
Engage & explain
Information
Establish roles and name-preferences

Give information about:
The case
The situation (Toilet, water, coffee, breakes, etc.)
The recordings
The rights to remain silent
The right to counsel, etc.
What will happen in this interview (procedures and expectations)
Any questions? Is everything clear? Are we ready to start?
Engage & explain

Meta-communication
Communicating about the communication itself
Tools to prevent and resolve communication breakdowns

Involves openness, specification and clarification
Stimulates confidence, predictability and interaction
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
42
Engage & explain
DEMONSTRATION / SHORT EXERCISE
SHORT DEMO:
Scenario introduction
Greet and establish name preferences
Show empathy, establish roles and expectations
Give information about the case, the formalities and procedures
Any questions?
Engage & explain
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
43
First
Firstfree
free account
Account
Why is this important?

Short exercise
How do we give instructions?
Open questions
Active listening
First free account

TACTICAL
INVESTIGATION
Secure and document interview evidence
First free account

Prevent contamination
FORENSIC
INVESTIGATION
Secure and document physical evidence
Crime scene behaviour

Prevent contamination
First
Firstfree
free account
Account
SHORT EXERCISE
Divide into groups by count to 1, 2, 3
No. 1 Think about a person you know which is unknown to the
interviewer. Be sincere and do not confabulate.
No. 2 Set up a interview situation and gather as much information as

possible about the persons physical appearance. You have 5 minutes from
the observer tells to start
No. 3 You are the observers. As no 1 and 2 are getting ready you will get
further instructions from us. You will need a watch. You are starting and
stopping the exercise and will report back to us.
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
44
First
Firstfree
free account
Account
Give information about:

- What you want the witness to do free account in detail
- What will you do listen / no interruptions / take notes
Motivate and inform about:

- the importance of details
- tell everything, use all sences
- concentrate take your time - think back - no hurry
- use of scetches (pencil paper)
- Ok, not to remember - but please try as hard as you can
- Any questions, ready to start?
- Think back and tell me everything you can remember
First free account
The aim is to achieve the question-less interview

-Ronald Fisher
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Who..
What..
When..
Why..
How..
TED
5WH
First free account
Interruptions:
The US and UK police interrupted after 7,5 s.

Impolite and unethical
Ruins concentration and focus
Loss of information
Most people will adapt
Lose their motivation for details and accuracy
Ping pong effect
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
45
First free account
Active listening:
The Gap syndrome

Stay mentally active
Minimize factors which hinders active listening
What is being said
Do not judge on the go
Take notes
Use recorder
Lean forward
Verbal and non- verbal receivement signs
First free account
Listening:
This is the problem with dealing with someone who is actually a
good listener. They dont jump in on your sentences, saving you
from actually finishing them, or talk over you, allowing what you do
manage to get out to be lost or altered in transit. Instead, they wait,
so you have to keep going.
Sarah Dessen, Just Listen
First free account
Please Tell, Explain, Describe
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
46
Any problems with the history?

Questioned reliability of the representation (Milne & Bull 2003)
Communicative and methodological problems (Khnken, 1995)

Low accessibility of material
Not utilizing modern technology
Why is digital documentation important?

Higher integrity of the police interviews
Lower the cognitive load of the interviewer

Communicative and methodological benefits
Improved accessibility and admissibility of material
Less transportation (e.g. video conference)
Better management an knowledge shearing
Improved research and development
Raised ethical standards?
36. The electronic (i.e. audio and/or video) recording of police

interviews represents an important additional safeguard against
the ill-treatment of detainees. The CPT is pleased to note that the
introduction of such systems is under consideration in an
increasing number of countries. Such a facility can provide a
complete and authentic record of the interview process, thereby
greatly facilitating the investigation of any allegations of illtreatment. This is in the interest both of persons who have been illtreated by the police and of police officers confronted with
unfounded allegations that they have engaged in physical illtreatment or psychological pressure. Electronic recording of police
interviews also reduces the opportunity for defendants to later
falsely deny that they have made certain admissions.
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
47
How is optimal documentation done?

