Chapter 7

Earthquakes
1 - What is an earthquake?
p.101 A trembling that results from the movements in the earths crust
2 - At which point on the earths surface is the earthquakes shaking
the strongest?
The epicenter
3 - What are the vibrations produced by an earthquake called?
Seismic waves
4 - Why do earthquakes occur at depths less than 100 km?
p.102 They occur in active areas of the earth, within the crust/lithosphere
5 - What is elastic limit?
p.104 The point at which any further stress will cause the structure to break/deform

6 - What is the focus of an earthquake?

p.104 The hypocenter. Where all energy accumulated from stresses in rock is released
The location of the initial rupture
7 - Where is the location of the epicenter of an earthquake?
p. 105 directly above the focus on the Earths surface
8 - How do Primary waves act on the earth?
p.107 they compress the surface
9 - What are the two types of seismic waves?
p. 106 Body waves and surface waves
10 - What is the strength of an earthquake usually given in terms of?
p. 109 a measure on a scale of 1-10
11 - What is the Richter scale?
A scale that represents the measures of the power of an earthquake
12 - What is a seismograph?
An instrument that records the vibrations of the waves caused by earthquakes

13 - What are the major earthquake zones?

Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Mediterranean Ridge
San Andreas Fault
14 - Which type of seismic wave causes the most damage?
S waves
15 - What changes in the landscape can an earthquake cause?
Landslides, fractures, scarps and creep
16 - What are the four factors that influence how much damage an earthquake causes?
Distance from the epicenter and the soil type
17 - What is a tsunami?
Large waves moving due an earthquake under ocean water. The wave may rise up to 28 meters
high when it hits land.
18 - What is meant by the term earthquake prediction?
Not in book. Trying to guess when an earthquake could happen by studying the recordings of the
tremors due to the plates movements

Chapter 8
Volcanoes

1 - What is a volcano?
p.117 The place (opening) where magma flows out of the inner layers of the earth to the surface
in the form of lava
2 - What is magma?
The rocks in the asthenosphere melting under high heat and pressure
3 - Why does magma force its way upward through to the earths crust?
It is less dense than surrounding rock and it rises to the surface through fissures and cracks
4 - What is a dormant volcano?
p. 118 A volcano that has not erupted in a long time (appr. 100 years)
5 - What are the three main types of volcanoes?
p. 124 Cinder cone, shield and composite volcanoes
6 - What are the different parts of a volcano?
p. 119 Magma chamber, pipe, vent and crater
p.120 The cone is the result of the accumulation of the debris and ejected matter that cools on the
side giving the volcano its conic shape.
7 - What is the magma chamber ?
p. 119 A space where the liquid magma accumulate before it goes up the vent
8 - What is a hollowed-out area at the top of a volcano called?
The crater
9 - What are the three emissions from a volcano?
p. 121-122 Lava, ash and volcanic bombs
10 - What are the relative sizes of the particles of volcanic debris?
p.122 they vary in size from tiny particles that can be breathed in to bombs that are larger than
rocks
11 - Which type of volcano forms from layers of slow moving lava?
Not in book
12 - What is the type of volcano that forms from alternating layers of lava and volcanic debris?
Composite Volcanoes

13 - Name the volcano that has steep upper slope, but whose base slopes gently.
Composite
14 - What factors determine whether an eruption will be explosive or quiet?
p.126-127 The thickness of the magma as it traps the gases and the release at converging
boundaries will be explosive. AT divergent boundaries the magma flows up the rift quietly
15 - What is the major zone of volcanic activity called?
p. 127 (refer to map on p. 111) Ring of Fire
16 - How can volcanic activity produce earthquakes?
p. 127 as the volcano erupts, it creates vibrations that trigger a small localized earthquake
17 - What are cracks in the ocean seafloor caused by plates moving apart called?
Mid-ocean ridges
18 - What is Surtsey, lceland an example of?
p. 128 a volcanic island
0
19 - How can volcanic activity be monitored?
p.129 small earthquakes, rise in temperature around the volcano, release of gases rich in sulfur.
These signe are monitored using a seismograph and satellite cameras as well as chemical
sensors. New techniques monitor levels of sulfur and heat around a volcano

