CAD - Slides 06 PDF

F.
Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
Slide Set
Data Converters
Oversampling And Low Order Modulators
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Summary
Introduction
Noise shaping
First Order Modulator
Second Order Modulator
Circuit Design Issues
Architectural Design Issues
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Introduction
With oversampling the signal band occupies a small fraction of the Nyquist
interval.
The use an ideal digital filter possibly reduces the quantization noise power
in the signal band
2
2 2f
V
1
ref
2 =
Vn,B
B =
12
fs
12 22n OSR
(1)
EN OB = n + 0.5 log2 (OSR)
(2)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Rejection of the out-of-band noise

2fN
1
Sampled-data
Analog
2fN
2
2f'N
3
Oversampled
A/D
Digital
Filter
n-bit
Decimator
n1-bit
n1-bit
DfR
fB
fN
fB
fN
fB
fN
f'N
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Delta and Sigma-Delta Modulation

Clock
Digital
Output
n-bit
ADC
Amplitude
Analog
Input
n-bit
DAC
(a)
maximum
slopes
time
(b)
Delta modulators for increasing the effectiveness of the PCM transmission.

But, ... high pass response ...
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
From Delta to Sigma-Delta Modulation

Clock
Analog
Input
d
dt
n-bit
ADC
Clock
Digital
Output
Analog
Input
+
n-bit
ADC
Digital
Output
n-bit
DAC
(a)
n-bit
DAC
(b)
Integration (sigma) of the difference (delta) gives the name Sigma-Delta.

The Sigma-Delta become popular for the shaping of the quantization noise.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Noise shaping
The key advantage of the architecture is the noise shaping.
Differently than a normal oversampled scheme
2fN
Sampled-data
Analog
2fN
Noise
Shaping A/D
Digital
Filter
n-bit
2f'N
Decimator
n1-bit
n1-bit
DfR
fB
fN
fB
fN
fB
fN
f'N
Is the reduction of noise at given frequencies.

If the signal band is at low frequency it is desirable to reduce the noise at
low frequency high pass shaping of the noise.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
How to obtain noise shaping?

eQ
Y
X +
-
A(z)
ADC
B(z)
DAC
YD
Encoder
(a)
X
+
Y
-
A(z)
B(z)
(b)
Place the quantizer in a feedback loop.

The system has two inputs (signal and noise) and one output.
Goal is to have different suitable transfer functions (STF = signal TF, and
NTF = Signal TF).
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
STF and NTF estimation

[X Y B(z)] A(z) + Q = Y,
(3)
Study in the z-domain (it can be also done in the time-domain)
Q
X A(z)
+
.
Y =
1 + A(z)B(z)
1 + A(z)B(z)
(4)
Y = X S(z) + Q N (z)
(5)
B(z) can simply be equal to 1; A(z) should be integration-type.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
First Order Modulator

Analog
Input
+
S
X
- Y
eQ
Digital
Output
z-1
n-bit
ADC
1-z-1
YD
X
-
z-1
1-z-1
Digital
Output
Y
S
Encoder
YD
Quantized
Output
n-bit
DAC
(a)
(b)
The linear model of the modulator replaces the non-linear quantization by

the linear injection of the quantization noise.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
10
STF and NTF of the First Order Modulator

z 1
H(z) =
1 z 1
(6)
z 1
+ Q(z)
Y (z) = {X(z) Y (z)}
1
1z
(7)
Y (z) = X(z) z 1 + Q(z)(1 z 1)
(8)
Y (z) = X ST F (z) + Q(z) N T F (z).
(9)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
11
The STF is a simple delay (more than what we desire).

The NTF is (1 z 1), that using the z s transformation becomes
ejT /2 ejT /2
jT
jT
/2
N T F () = 1 e
= 2je
2j
N T F () = 2jejT /2sin(T /2)
that is a low pass response.
(10)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
12
The power of the shaped noise in a small band B is
2
Vn2 = vn,Q
Z f
B
0
2
Vn2 = Vn,Q
4 2 3 2
2
2
fB T
4 sin (f T )df ' vn,Q
3
2
3
"
fB
fs/2
#3
2
= Vn,Q
OSR3.
(11)
(12)
Assume to use a DAC that generates the quantized intervals
VDAC (i) = i
Vref
k
i = 0 k.
(13)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
13
The power of the quantization noise and the one of a sine wave are
2
Vref
2 =
Vn,Q
;
2
k 12
2 =
Vsine
2
Vref
(14)
therefore,
12 2 3
SN R,1 =
k 2 OSR3.
8
(15)
assuming n0 = log2k
SN R,1|dB = 6.02 n0 + 1.78 5.17 + 9.03 log2(OSR)
(16)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 - SNR improvement with Multi-level Quantizers