Reliable equipment
High quality recordings
Easy to handle
Training of personnel
Automatic and secure logging of events
Preferably with the use of video
No rehearsal everything has to be documented
No manipulation (e.g. camera angels)
Compatible data format
Reliable archiving procedures
Any pitfalls?
Training and motivation
Transformation of the information
System changes
New standards
Archives
Costs
The future
Higher professionalism
Better infrastructure
Better technology
New standards and systems
Lower costs
Voice to text
No text?
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
48
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
Gieselman and Fisher (1992)

Based on Tulvings encoding-specificity principle.
-Recall will be better if the same cues are present during recall
as were present during the original learning. This is called
cue-dependent recall.
-Recall will normally also be better if we are in the same
physiological state as when we encoded them. This is called
state- dependent learning.
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
The four main features (or instructions) of the cognitive interview technique:
1. Reinstate the context: Witnesses are encouraged to put themselves back
at the scene (e.g. how they felt, what they were thinking, etc.)
2. Report everything: Witnesses are encouraged to recall all the details they
can remember, even if they believe them to be trivial
3. Recall in a different order: Witnesses are told to try and remember the
event from the end to the beginning, rather than from the beginning to the
end. Alternatively, they may be asked to recall from some specific point (e.g.
the middle)
4. Recall from a changed perspective: Witnesses are asked to imagine the
event from somebody elses perspective, and see the event as this other
person would have seen it
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
1. Explain the aims of the interview
Focused retrieval and Concentrate hard

Report everything
Transfer of control
2. Initiate a free report
Context reinstatement
Open-ended question
Pauses and no interruptions
3. Initial Probing
Report everything
Interviewee-compatible questioning
OK to say 'don't know
OK to say 'don't understand
Activate and probe an image
Open and appropriate closed questions
4. Varied and extensive retrieval

Change the temporal order
Change perspectives
Focus on all senses
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
49
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
SHORT DEMO:
Any questions?
-Recording, report
-Your full free account first
-Context reinstatement (physically and mentally)
-Report everything, all details, etc.
-Transfer of control
-I will take notes and listen, my questions later
-Focused retrieval and concentrate hard
-Take pauses, etc.
-Any questions?
Instructions
-When you are ready please think back, focus onwhen you can
visualise please start to tell
Engage & explain
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
50
The reliability hierarchy

Information quality
Free account
Open question
Tell me, explain, describe
(T.E.D)
Probing questions
5WH (Open / Closed)
Closed/leading
questions
Milne, B. (2006)
Eyewitness psychology (E. Lofthus 1974 m.fl.)
Questions
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Dynamics:
Start with your notes from free account
When the police ask many closed questions, they

run the risk that the witness knows something of
investigative value that the interviewer did not
think about, and hence, do not ask about.
Consequently, information may get lost .
(Kepinska Jakobsen, 2010)
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
51
Questions
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Who..
Dynamics:
What..
When..
Why..
How..
Empty all interesting topics that arose and focus on

details, controllable information and motives.
Questions
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Who..
Dynamics:
What..
When..
Why..
How..
Finally, introduce topics from you interview plan

and empty them in the same systematic way.
Questions
Fahsing / Rachlew
Closed
Leading
Alternative
Negative
Passive
Long
Series - questions
Indonesia 2014
52
Introduce topic
Next topic
The topic spiral

Next topic
Next topic
New topic
Summarise
Open question
Listening
Listening
Explore
Explore
Listening
The topic spiral
Why summarise ?
Prevent misunderstandings
Collect more evidence
Show that you are listening
Prepare disclousure of evidence (strategy)
Engage & explain
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
53
Engage & explain
Question techniques
Probe
Challenge
Interview strategy
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
`INTERVIEW STRATEGY`
Engage & explain
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
`INTERVIEW STRATEGY`
Identify all potential evidence

Identify all possible explanations
(alternative explanations / hypothesis)
Explore all possible explanations

without exposing the evidence
Delay disclosure
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
54
Kjemisk
Lab.dok
Tekniske
Avtrykk
Kjemisk
Phone
Technical
Dette er bare en prve. Jeg skal ikke skrive noe

