Skeleton

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For other uses, see Skeleton (disambiguation).
"Skeletons" redirects here. For the American entertainment unit, see Skeletons (
band). For the film, see Skeletons (film).
Skeleton
Horse and Man.jpg
The skeletons of a human and a horse placed in a display in the Australian Museu
m, Sydney.
Details
Identifiers
Greek
D012863
M SH
Ana
omica
rminoogy
[ di
on Wiida
a]
H iyan
uduwa Raja (  phan
) S 
on a

Na
iona Mu um of Coombo Sri Lana

V in  
on of a  af. V in con
ain ignin
ha
ma
h m hard r
o d grad f

or microorganim. Th  af cam from Magnoia do
opa(Magnoiac a ).
Th  
on (from Gr  ,  
 "dri d up"[1]) i
h body par

ha
form
h u
ing 
ruc
ur of an organim. Th r ar  v ra diff r n
 
a
yp :
h
x
o 
on, which i
h 
ab ou
r h  of an organim,
h ndo 
on, whi
ch form
h uppor

ruc
ur inid
h body,
h hydro 
on, and
h cy
o
 
on.
Con
n
 [hid ]
1
Typ  of  
on
1.1
Exo 
on
1.2
Endo 
on
1.3
Pian
 
on
1.4
Rigid  
on
1.5
Cy
o 
on
1.6
Fuid  
on
1.6.1 Hydro
a
ic  
on (hydro 
on)
2
Organim wi
h  
on
2.1
Inv r
bra

2.1.1 Spong 
2.1.2 Echinod rm

2.2
V r
bra

2.2.1 Fih
2.2.2 Bird
2.2.3 Marin mamma
2.2.4 Human
3
Bon  and car
iag
3.1
Bon
3.2
Car
iag
4
In popuar cu
ur
5
S ao
6
R f r nc 
7
Ex
rna in
Typ  of  
on[ di
]
Th r ar
wo major
yp  of  
on: oid and fuid. Soid  
on can b
in
rna, ca d an ndo 
on, or x
rna, ca d an xo 
on, and may b
fur
h r caifi d a pian
( a
ic/movab ) or rigid (hard/non-movab ).[2]
Fuid  
on ar away in
rna.
Exo 
on[ di
]
Main ar
ic : Exo 
on
Exo 
on of an an

Exo 
on ar x
rna, and ar found in many inv r
bra
;
h y nco and
pro
c

h of

iu  and organ of
h body. Som ind of xo 
on und
rgo p riodic mou
ing a
h anima grow, a i
h ca in many ar
hropod in
cuding in c
 and cru
ac an.
Th xo 
on of in c
 i no
ony a form of pro
c
ion, bu
ao  rv  a
a urfac for muc a

achm n
, a a wa
r
igh
pro
c
ion again
drying, and
a a  n organ
o in
rac
wi
h
h nvironm n
. Th h  of mou ao p
rform a of
h am func
ion, xc p

ha
in mo
ca  i
do  no
con
ain
 n organ.
An x
rna  
on can b qui
h avy in r a
ion
o
h ov ra ma of an an
ima, o on and, organim
ha
hav an xo 
on ar mo
y r a
iv y ma
. Som wha
arg r aqua
ic anima can uppor
an xo 
on b cau w igh
i 
 of a conid ra
ion und rwa
r. Th ou
h rn gian
cam, a p ci  of x
r m
y arg a
wa
r cam in
h Pacific Oc an, ha a h 
ha
i maiv in bo

h iz and w igh
. Syrinx aruanu i a p ci  of  a nai wi
h a v ry arg h
.
Endo 
on[ di
]
Main ar
ic : Endo 
on
Endo 
on of a ba
.
A b av r  
on on dipay a
Th Mu um of O
oogy, Oahoma Ci
y, Oahoma
.
Th ndo 
on i
h in
rna uppor

ruc
ur of an anima, compo d of min
raiz d
iu and i
ypica of v r
bra
. Endo 
on vary in comp xi
y
from func
ioning pur y for uppor
(a in
h ca of pong ),
o  rving a a
n a

