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Mechanics Of Material
ASSIGNMENT:
Column (Types Of Column)
Submitted By:
Muhammad Adnan
Submitted To:
Eng. Qasim Ali
U.C.E.T
COLUMN:
Column is a long cylindrical member subjected to axial compression. Column carries
self-weight and load coming on it. Generally, load transfers through its longitudinal
direction. Column is categorized based on its height. These are;
Short Column
Long Column
SHORT COLUMN:
If the length of column is 15 times the least dimension of its cross-section, then
column will be short column. Slenderness ratio of short column is up to 80.
Slenderness ratio is the ratio between effective length of column and radius of
gyration.
LONG COLUMN:
If the length of column is more than 15 times the least dimension of its cross-section,
then column will be categorized as long column. Slenderness ratio of long column is
more than 80.
RADIUS OF GYRATION:
If cross-sectional geometry of column is other than simple shapes like circle, square,
rectangle etc. Then radius of gyration is required for the calculation of ultimate load
that column can carry. Minimum value of radius of gyration is adopted during the
design of columns. For getting minimum value, use minimum value of moment of
inertia in the formula. Radius of gyration is directly proportional to the moment of
inertia.
Radius of Gyration is the minimum radius from the centroid of column cross-section. It
is denoted by K or r. It is measured in millimeter, centimeter, inches etc..
K =
( I/A)0.5
Bending stress produces in result of buckling which results in column failure. Short
column of same material and same cross section will carry more load as compared to
longer column.
BUCKLING OF COLUMN:
In science, buckling is a mathematical instability, leading to a failure mode.
When a structure is subjected to compressive stress bucking may occur. Buckling is characterized by a
sudden sideways deflection of a structural member. This may occur even though the stresses that develop
in the structure are well below those needed to cause failure of the material of which the structure is
composed. As an applied load is increased on a member, such as a column, it will ultimately become large
enough to cause the member to become unstable and it is said to have buckled.
Ely=M=Ply
This produces the following differential equation
Ely+Ply=0
y=Asin (PEIx)
So far, so good. But it's at this point that the classical derivation tends to leave physical intuition behind and
become overtly mathematical...
Things become very interesting with the 2nd boundary condition because, as we will see, it does not lead to
determination of the unknown constant, A. To see this, insert the second boundary condition as follows.
condition is to require that the argument in the equation, (PEIL) must equal . Doing so gives
PEIL=
Pcr=2EIL2
This is the classical Euler buckling theory result. It gives the critical value of load P, called Pcr, above
BUCKLING LOAD:
Buckling load is the minimum load which produces buckling in a column.
CRUSHING LOAD:
Crushing load is the minimum load which crushes the column material. Value of
buckling load will be smaller than crushing load on the same column. During the
design of column, neither crushing load nor buckling is load considered. But, little
lesser value of load is considered which is coming on column. That value of load is
known as safe load. Structures remain safe under safe load.