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Avtrykk
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Phone
Technical

Dette er
barehelst
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Jeg
skal ikke
skrive
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mening.
Kun
fyllenoe
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Som
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fylle
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Fahsing / Rachlew
Maliks
Vitne
dok
Jonas
W.
Morten
Vitne
dokR. J. Hansen
Interview

Som
som gir
mening.
Kun
fyllenoe
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Dette er
barehelst
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skal ikke
skrive
Sidensom
slik at mening.
det ser utKun
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Dette er
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Dette er
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skal
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Jeg Jeg
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Skrive
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Etterforsker
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Rachlew
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Maliks
Vitne
dok
Jonas
W.
Morten
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dokR. J. Hansen
Inteveiw

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vre
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liten
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nokslitt
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vre
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slutten.
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Etterforsker
Asbjrn
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Skrive
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godt
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en rapport.
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Etterforsker
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Rachlew
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Etterforsker
Etterforsker
Asbjrn
Rachlew
Etterforsker
Covert
Spaning
Spaning
Register
Analylse
Lukket
Tactical

Eller ei,
Dette
menerdet
bare
viktigste
en prve.
er som
Jeg sagt
skal ikke skrive noe
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Som
strhelst
her.som
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det visesKun
en form
fylle ut denne
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er
bareslik
en prve.
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skal
ikke
skrive noe
For tekst.
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at det ser
som
tekst.
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barehelst
en prve.
Jeg
skal ikke
skrive
Som
som gir
mening.
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fyllenoe
ut denne
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som
gir mening.
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fylle
ut denne
Siden
slik
ser ut
som
tekst.
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Jeg at
Aner
erdet
atskal
teksten
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om
skal
dette
vre
kommer
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tilat se bra ut
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bareslik
en prve.
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ikke
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noe
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at det ser
ut som
tekst.
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barehelst
en prve.
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Jeg
Eller
skal
faktisk
ei,
ikke
men
ikke
skrive
det
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noe
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mening.
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fylle
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mening.
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hres
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det
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er bare
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skal
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ikkeen form
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detAner
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om
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det vises
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ikke
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skal vre
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en
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om
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her. Kun
atsedet
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en ligner
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Meningen
er ikke
at teksten
s liten
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som
str
her. Kun
at Det
det vises
hres
en
nok
form
littskal
rart vre
ut, men
snnater det
Eller ei,
men
det
viktigste
er som
For
tekst.
Meningen
er atsagt
teksten
skalsvre
s litense
atden.
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faktisk
ikke
skal
kunne
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tekst.
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vises en form
faktisk
skal
se den.
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hresikke
nokslitt
rartkunne
ut,Rachlew
men
snn er det
Asbjrn
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er at teksten
s liten
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nok littskal
rart vre
ut, men
snnater det
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er atfaktisk
teksten
skal
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vre
jegstror
Etterforsker
liten
jegatnrmer vei slutten. Kan godt
Leseren
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skal
Skrive
kunne
en
seatavslutning
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erDet
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skalslitt
vre
s
hresikke
nok
rart
ut,liten
men
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tror
jeger
nrmer
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hres
nok litt
rart
ut,jeg
men
snn
det vei slutten. Kan godt
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ikke
s skal
kunne
se
den.
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jegSkrive
tror jeg
vei som
slutten.
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en nrmer
avslutning
ligner
pgodt
en rapport.
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nok litt rart
ut, men
snn
er detsom ligner
Skrive
en avslutning
p en rapport.
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vei
slutten.
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godt
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en avslutning som ligner p en rapport.
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Skrive
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lignerKan
pAsbjrn
en
rapport.
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tror jeg
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godt
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Rachlew
Etterforsker
en rapport.
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Asbjrn
Rachlew
Etterforsker
Etterforsker
Asbjrn
Rachlew
Etterforsker
Covert
Spaning
Spaning
Register
Analylse
Lukket
Tactical