achm n
i
for muc  and a m chanim for
ranmi

ing mucuar forc .
A
ru ndo 
on i d riv d from m od rma
iu . Such a  
on i pr  n

in chinod rm and chorda
.
Pian
 
on[ di
]
Pian
 
on ar capab of mov m n
;
hu, wh n 
r  i appi d
o
h 

a 
ruc
ur , i
d form and
h n r v r

o i
 origina hap . Thi  

a 
ruc
ur i u d in om inv r
bra
, for in
anc in
h hing of bivav
h  or
h m og a of cnidarian uch a j yfih. Pian
 
on ar b

n ficia b cau ony muc con
rac
ion ar n d d
o b nd
h  
on; upon

muc r axa
ion,
h  
on wi r
urn
o i
 origina hap . Car
iag i
on ma
ria
ha
a pian
 
on may b compo d of, bu
mo
pian
 
on
 ar form d from a mix
ur of pro
in, poyaccharid , and wa
r.[2] For addi

iona 
ruc
ur or pro
c
ion, pian
 
on may b uppor
d by rigid  

on. Organim
ha
hav pian
 
on
ypicay iv in wa
r, which uppor

 body 
ruc
ur in
h ab nc of a rigid  
on.[3]
Rigid  
on[ di
]
Rigid  
on ar no
capab of mov m n
wh n 
r  d, cr a
ing a 
rong up
por
y
m mo
common in
rr 
ria anima. Such a  
on
yp u d by ani
ma
ha
iv in wa
r ar mor for pro
c
ion (uch a barnac and nai h 
) or for fa
-moving anima
ha
r quir addi
iona uppor
of mucua
ur n
d d for wimming
hrough wa
r. Rigid  
on ar form d from ma
ria incu
ding chi
in (in ar
hropod), cacium compound uch a cacium carbona
(in 
o
ny cora and mou) and iica
(for dia
om and radioarian).
Cy
o 
on[ di
]
Main ar
ic : Cy
o 
on
Th cy
o 
on (gr. y
o = c ) i u d
o 
abiiz and pr  rv
h form
f
h c . I
i a dynamic 
ruc
ur
ha
main
ain c  hap , pro
c

h
, nab  c uar mo
ion (uing 
ruc
ur  uch a fag a, ciia and am
ipodia), and pay impor
an
ro  in bo
h in
rac uar
ranpor
(
h mov m

of v ic  and organ  , for xamp ) and c uar diviion.

o
c

n

Fuid  
on[ di
]

Hydro
a
ic  
on (hydro 
on)[ di
]
Main ar
ic : Hydro
a
ic  
on
A hydro
a
ic  
on i a  mi-rigid, of

iu 
ruc
ur fi d wi
h iquid
und r pr ur , urround d by muc . Longi
udina and circuar muc  around

h ir body  c
or aow mov m n
by a
rna
 ng
h ning and con
rac
ion ao
ng
h ir  ng
h. A common xamp of
hi i ar
hworm.
Organim wi
h  
on[ di
]
Inv r
bra
[ di
]
Th ndo 
on of chinod rm and om o
h r of
-bodi
 j yfih and ar
hworm ar ao
rm d hydro
a
ic; a
i fi d wi
h co omic fuid and
h pr ur from
hi

h
h urrounding muc 
o chang
h organim' hap

d inv r
bra
 uch a

body cavi
y
h co om
fuid ac

og
h r wi
and produc mov m n
.

Spong [ di
]
Th  
on of pong  coni
 of microcopic cacar ou or iiciou picu 
. Th d mopong  incud 90% of a p ci  of pong . Th ir " 
on" ar m
ad of picu  coni
ing of fib r of
h pro
in pongin,
h min ra iica,
or bo
h. Wh r picu  of iica ar pr  n
,
h y hav a diff r n
hap from

ho in
h o
h rwi imiar ga pong .[4]
Echinod rm[ di
]
Th  
on of
h
chinod rm, which incud , among o
h r
hing,
h 
arfih
, i compo d of caci
and a ma amoun
of magn ium oxid . I
i  b ow
h
pid rmi in
h m od rm and i wi
hin c  cu
r of fram -forming c .
Thi 
ruc
ur form d i porou and
h r for firm and a

h am
im igh
. I

coa c  in
o ma cacar ou oic  (bony pa
), which can grow in a
dir c
ion and
hu can r pac
h o of a body par
. Conn c
d by join
,
h
individua  
a par
 can b mov d by
h muc .
V r
bra
[ di
]
Pi
h com
ra: From Thoma Hux y' 1863 Evid nc a
o Man' Pac in Na
ur ,
h
compar d  
on of ap 
o human.