Chapter 9
Types of Rocks and the Rock Cycle

1 - What are the chemical compounds that make up rocks called?

p. 131 Minerals
2 - What are the three main types of rocks?
p. 132 Igneous, Sedimentary and metamorphic
3 - What does solidified magma form?
Igneous rocks
4 - What is an example of an igneous rock?
Granite and pumice
5 - What are igneous rocks?
p.132 A mixture of hot melted material that cooled down
6 - When do rocks change from one type into another?
p. 134 under heat and pressure or during weathering and erosion
7 - What is the rock cycle?
p.134, the cycle of transformation of rocks from one type to another.
8 - How do igneous rocks look different from other rocks?
They have a rough texture
9 - What plays an important role in the formation of igneous rocks?
The nature of the original rock that melted and how the molten rock cooled
10 - What texture does an igneous rock have if it has no universal grains?
Not in book
1 - What does the texture of igneous rocks depend on?
p. 136 The mineral that makes up the rock and the time it takes to cool
12 - What are huge bodies of intrusive rock called?
p. 138 batholiths
13 - What is extrusive rock?
p.136 Igneous rocks that form on the surface of the earth
14 - How do you know if an igneous rock is intrusive or extrusive?
The crystals of intrusive rocks are larger

15 - What characteristics are used to identify igneous rocks?

p.140 texture and composition
16 - What rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediment?
p.142 Sedimentary rocks
17 - What may country rock change into?
p. 142 Sedimentary rock
18 - What are the forces that break down country rock?
Weathering and erosion
19 - What is the name of the process by which minerals fill spaces between sediment?
p. 142 compaction
20 - What is a fossil?
p. 144 Remains of organisms that were buried in the sediment
21 - In what order is sediment deposited by rivers?
p. 142 larger pieces of rock are deposited on the bottom and the finer sediment, such as sand, on
top.
22 - What is lithification?
p. 142 the overall process of compaction and cementation
23 - How are permanent ripple marks formed?
p. 144 when wind and water move constantly over sediment
24 - What are some types of sedimentary rock?
p. 145 Clastic, organic and chemical rocks
25 - What is the composition of mud?
p. 145 sand, silt, clay and water
26 - What is chalk an example of?
p. 146 chalk is an example of organic rock
27 - What is the name of the rock made from living organisms?
p. 146 Organic rock
28 - What type of rock is coal?
p. 146 Organic rock
29 - What is formed when minerals come out of solution and crystallize?
p. 146 Chemical rocks

30 - How is metamorphic rock formed?

p. 147 when igneous and sedimentary rocks change under extreme heat and pressure
31 - What is the name of metamorphic rocks with mineral grains in bands?
p. 150 Foliated rocks
32 - What do foliated rocks have?
p. 150 lines forming at the same angle as the force
33 - What are the names of rocks without mineral grains?
p. 148 metamorphic rocks

Chapter 10
Weathering

1 - What are the main types of weathering?

p. 153 mechanical and chemical
2 - What is the process of breaking down exposed rocks and other materials called?
weathering
3 - What factors influence how quickly weathering occurs?
The type of rock
4 - What are the results of mechanical weathering?
The rock will break into smaller pieces over time.
5 - What are some causes of mechanical weathering?
p. 154-155 temperature change, animals, plants, water and ice
6 - What is exfoliation?
p. 154 the removal of entire layers of rocks resulting in a rounded surface of the weathered rock
7 - What is abrasion?
p. 157 the polishing, scraping and smoothing that wind and moving water can cause on rocks
due to the rubbing on the rocks surface.
8 - What is chemical weathering?
p. 157 the change of the nature of rocks to a new substance
9 - What are the most common causes of chemical weathering?
p. 158-160 sulfuric acid in the atmosphere, oxidation, carbonation, leaching, fungus and plants.
10 - What does sulfuric acid fall to the earth as?
p. 158 Acid rain
11 - What is rust the result of?
p. 159 Oxidation: reaction of iron to water
12 - What is the process of carrying dissolved minerals deeper into the ground called?
p. 160 Leaching