ADC
Thresholds
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
15
DAC
Levels
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
16
nQ
1
2
3
4
n0
extra bits
0
1
1.58
2
2.32
2.58
2.81
3
3.91
SN R
[dB]
0
6.02
9.54
12.04
13.97
15.56
16.84
18.03
23.52
14
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Example 6.1
Behavioral simulation of a first order modulator
uT
kat
i
i
ap
15
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Obtained output spectrum (vertical axis is in dB)
16
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
17
Intuitive Views
The output of an integrator is bounded if its input is, on average, zero
the output equals in average the input.
The factor 2 in the NTF indicates a worsening of the noise performances
at high frequency.
Oversampling can be viewed as a staircase with small steps between big
steps between (resolution increases but linearity remains the same).
D + ed,i+1
D=V
FS
(a)
n
/2
D + e d,i
(b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Warning!
Therefore, remember the following ...
The feedback of a modulator does not relax the DAC

linearity.
Remind that the
method greatly reduces the
number of DAC levels but not
their accuracy requirement!
18
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Use of 1-bit Quantization

C2
C1
Vin
F2
F1
F2
F1
Digital
Output
-++
DAC
+Vref
-Vref
(a)
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
50
100
150
(b)
200
250
300
19
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
20
Second Order Modulator

The use of one ontegrator around the loop is beneficial; it may be that using
two is better ...
Two integrators around a loop can be unstable; a dumping is necessary!
Analog
Input
+
Clock
One or the other?
+
P
S
-
n-bit
ADC
Digital
Output
eQ
YD
+
X
Quantized
Output
Y = R+eQ
(a)
z-1
1-z-1
1-z
n-bit
DAC
(b)
-1
Quantized
Output
S
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
21
The dumping embracing the quantizer is effective
P R
R=
s
P Y
= Y Q
s
P
Y = R + Q =
+ Q
1 + s
Y =
s Q
P
+
1 + s
1 + s
(17)
(18)
The study of the second order modulator in the z domain yields:
1
z 1
Y (z)
+ Q(z) = Y (z)
[X(z) Y (z)]
1
1
1z
1z

(19)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Y (z) = X(z) z 1 + Q(z)(1 z 1)2
22
(20)
just a delay for the signal and a more effective (second order) shaping for
the quantization noise.
N T F () = (1 ejT )2 = 4ejT {sin(T /2)}2
(21)
that, in a small band B gives
2
Vn2 = vn,Q
Z f
B
0
16 4 5 4
4
2
fB T
16 sin (f T )df ' vn,Q
5
(22)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
2
Vn2 = Vn,Q
4
5
"
fB
fs/2
#5
2
= Vn,Q
OSR5
23
(23)
Again, with k quantization intervals and a full range sine wave at the input.
12 2 5
SN R2 =
k 4 OSR5
8
(24)
that gives (with n0 = log2k)

SN R2 |dB = 6.02n0 + 1.78 12.9 + 15.05 log2(OSR)
(25)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Circuit Design Issues

The most important limits of the basic blocks used are:
Offset of the op-amp (or OTA).
Finite op-amp gain.
Finite op-amp bandwidth.
Finite op-amp slew-rate.
Non-ideal operation of the ADC.
Non-ideal operation of the DAC.
24
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
25
The offset of the first integrator is added to the input signal and gives rise
to an equal offset at the digital output.
The offset of the second integrator is referred to the input of the modulator
by dividing it by the transfer function of the first block (an integrator).
The high-pass transfer function cancels out the effect.
The offset of the DAC is added to the input and causes, similar to the offset
of the first integrator.
The offset of the ADC is referred to the input by dividing it by the transfer
function of one or more integrators and does not limit the dc operation of
the modulator. The feature enables the flexibility of positioning the ADC
thresholds around the more convenient voltage level.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
26
Finite Op-Amp Gain