In mo
v r
bra
,
h main  
a compon n
i r f rr d
o a bon . Ano
h r

impor
an
compon n
i car
iag which in mamma i found mainy in
h join

ar a. In o
h r anima, uch a
h car
iaginou fih , which incud
h ha
r,
h  
on i compo d n
ir y of car
iag . Th  gm n
a pa

rn of
h
 
on i pr  n
in a v r
bra
 (mamma, bird, fih, r p
i  and amp
hibian) wi
h baic uni
 b ing r p a
d. Thi  gm n
a pa

rn i par
icuary
vid n
in
h v r
bra coumn and
h ribcag .
Bon  in addi
ion
o uppor
ing
h body ao  rv , a

h c uar  v , a c
acium and phopha

orag .
Fih[ di
]
Main ar
ic : Fih ana
omy
Th  
on, which form
h uppor

ruc
ur inid
h fih i i
h r mad o
f car
iag a in
h (Chondrich
hy ), or bon  a in
h (O
ich
hy ). Th m
ain  
a  m n
i
h v r
bra coumn, compo d of ar
icua
ing v r
bra
which ar igh
w igh
y

rong. Th rib a

ach
o
h pin and
h r ar no
imb or imb gird . Th y ar uppor
d ony by
h muc . Th main x
rna
 f a
ur  of
h fih,
h fin, ar compo d of i
h r bony or of
pin  ca
 d ray, which wi
h
h xc p
ion of
h cauda fin (
ai fin), hav no dir c

conn c
ion wi
h
h pin . Th y ar uppor
d by
h muc  which compo
h m
ain par
of
h
run.
Bird[ di
]
Main ar
ic : Bird ana
omy
Th bird  
on i highy adap
d for figh
. I
i x
r m y igh
w igh
, y


i 
rong nough
o wi
h
and
h 
r   of
aing off, fying, and andin
g. On  y adap
a
ion i
h fuing of bon  in
o ing oifica
ion, uch a

h pygo
y . B cau of
hi, bird uuay hav a ma r numb r of bon 
ha
n o
h r
rr 
ria v r
bra
. Bird ao ac

h or v n a
ru jaw, in

ad having vov d a b a, which i far mor igh
w igh
. Th b a of many baby
bird hav a proj c
ion ca d an gg
oo
h, which facii
a

h ir xi
from

h amnio
ic gg.
Marin mamma[ di
]
Caifornian  a ion
To facii
a

h mov m n
of marin mamma in wa
r,
h hind  g w r i
h r
o
a
og
h r, a in
h wha  and mana
, or uni
d in a ing
ai fin
a in
h pinnip d ( a). In
h wha ,
h c rvica v r
bra ar
ypicay
fu d, an adap
a
ion
rading f xibii
y for 
abii
y during wimming.[5][6]
Human[ di
]
Main ar
ic : Human  
on
S
udy of S 
on, c. 1510, by L onardo da Vinci
Th human  
on coni
 of bo
h fu d and individua bon  uppor
d and up
p m n
d by igam n
,
ndon, muc  and car
iag . I
 rv  a a caffod
which uppor
 organ, anchor muc , and pro
c
 organ uch a
h brain, 
ung, h ar
and pina cord. A
hough
h

h do no
coni
of
iu common
y found in bon ,
h

h ar uuay conid r d a m mb r of
h  
a y

m.[ci
a
ion n d d] Th bigg 
bon in
h body i
h f mur in
h upp r 
g, and
h ma 
i
h 
ap  bon in
h midd ar. In an adu
,
h  

on compri  around 14% of
h
o
a body w igh
,[7] and haf of
hi w igh
i
wa
r.
Fu d bon  incud
ho of
h p vi and
h cranium. No

conn c
d dir c
y: Th r ar
hr bon  in ach midd
ar

ha
ar
icua
ony wi
h ach o
h r. Th hyoid bon , which
c and  rv  a
h poin
of a

achm n
for
h
ongu , do

a bon  ar in
r

ca d
h oic 
i oca
d in
h n
 no
ar
icua
wi


h any o
h r bon  in
h body, b ing uppor
d by muc  and igam n
.
Th r ar 206 bon  in
h adu
human  
on, a
hough
hi numb r d p nd on
wh
h r
h p vic bon  (
h hip bon  on ach id ) ar coun
d a on or
hr
bon  on ach id (iium, ichium, and pubi), wh
h r
h coccyx or
ai bo
n i coun
d a on or four  para
bon , and do  no
coun