Eller ei,
Dette
menerdet
bare
viktigste
en prve.
er som
Jeg sagt
skal ikke skrive noe
Hva som
Som
strhelst
her.som
Kungiratmening.
det visesKun
en form
fylle ut denne
Dette
er
bareslik
en prve.
Jegut
skal
ikke
skrive noe
For tekst.
Siden
at det ser
som
tekst.
Dette er
barehelst
en prve.
Jeg
skal ikke
skrive
Som
som gir
mening.
Kun
fyllenoe
ut denne
Som helst
som
gir mening.
Kun
fylle
ut denne
Siden
slik
ser ut
som
tekst.
Meningen
Jeg at
Aner
erdet
atskal
teksten
ikke
om
skal
dette
vre
kommer
s liten
tilat se bra ut
Dette er
bareslik
en prve.
Jeg
ikke
skrive
noe
Siden
at det ser
ut som
tekst.
Dette er
barehelst
en prve.
Leseren
Jeg
Eller
skal
faktisk
ei,
ikke
men
ikke
skrive
det
s skal
noe
viktigste
sesom
den.sagt ikke
Som
som
gir
mening.
Kun
fylle
utkunne
denneer
Jeg
Aner
ikke
om
dette
se
braen
utform
helst
som
girJeg
mening.
Det
hres
Hva
Kun
nok
som
fylle
litt
str
rart
uther.
denne
ut,kommer
men
Kunsnn
attil
detervises
det
Dette Som
er bare
en prve.
skal
ikke
skrive
noe
Siden
slik
det
ser
ut
som
tekst.
Jeg at
Aner
ikke
om
dette
kommer
se bra
ei,
men
viktigstetil
ersom
sagtutikke
Sidensom
slik gir
at det
serEller
Faktisk.
utKun
som
For
tekst.
tekst.
Som helst
mening.
fylle
utdet
denne
Eller
ei,
men
det
viktigste
er som
sagt
ikkeen form
Hva
som
str
her. Kun
at det
vises
Siden slik atJeg
detAner
serHva
utikke
som
tekst.
om
dette
se braen
utform
som
str
her.kommer
Kun attil
det vises
For
tekst.
Jeg Aner
ikke
om
dette
Vel,
jegMeningen
tror jeg
til
nrmer
se
er at
bra
teksten
ut
vei
slutten.
skal vre
Kansgodt
liten at
Eller
ei,
men
det kommer
viktigste
ersom
sagt
ikke
For
tekst.
Ellerikke
ei,
men
detstr
viktigste
Skrive
Leseren
er
en
sagt
faktisk
som
ikke
s skalpkunne
en rapport.
se den.
Jeg Aner
om
dette
kommer
til som
avslutning
bra
utikke
Hva
som
her. Kun
atsedet
vises
en ligner
form
Meningen
er ikke
at teksten
s liten
Hva
som
str
her. Kun
at Det
det vises
hres
en
nok
form
littskal
rart vre
ut, men
snnater det
Eller ei,
men
det
viktigste
er som
For
tekst.
Meningen
er atsagt
teksten
skalsvre
s litense
atden.
faktisk
ikke
skal kunne
For str
tekst.
Faktisk.
Hva som
her. Leseren
Kun atLeseren
det
vises
en form
faktisk
ikke
s
skal
kunne
se
den.
Det hres nok litt
rart ut,Rachlew
men snn er det
Asbjrn
For tekst. Meningen
er at teksten
s liten
Det hres
nok littskal
rart vre
ut, men
snnater det
Faktisk.
Meningen
er atfaktisk
teksten
skal
Vel,
vre
jegstror
Etterforsker
liten
jegatnrmer vei slutten. Kan godt
Leseren
Faktisk. ikke s skal kunne se den.
Leseren
skal
Skrive
kunne
en
seatavslutning
den.
Meningen
erDet
atfaktisk
teksten
skalslitt
vre
s
hresikke
nok
rart
ut,liten
men
Vel,
tror
jeger
nrmer
Detfaktisk
hres
nok litt
rart
ut,jeg
men
snn
det vei slutten. Kan godt
Leseren
ikke
s skal
kunne
se
den.
Faktisk.
Vel,
jegSkrive
tror jeg
vei som
slutten.
Kan
en nrmer
avslutning
ligner
pgodt
en rapport.
Faktisk.
Det hres
nok litt rart
ut, men
snn
er detsom ligner
Skrive
en avslutning
p en rapport.
Asbjrn
Rachlew
Faktisk.
Kan godt
Vel, jegSkrive
tror jeg
vei som
slutten.
Kan
Etterforsker
en nrmer
avslutning
ligner
pgodt
en rapport.
Rachlew
Skrive
en avslutning
lignerKan
pAsbjrn
en
rapport.
Vel, jeg
tror jeg
nrmer veisom
slutten.
godt
Asbjrn
Rachlew
Etterforsker
en rapport.
Asbjrn Rachlew
Asbjrn
Rachlew
Etterforsker
Etterforsker
Asbjrn
Rachlew
Etterforsker
Indonesia 2014
55
Summary
Clarify only one topic at the a time