The basic block of a sigma delta modulator is the integrator of a difference.
Use the switched capacitor technique we have
C1
V1
F2
F1
C2
-Vout/A0
F2
F1
A0
+
Vout
F1
F2
V2
nT
nT+T
With OTA (or op-amp) finite gain the virtual ground is not at ground.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
1
C2Vout(nT + T ) 1 +
A0
1
= C2Vout(nT ) 1 +
+
A0
"
+C1 V1(nT ) V2(nT + T )

1
Vout(z 1) 1 +
A0
Vout(nT )
A0
"
(26)
C1
zVout
=
V1 zV2
C2
A0
Vout
C1
A0
z 1
=
V1 z 1 V2
C2 A0 + 1 + C1/C2 1 (1+A0)C2 z 1
C +C +A C
"
27
(27)
0 2
(28)
Chapter 6
N T F ' (1 zp1 z 1)(1 zp2 z 1)

A +1
N T F = 1 z 1 0
A0 + 2
20
40
80
100
A =98
0
A =998
0
120
140
160
4
10
A0=9998
3
10
10
Normalized Frequency
10
(29)
(30)
60
28
!2
NTF of a Second Order with OpAmp Finite Gain
20
NTF [dB]
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
10
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
29
The finite gain affects the SNR only if the flat region contributes with a
significant fraction of noise power. The corner frequency is
espT =
A0 + 1
A0 + 2
1
fs
ln 1
fc =
2
A0 + 2

'
(31)
fs
2(A0 + 2)
(32)
The finite gain does not affect the SNR if fB >> fc

(A0 + 2) >> OSR
(33)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Example 6.2
30
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Comparison of the SNR with Gain 100 and Gain 100,000
A0 =100K
A0 =100
31
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
32
Finite Op-Amp Bandwidth

If the effect of the non-dominant poles is negligible, the step response of
the integrator is an exponential that, for large finite gain A0, is
Vout(t + nT ) = Vout(nT ) + VstepU (nT )(1 et/d )
(34)
b = VstepeTs/(2d)
(35)
eQ
Vin
+
S
-
Vout(z) =
1-eb,1
-1
1-z
(1-eb,2)z
1-z
-1
-1
Vout
S
Vinz 1(1 b,1)(1 b,2) + Q(1 z 1)2

1 z 1(
b,1 + 2b,2 b,1 b,2
) + z 2
b,2
(36)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
33
Finite Op-Amp Bandwidth

The finite op-amp bandwidth changes the signal and the noise transfer
function because if the denominator with two poles.
The effect is not very relevant when considered alone. The limit is more
significant when it is considered together the finite gain and the limited
slew-rate.
The study of the limits is conveniently done with behavioral simulators and
suitable behavioral models.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
34
Finite Op-Amp Slew-Rate

tsett1
tsett2
C
DV
F2
F1
A
F1
F2
Vin
tslew
DVin(0)
(0-)
T/2
T/2
F1
F2
time
tslew =
Vout
.
SR
(37)
V = SR ;
(38)
SR = V e(T /2tslew )/
(39)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
35
Example
Determine the minimum slew-rate required for the op-amps used in a singlebit second-order . Study the combined effect of slew-rate and finite
bandwidth.
1 V fs = 50 MHz, Vin = 6 dBF S .
The maximum output changes of first and second integrator is 0.749 V and
3.21 V; therefore:
Vout,1
Vout,2
SR1 >
= 74.9 V /s; SR2 >
= 321 V /s
T /2
T /2
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Results of simulations
0
PSD with SR of the First OpAmp 200 V/s

SNR = 71.9dB, OSR=64
Rbit= 11.65 bits,OSR=64
20
40
40
60
60
80
100
120
120
5
10
6
10
Frequency [Hz]
(a)
7
10
SNR = 70.3dB, OSR=64
Rbit= 11.39 bits,OSR=64
80
100
140
PSD with SR of the First OpAmp 73 V/ s
20
PSD [dB]
PSD [dB]
140
5
10
6
10
Frequency [Hz]
(b)
7
10
36
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
37
ADC Non-ideal Operation