Chapter 11
Soil

1 - What are some common properties of soil?

p. 163 - decayed plants and animals
- weathered and eroded particles
2 - What is regolith?
p. 164 soil and all types of loose material
3 - What is soil?
p. 163 a loose mix of weathered objects and organic matter
4 - What does soil support?
p. 163 it supports life on Earth as it is essential for the growth of plants.
5 - Why is soil essential to life?
p. 163 plants find their nutrients in soil. Plants are at the base of the food chain, herbivores eat
plants, carnivores eat herbivores and humans eat all.
6 - What is parent rock?
p. 165 the rock from which soil is formed
7 - What factors influence the development of soil?
p. 165 the type of rock from which the soil is formed. And the physical and chemical weathering
of the parent rock
8 - What are the three layers of mature soil called?
p. 169 Topsoil (A horizon), subsoil (B Horizon) and weathered rock particles (C horizon)above
the parent rock
9 - What is a soil profile?
p. 169 The various layers that accumulate with continued weathering and the addition of organic
material that give the soil its characteristic/ profile
10 - Where is Humus found?
p. 169 in the topsoil layer
11 - What is the B horizon?
p. 169 the subsoil, the layer beneath the topsoil where leached minerals accumulate
12 - What are the two most common soil organisms?
p. 171 fungi and bacteria

13 - What is released by plants?

p. 172-173 Oxygen
14 - What is released by soil organisms?
p.173 mineral nutrients
15 - What do plants receive from the sun?
p. 172 energy
16 - In what ways can soil be classified?
p. 174 by the types of plants growing in the region, the amount of minerals in the soil, the size
and shape of the soil particles.
17 - What is podsol?
p. 176 soil made up of a very thin A horizon and a B horizon rich in iron giving it a reddishorange color
18 - Where do forest soils generally appear?
p. 176 in areas with heavy annual rainfall
19 - What is permafrost?
p. 178 the permanently frozen subsoil of the Tundra.
20 - What is laterite?
p. 182 Soil containing high levels of aluminum and iron due to leaching, in Tropical forest soils
21 - Where do tropical soils occur?
p. 182 In tropical areas around the equator

Chapter 12

Water and Landforms

1 - What is erosion?
p. 186 The transportation of weathered particles
2 - What is deposition?
p. 186 the deposition (dropping off) of eroded particles
3 - What are the agents of erosion?
p. 186-188 gravity, water, waves, wind and ice
4 - What is the name of the material deposited by rivers?
p. 187 sediment
5 - What is a rill?
p. 191 Small channels of water making their way on the surface of the earth toward the larger
streams
6 - How are rivers classified?
p. 191 by age
7 - Describe a young river.
p. 192 young rivers are found in places of high altitude because the river has not been flowing
for a long time. it tends to flow in a straight line and is very shallow as it had not eroded much of
its path and surrounding area.
8 - What is the feature of an old river?
p. 193 Has exaggerated loops and meanders, it is slow and erodes the landscape gradually.
9 - How are old rivers different from young rivers?
p.192-193 Old rivers flow in valleys, are slower and erode the landscape in their path. Whereas
young rivers are found on mountains (high altitude) , they flow faster and more in a straight path
while the old river meanders.
10 - What is the first sediment to drop out when a river slows
down?
p. 194 heavier sediment
11 - What is an alluvial fan?
p. 194 the fan-like terrain that forms when a river slows down and drops the sediment

12 - What is a delta?
p. 195 landform created by sediment deposition as the river slows down before it flows into the
ocean/sea. A delta is triangle-shaped
13 - What is a levee?
p.196 a wall of accumulated sediment that is formed by deposition on river banks as the river
overflows
14 - What might rich farmland on either side of a river indicate?
p. 196 the river floods (creating floodplains)