h variab wor
mian bon  b
w n u u
ur . Simiary,
h acrum i uuay coun
d a a
ing bon , ra
h r
han fiv fu d v r
bra . Th r i ao a variab numb r o
f ma  amoid bon , commony found in
ndon. Th pa
a or n cap on ac
h id i an xamp of a arg r  amoid bon . Th pa
a ar coun
d in
h

o
a, a
h y ar con
an
. Th numb r of bon  vari  b
w n individua and
wi
h ag - n wborn babi  hav ov r 270 bon [8][9][10] om of which fu
og

h r. Th  bon  ar organiz d in
o a ongi
udina axi,
h axia  
on,
o
which
h app ndicuar  
on i a

ach d.[11]
Th human  
on
a  20 y ar b for i
i fuy d v op d. In many anima,

h  
on bon  con
ain marrow, which produc  bood c .
Th r xi
 v ra g n ra diff r nc  b
w n
h ma and f ma  
on. T
h ma  
on, for xamp , i g n ray arg r and h avi r
han
h f ma 
 
on. In
h f ma  
on,
h bon  of
h u ar g n ray   angu
ar. Th f ma  
on ao ha wid r and hor
r br a
bon and imm r wri

. Th r xi
ignifican
diff r nc  b
w n
h ma and f ma p vi which a
r r a
d
o
h f ma ' pr gnancy and chidbir
h capabii
i . Th f ma p 
vi i wid r and haow r
han
h ma p vi. F ma p vi  ao hav an n
arg d p vic ou

and a wid r and mor circuar p vic in
. Th ang b
w
n
h pubic bon  i nown
o b harp r in ma , which r u
 in a mor circ
uar, narrow r, and n ar h ar
-hap d p vi.[12][13]
Bon  and car
iag [ di
]
Bon [ di
]
Main ar
ic : Bon
Bon  ar rigid organ
ha
form par
of
h ndo 
on of v r
bra
. Th y f
unc
ion
o mov , uppor
, and pro
c

h variou organ of
h body, produc r
d and whi
bood c  and 
or min ra. Bon
iu i a
yp of d n conn
c
iv
iu . Bon  hav a vari
y of hap  wi
h a comp x in
rna and x
rna
 
ruc
ur
h y ar ao igh
w igh
, y

rong and hard. On of
h
yp  of

iu
ha
ma  up bon
iu i min raiz d
iu and
hi giv  i
rigidi

y and a hon ycomb-i
hr -dim niona in
rna 
ruc
ur . O
h r
yp  of
i
u found in bon  incud marrow, ndo
um and p rio
um, n rv , bood v  
 and car
iag . Th r ar 206 bon  in
h adu
human body[14] and 270 in an i
nfan
.[15]
Car
iag [ di
]
Main ar
ic : Car
iag
During mbryog n i
h pr curor
o bon d v opm n
i car
iag . Much of
hi
 ub
anc i
h n r pac d by bon during
h  cond and
hird
rim 
r, af

r
h f h uch a muc ha form d around i
; forming
h  
on. Car
iag
i a 
iff and inf xib conn c
iv
iu found in many ar a in
h bodi  o
f human and o
h r anima, incuding
h join
 b
w n bon ,
h rib cag ,
h
ar,
h no ,
h bow,
h n ,
h an ,
h bronchia
ub  and
h in

rv r
bra dic. I
i no
a hard and rigid a bon bu
i 
iff r and   f
 xib
han muc .
Car
iag i compo d of p ciaiz d c  ca d chondrocy

ha
produc a a
rg amoun
of x
rac uar ma
rix compo d of Typ II coag n ( xc p
Fibrocar

iag which ao con
ain
yp I coag n) fib r, abundan
ground ub
anc ri
ch in pro
ogycan, and a
in fib r. Car
iag i caifi d in
hr
yp ,
a
ic car
iag , hyain car
iag and fibrocar
iag , which diff r in
h r 
a
iv amoun
 of
h 
hr
main compon n
.