The static and dynamic limitations of a real ADC degrade the modulator
performances.
ADCout = Vin,ADC + Q + ADC ,
(40)
Shaping of the modulator acts on both Q and ADC . Therefore,

ADC < Q.
DNL and INL of less than 1 LSB is easily verified: the number of thresholds
is small and the dynamic range is large.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
38
DAC Non-ideal Operation

The DAC errors are not shaped by the NTF : they are added to the input
and transferred to the output through the STF.
A switched capacitor DACs divides a total capacitance into parts. One limit
associated is the kT/C noise.
Since the kT/C noise is white oversampling limits its power in the band of
interest.
2
V
kT
ref
2
<
vn,kT
=
/C
OSR Cin
8 22n
(41)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
39
Architectural Design Issues - Integrator Dynamic Range

The integrator voltage swing depends on signal amplitude and quantization
noise.
The dynamic range of operational amplifiers and quantizer must accommodate both the signal and the noise.
Integrator outputs that exceed the dynamic range are clipped thus causing
a loss of feedback control.
C2
C1
Vin
F2
F1
es,1
Vvg
F2
F1
Vout
Sat
S
-
es,2
+
1
1-z
-1
z-1
1-z-1
es,Q
Vsat
(a)
eQ
(b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
40
The input capacitance is charged to Qres, the virtual ground starts moving
and when the left terminal of C1 reaches zero the fraction QresC2/(C1 +
C2) is transferred into C2 leaving a fraction QresC1/(C1 +C2) in the input
capacitance.
Qres
s =
(42)
C1 + C2
s,1 is transferred to the output multiplied by z 1; s,2 is shaped by a firstorder high-pass transfer function; s,Q is shaped by the NTF.
Y = Xz 1 + s,1z 1 + s,2(1 z 1) + (Q + s,Q)(1 z 1)2 (43)
Vn2 =
2
Vn,1
OSR
2
+ Vn,2
"
2 +
+
V
n,Q
3 OSR3
12
4
5 OSR5
(44)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
41
Example
Loss of resolution caused by the hard saturation of the op-amp outputs and
the quantizer.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
PSD [dB]
PSD [dB]
PSD with Saturation of the First Integrator at 1.85
PSD with Ideal Integrator
100
120
140
120
140
160
160
SNR = 67.6dB @ OSR=64
Rbit = 10.94 bits @ OSR=64
180
200
100
10
10
10
Frequency [Hz]
10
200
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
PSD [dB]
PSD [dB]
PSD with Saturation of the Second Integrator at 2.5 V
100
120
140
10
10
10
Frequency [Hz]
10
PSD with Saturation in Both Integrators
100
120
140
160
160
SNR = 67.5dB @ OSR=64
180
200
SNR = 64.4dB @ OSR=64

180
10
10
10
Frequency [Hz]
10
SNR = 60.2dB @ OSR=64

180
6
200
10
10
10
Frequency [Hz]
10
42
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6

First Integrator Output
90
Second Integrator Output
80
80
70
70
60
Occurrences
60
50
50
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 8000
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
1.5 1 0.5 0 0. 5 1
Voltage [V ]
1
1000
0
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 8000
PSD with Saturation in Both Integrators
120
100
50
80
40
100
120
30
140
20
160
3
10
10
10
Frequency [Hz]
10
0
1
80
60
40
20
10
180
200
60
60
1.5
140
Occurrences
40
70
SNR = 77.3dB @ OSR=64

20
80
0
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
Voltage [V ]
1.5
Occurrences
PSD [dB]
Amplitude
Occurrences
Amplitude
43
0.5
0
0. 5
Voltage [V ]
0.5
0
0.5
Voltage [V]
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
44
Dynamic Ranges Optimization

A suitable dynamic range in the op-amps (or OTAs) is essential for preserving the SNR and avoiding harmonic distortion.
The critical op-amp is the one used in first integrator (no shaping).
However, even the second integrator and the quantizer are important.
Carefully estimate the voltage swings and keep them within limits: small to
avoid saturation; not so low to distinguish the electronic noise.
The above points affect the choice of the reference value.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Scaling as used in switched capacitor filters

C1
Vout,1
C1
Vin
F2
F1
F2
F1
F1
VDAC
C3
F1
F2
F2
(a)
bC1
Vout,1/b
C1
Vin
F2
F1
F2
F1
VDAC
1
1-z-1
F1
(b)
+
1-z-1
(c)
+
S
-
1/b1
1-z-1
b1
S
-
(d)
F1
F2
F2
eQ
z-1
bC3
eQ
z-1/b 2
1-z-1
Y
b2
45
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
46
Use a different architecture (two delayed integrators).