Be spesific and use opend-ended questions
Do not present evidence to early

Elaborate on possibe inconsistencies
Clarify on all topics before you disclose
What you have explained about you movements this
morning do not fit with any of our witness statements.
Whats you comment to that?
Use silence. Allow the suspect to think and refelct
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
SHORT DEMO:
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
56
Engage & explain
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
Closure
Clarification
/ challenge
Summarise
Read through
Adjustments
Confirmation
Information
Positive ending
Engage & explain
First free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
57
Evaluation
Clarification
/ challenge
New information provided

Concequences of the information provided
The interview situation
What went well?
What can be done better?
What can others learn from this?
Feedback
Konkret
erfaring
Experience
Refleksjon
Reflection
Ny plan
New
plan
Evalutation
Vurdering
(Kolb 1984)
Profiling the effective detective
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
58
Construct:
What are the prioritized
investigative
hypotheses?
What new actions and
data is needed falsify
and very them?
What are the main lines
of enquiry?
Collect all relevant

and available
data(5WH)
Filling Information Gaps
Constructing
Collecting
Check if data are:

1) Relevant
2) Accurate
3) Reliable
Checking
Connecting
Considering
Connect:
Organise and synthesize
the data. Identify and
refine competing
explanations of the
available data. Which are
strongest and most
likely? Which are weakest
or least likely?
Fahsing / Rachlew
Consider:
What is known vs. 5WH
What is not know vs. 5WH
What are all the possible
explanations of the data?
The 5 Cs Investigative Cycle
Indonesia 2014
59
60
Some additional references