Uni o
h r conn c
iv
iu , car
iag do  no
con
ain bood v  . Th c
hondrocy
 ar uppi d by diffuion, h p d by
h pumping ac
ion g n ra
d by
compr ion of
h ar
icuar car
iag or f xion of
h a
ic car
iag . Thu
, compar d
o o
h r conn c
iv
iu , car
iag grow and r pair mor owy
.
In popuar cu
ur [ di
]
In W 
rn cu
ur ,
h  
on i of
n
im   n a a f arfu ymbo of d a
h
and
h paranorma. I
i a popuar mo
if in
h hoiday Haow n, a w  a
Day of
h D ad.
S ao[ di
]
Bon 

r
Chondrocy

Endochondra oifica
ion
In
ram mbranou oifica
ion
O
oba

O
om
ric poin

S 
a y
m of
h hor
R f r nc [ di
]
Wiim dia Common ha m dia r a
d
o S 
a y
m.
Jump up ^ Oxford Dic
ionary of Engih 2nd di
ion 2005
^ Jump up
o: a b Barn , Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barn , Rob r
D. (2003).
Inv r
bra
zooogy : a func
iona vou
ionary approach (7. d.). B mon
, Ca
if. [u.a.]: Thomon, Broo/Co . ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
Jump up ^ P ch ni, Jan A. (2015). Bioogy of
h Inv r
bra
 (S v n
h d.). N
w Yor: McGraw-Hi Educa
ion. ISBN 978-0-07-352418-4.
Jump up ^ Barn , Rob r
D. (1982). Inv r
bra
Zooogy. Phiad phia, PA: Ho

-Saund r In
rna
iona. pp. 105106. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
Jump up ^ "B uga Wha ". Y owmagpi .com. 2012-06-27. R
ri v d 2013-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Abou
Wha ". Wha aiv .org.au. 2009-06-26. R
ri v d 2013-08-12.
Jump up ^ Wiiam W. R ynod & Wiiam J. Karo
i (1977). "Th Aom
ric R 
a
ionhip of S 
on W igh

o Body W igh
in T  o
Fih : A Pr iminary Com
parion wi
h Bird and Mamma". Cop ia: 160163. doi:10.2307/1443520.
Jump up ^ Mi r, Larry (2007-12-09). "W 'r Born Wi
h 270 Bon . A Adu
 W H
av 206". Ground R por
.
Jump up ^ "How many bon  do 
h human body con
ain?". A.yahoo.com. 2001-0808. R
ri v d 2010-03-04.
Jump up ^ h

p:// duca
ion.dc. du/downoad/ nrich/ xporing_human.pdf
Jump up ^ Tz r n, Aydn (2000). Human Body Dynamic: Caica M chanic and Human
Mov m n
. Spring r. pp. 610. ISBN 0-387-98801-7.
Jump up ^ Baaban, Naomi (2008). Th Handy Ana
omy Anw r Boo. Viib In Pr 
. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-57859-190-9.
Jump up ^ S
in, Lia (2007). Body Th Comp
Human: How I
Grow, How I
Wor
, And How
o K p I
H a
hy And S
rong. Na
iona G ographic Soci
y. p. 73. IS
BN 978-1-4262-0128-8.
Jump up ^ S
 , D. G n
ry; Caud A. Bramb

(1988). Th Ana
omy and Bioogy
of
h Human S 
on. T xa A&M Univ ri
y Pr . p. 4. ISBN 0-89096-300-2.
Jump up ^ Schmi d  r, Edgar; Mary Roa McDonough (1934). Par n
and Chid: An I
n
roduc
ory S
udy of Par n
Educa
ion. D. App
on-C n
ury. p. 31.
Ex
rna in[ di
]
Th Wiiboo Ana
omy and Phyioogy of Anima ha a pag on
h
opic o
f: Th S 
on
R a bon , d
ai d dog  
on
Au
hori
y con
ro
GND: 4133111-4 NDL: 00566284
Ca
gori : S 
a y
mAnima ana
omy
Naviga
ion m nu
No
ogg d inTaCon
ribu
ionCr a
accoun
Log inAr
ic TaR adEdi
Vi w hi
or

yS arch
S arch Wiip dia
Go
Main pag
Con
n

F a
ur d con
n

Curr n
v n

Random ar
ic
Dona

o Wiip dia
Wiip dia 
or
In
rac
ion
H p
Abou
Wiip dia
Communi
y por
a
R c n
chang 
Con
ac
pag
Too
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