Chose A and B so that the STF and the NTF are good and the (first) op-amp swing is
reduces.
eQ
X +
A z-1
1-z
-1
B z-1
1-z
-1
(a)
X +
-
0.5 z-1
1-z
-1
+
-
2 z-1
1-z
ADC
-1
Y
(b)
DAC
YD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
47
study with the linear model.

Az 1
Bz 1
(X Y )
Y
+ Q = Y,
1 z 1
1 z 1
(45)
X ABz 2 + Q (1 z 1 )2
Y =
.
1
2
1 (2 B)z + (1 B + AB)z
(46)
with B=2 and A = 1/2 the denominator is 1

Y = Xz 2 + Q (1 z 1 )2
(47)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Example 6.5
Histograms of the output voltages of the two integrators (A=1/2).
Occurrences
100
100
50
0
2
150
Occurrences
0
Voltage [V]
50
0
2
0
Voltage [V]
B=2
60
40
20
100
100
80
0
4
Occurrences
Occurrences
150
0
Voltage [V]

B=1/2
80
60
40
20
0
1
0.5
0
Voltage [V]
0.5
48
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
49
Dynamic range optimization with multi-bit quantizer

Use of feed-forward path.
S
-
1/2 z-1
1-z-1
+
P
S
-
2 z-1
Digital
Output
threshold
1-z-1
k+1
Y
Outputs
Intuitive view: remember that the input of an integrator (the second) is in average zero.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
50
(X Y )z 1
z 1 (1 + z 1 )
Q z 1 (1 z 1 )
P =
=X
+
.
2(1 z 1 )
2
2
(48)
2

1
1
Y = X z + 2 z (1 z ) + Q (1 z 1 )2
(49)
(X Y )z 1
z 1 (1 z 1 )
Q z 1 (1 z 1 )
P =
=X
+
.
2(1 z 1 )
2
2
(50)
ST F = z 2 + 2(1 z 1 );
(51)
Notice: The STF is slightly changed (the high pass term can be possibly removed in the
digital domain).
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Example 6.6
Hystogram of the first op-amp output with the feedforward branch (3-bit quantization)
51
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
52
Spectrum of the output voltage of the first op-amp
Notice the small signal tone (high pass filter) and the first order shaped quantization noise.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
53
Sampled-data Circuit Implementation

2C1
C1
Vin
F2
F2
2C2
F1
F2
F1
C2
F2
F2
F1
F1
ADC
DAC
(a)
C2
C1
F1
C1
Vin
F2
F1
F1
F2
F2
C2
F2
F1
F2
_
ADC
C2
F2
F1
F1
F2
DAC
(b)
The DAC can be realized with a separate SC structure or by sharing the input capacitor.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
54
Noise Analysis
The noise generators are due to the on-resistance of the switches and the noise of the
op-amp (described by an input referred noise generator).
2CU
Vin F2
CU
F1
Ron
F1
F2
Ron
CU
F2
F2
2CU
F1
F1
vn,A1
VDIG
Ron
F2
Ron
+
2
vn,A2
VDAC
VRef
-VRef
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
55
There are two different circuit configurations during the two phases
It is assumed that at the end of the phase (before sampling) the voltages across capacitors
reach the stationarity.
PHASE 2
2CU
CU
2
vn,R
A1
2CU
+
2
vn,A1
CL
Ron
2CU
CU
2
vn,R
2
vn,R
A1
Ron Ron
(a)
CL
2
vn,R
2CU
A2
_
vx
vout
+
2
vn,A2
vout Cf
gm vn,A
1/gm
CU
2
CL Ron
vn,A1
2
2CU vn,R
gm vn,A1
PHASE 1
Cin
CL
2
vn,R
vx
gm2 v2x
CL
Ron
(b)
Ron
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
56
The input referred noise is proportional to 1/gm