Baldwin, J. (1992). Video Taping Police Interviews with Suspects: An Evaluation. Police Research
Series Paper 1. H.O. Police Research Group. Home Office: London
Bull. R. / Milne. R. (1999). Investigative Interviewing. Psychology and Practice. Wiley: Chichester
Christianson, S.., Engelberg, E. og Holmberg, U. (1998). Avancerad frhrs- och intervjumetodik,
Natur och Kultur
Canter, D.V. / Alison, L.J. (1997). Criminal Detection and the Psychology of Crime. Dartmouth
Press: Aldershot
Clarke / Milne (2001). National Evaluation of the PEACE Investigative Interviewing Course. Police
Research Award Scheme. Report No: PRAS/149. Home Office: London
CPT (2002). European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment. Paragraph 34, 12th General Report CPT/Inf (2002)15
Fashing, I.A. & Rachlew, A. (2009). Investigative interviewing in the Nordic region. I:
T. Williamson, B. Milne og S. P. Savag (red.). International Developments in
Investigative Interviewing. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
Fisher, R.P. and Geiselman, R.E. (1992). Memory Enchancing Techniques for Investigative
Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas
Granhag, P.A. (2001). Vittnespsykologi. Studentlitteratur, Lund
Gudjonsson, G.H. (2003). The Psychology of Interrogations and Confession. A handbook. Wiley:
Chichester
Hargie, E.W (1997). The Handbook of Communication skills, 2nd edition, Routledge, London
Home Office. (1995) Code C of the Codes of Practice regarding the Police and Criminal Evidence
Act 1984. London: Home office
Inbau, F.E., Reid, J.E. og Buckley, J.P. (1986). Criminal Interrogation and Confessions, 3rd ed.
Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD
Kassin, S.M. (1997). The psychology of confession evidence. American Psychologist, 52
(3), 221 - 233
Leo, R.A. (1994) Police Interrogation and Social Control. Social & Legal Studies. (SAGE, London,
Thousand Oaks and New Delhi), Vol. 3, 93-120.
McGurk, B.J., Carr, M.J. & McGurk, D. (1993). Investigative interviewing courses for police
officers: an evaluation. Police Research Series, 4, London: Home Office Police Department.
Memon, A., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (1998). Psychology and Law. Truthfulness, Accuracy and
Credibility McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
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Ncf (1998) National Crime Faculty. National Police Training, A Practical Guide to Investigative
Interviewing, 2nd edition
Pearse, J.J. (2006). The interrogation of terrorist suspects: the banality of torture. In Tom
Williamson (ed.), Investigative Interviewing. Rights, research, regulation. Willan
Publishing.
Rachlew, A. (1999). Norwegian police officers perception of Investigative Interviewingimplications for training. Upublisert masteroppgave, Universitetet i Liverpool
Sear, L. / Williamson T. (1999). British and American Interrogation Strategies. Interviewing and
Deception. In Canter, D.V. & Alison, L. (Eds.). Vol. I. Aldershot: Dartmouth
Shepherd.E. (1991). Ethical Interviewing. In Erik Shepherd (ed.), Criminological and Legal
Psychology, 18, 46-56
Vrij, A. (2000). Detecting Lies and Deceit. The Psychology of Lying and the Implications for
Professional Practice. Wiley: Chichester
Williamson, T. (1994). Reflections on Current Police Practice. In D. Morgan & G. Stephenson (eds)
Suspicion & Silence: The Right to Silence in Criminal Investigations. Blackstone: London
--------------The Innocence Project the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Created by Barry C. Scheck
and Peter J. Neufeld in 1992. http://innocenceproject.org/about/
-------------Rt 2003-1690. Karmysaken. Norsk Retstidende
Rt-2003-1389. Fritz Moen saken. Norsk Retstidende
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014

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INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING

In compliance with Human Rights

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

How should we interview the suspect?

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

How should we interview the suspect?

How should we interview the suspect?

How should we interview the suspect?

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

How should we interview the suspect?

How should we interview the suspect?

How should we interview the suspect?

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

How should we interview the suspect?

In the specific case of terrorism, in the opinion of the authors

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

Before 9 / 11, there seems to have been a consensus

..The ability to empathize with another..is, I will argue, the critical

Chapters 5 and 6 of this book describe how current education is conducted

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

KUBARK COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION

Pain increases the distance between interviewer and suspect

The suspects belief in own cause is strengthened

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

Art 6. Right to a fair trial

Article 14 (Civil and Political rights)

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

The presumption of innocence is a direction to officials

In most democratic societies, ethical pressures are at their

-The police should not judge

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

Talks more about himself

-The police should not judge

The British P.E.A.C.E. Model

Talks more about himself

The British P.E.A.C.E. Model

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

- The perpetrator is one of our

Investigative interviewing is our most important tool.

The objective is to collect as much accurate and reliable information as possible

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

The objective is to collect as much accurate and reliable information as possible

The objective is to collect as much accurate and reliable information as possible

-I want to know as much as possible

The objective is to collect as much accurate and reliable information as possible

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

THE INTERVIEW TEAM

Knut Jensen (SIO)

Bomb (Explosives / Chemists)

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

Planning and preparation

Introduction and rapport

Clarification and disclosure

Planning and preparation

Introduction and rapport

Clarification and disclosure

Planning and preparation

Introduction and rapport

Clarification and disclosure

Investigative interviewing in compliance with Human Rights

Planning and preparation

Introduction and rapport

Clarification and disclosure