2
vn,A1
= A1
4kT
;
gm,A1
2
vn,A2
= A2
4kT
gm,A2
(52)
Estimate the transfer functions between noise input and output

HA1,in2 =
vn,Cin2
1
=
vn,A1
1 + s(0 + 0 2CU /CL + R ) + s2 0 R
(53)
after sampling
Vn,A1,in2 = A1
kT
CL
(54)
another transfer function

HR,in2 =
1 + s0
1 + s(0 + 0 2CU /CL + R ) + s2 0 R
(55)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Vn,R,in2 =
vout (Ron +
vx =
Ron +
kT
2CU
1
1
) + vn,R sC
sCin
f
1
1
+ sCin
sCf
gm (vn,A vx ) = vout sCL + (vout vx )sCf
(56)
(57)
(58)
CL (vx vout )
Cin
(59)
CL
vn,A + (1 + s0 )vn,R
Cf 1 + (0 / + 0 Cin /CL + R )s + 0 R s2
(60)
vCin =
vCin =
57
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
2
vn,2
2
vn,out

kT
2
vn,1
= 2Ts 2
+ A1 kT /CL
CU

kT
= 2Ts
+ A1 kT /CL + A2 kT /CL
CU

2kT
2
vn,3
= 2Ts
+ A2 kT /CL
CADC
2
vn,1
|z 2 |2
2
vn,2
2z 1 (1
2

2
1 2 2

) + vn,3 (1 z )
58
(61)
(62)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
Use of a transistor level simulator
on
HR,in2
HA1,in2
59
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
60
Summing up. the various noise generators cause, after the sampling, a noise voltage
which spectrum is white (over the Nyquist interval).
It is necessary to distinguish between noise contribution at the end of phase 1 and at the
end of phase 2.
All the noise terms are uncorrelated and must be superposed quadratically.
Table 6.2 - Noise Power Terms of the Second Order Modulator
Phase
Source
2
2
1
1
4kT Ron
Ai 4kT /gm
4kT Ron
Ai 4kT /gm
2
Vn1
[V 2 ]
kT /CU
kT /CU
A1 kT /CL
2
Vn2
[V 2 ]
kT /(2CU )
A1 kT /CL
kT /(2CU )
A2 kT /CL
3
Vn1
[V 2 ]
kT /CADC
A2 kT /CL
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
61
Noise at the output of the modulator

After the sampling the noise is transferred to the output with a transfer function that depends on the injection point.
vn,1
+
S
-
vn,2
1/2 z-1
1-z
DAC1
-1
vn,3
2z-1
1-z
-1
Y
ADC
DAC2
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
62
Quantization Error and Dithering

modulators are good for busy signal (approximating the quantization error with a
noise is acceptable).
Constant or very slow inputs can give rise to repetitive patterns (idle channel tones or
pattern noise.).
Quantization Error
1
37
0.8
0.6
Amplitude
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
50
time
100
150
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
63
A key goal is to avoid repetitive patterns that determine tones that can fall in the band of
the signal. The amplitude of tones limits the SFDR.
The use of high-order modulators is beneficial.
Call up
Other solutions follow the ... ...................
Use multi-bit quantizers or dithering to destabilize the tonal behavior

of modulators especially when
the input may contain a dominant dc
component.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
64
Dither is a suitable signal capable to destroy the limit cycles.

Dither must be effective against the tones and should not alter the signal.
Inject a sine wave or a square wave whose frequency is out of the signal band. (The
amplitude of the dither must be as low as possible.)
Noise-like signal whose contribution does not degrade the SNR.
eQ
eQ
X +
Modulator
X +
Modulator
dith
dith
(a)
(b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
65
Single-bit or Multi-bit?
Disadvantages of using single-bit quantizers.
High SNR with a 1-bit entails the use of high order modulators (design of a stable
architecture or high OSR).
Bandwidth of the op-amps (or OTAs) higher than the clock frequency.
The usable reference voltages of 1-bit modulators is a small fraction of the supply voltage.
Assume that the linear region of the op-amp is VDD and that a 6 dBF S sine wave gives
rise to a swing Vref maximum swing at the first integrator
|Vref | <
VDD
2swing
(63)
The slew-rate of the op-amp must ensure an accurate settling. The output changes of the
first integrator (whose gain is G) can be 2.
SR =
Iout =
2G(VRef Vov )
.
Ts /2
(64)
2VRef (Cin + CL )
.
Ts /2
(65)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
66
Disadvantages of using multi-bit quantizers.

In multi-bit the analog section is more complicated than the single bit counterpart.
The multi-bit DAC is normally a capacitive MDAC with, normally, the subtraction and the
DAC functions obtained by the same capacitive array.
C2
1
C1/4
1 2e
C1/4
2a
2f
C1/4
2b
1 2g
C1/4
2c
1 2h
++
2d
Vin
-Vref
Vref
(a)
t4
2d
t4
2h
t3
2c
t3
2g
t2
2b
t2
2f
t1
2a
t1
2e
(b)
--
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
67
The input capacitance C1 is divided into equal elements, pre-charged to the input signal
during phase 1 and, during phase 2 , under the control of the thermometric codes
t1 , , t4 , connected to +Vref or Vref .
Sharing of the same array for the input injection and the DAC function (also used for a
single-bit architecture) reduces the feedback factor of the OTA.
The charge delivered by the reference voltage generator is a non-linear function of the
input signal

QRef (n) = k(n) VRef Vin (n)
(66)
Output resistance of the reference generator very small for avoiding distortion.
and, also, ....
MATCHING ACCURACY OF THE CAPACITANCES OF THE DAC MUST BE VERY
HIGH (TO ENSURE THE EXPECTED RESOLUTION)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
68
Wrap-up
The limited benefit of the oversampling technique can be enhanced by shaping the quantization noise. The spectrum is reduced in the signal band and, possibly augmented
out-band.
A high-pass filtering of the quantization noise is achieved by closing the quantizer in a
feedback loop.
The transfer function of the signal is such that the low-frequency components are unchanged. The noise transfer function significantly attenuates the in-band region.
The performances of real modulators greatly depend on the limitations due to the
real circuit.
First-order and second-order schemes with single-bit or multi-bit quantizers have been
studied so far.

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F.

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Oversampling And Low Order Modulators

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

EN OB = n + 0.5 log2 (OSR)

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Rejection of the out-of-band noise

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Delta and Sigma-Delta Modulation

Delta modulators for increasing the effectiveness of the PCM transmission.

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

From Delta to Sigma-Delta Modulation

Integration (sigma) of the difference (delta) gives the name Sigma-Delta.

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Is the reduction of noise at given frequencies.

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

How to obtain noise shaping?

Place the quantizer in a feedback loop.

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

STF and NTF estimation

Study in the z-domain (it can be also done in the time-domain)

B(z) can simply be equal to 1; A(z) should be integration-type.

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

First Order Modulator

The linear model of the modulator replaces the non-linear quantization by

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

STF and NTF of the First Order Modulator

Y (z) = X(z) z 1 + Q(z)(1 z 1)

Y (z) = X ST F (z) + Q(z) N T F (z).

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

The STF is a simple delay (more than what we desire).

N T F () = 2jejT /2sin(T /2)

that is a low pass response.

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

The power of the shaped noise in a small band B is

Assume to use a DAC that generates the quantized intervals

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Table 6.1 - SNR improvement with Multi-level Quantizers

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Obtained output spectrum (vertical axis is in dB)

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Therefore, remember the following ...

The feedback of a modulator does not relax the DAC

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Use of 1-bit Quantization

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Second Order Modulator

One or the other?

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

The dumping embracing the quantizer is effective

The study of the second order modulator in the z domain yields:

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Y (z) = X(z) z 1 + Q(z)(1 z 1)2

N T F () = (1 ejT )2 = 4ejT {sin(T /2)}2

that, in a small band B gives

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

that gives (with n0 = log2k)

OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD

Circuit Design Issues

Y (z) = X(z) z 1 + Q(z)(1 z 1)

Y (z) = X ST F (z) + Q(z) N T F (z).

Y (z) = X(z) z 1 + Q(z)(1 z 1)2

Vinz 1(1 b,1)(1 b,2) + Q(1 z 1)2

b,1 + 2b,2 b,1 b,2

SR = V e(T /2tslew )/

ADCout = Vin,ADC + Q + ADC ,

Shaping of the modulator acts on both Q and ADC . Therefore,