UNIT-1

1. Give any four assumptions made in Brayton cycle.

Compression and expansion processes are reversible and adiabatic i.e. isentropic.
The change in kinetic energy of the fluid between inlet and outlet of each component
is negligible.
There are no pressure losses in inlet duct, combustion chamber and exhaust duct.
The working fluid has the same composition throughout the cycle.
2. Write down the thrust equation for turbojet with (a) incomplete expansion and constant
forward speed (b) complete expansion and constant forward speed.
Thrust equation for incomplete expansion and constant forward speed:

F = m a (u e u a ) + Ae ( p e p a )
Thrust equation for complete expansion and constant forward speed:

F = m a (u e u a )

3. Define Propulsive efficiency or Froude efficiency.

Propulsive efficiency or Froude efficiency is defined as the ratio between the thrust power
and the sum of thrust power and unused kinetic energy exhausting the nozzle.

4. Define specific thrust and TSFC.

Specific thrust can be defined as the thrust produced by an engine per unit mass flow rate of
air through the engine.
Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption is defined as the mass flow rate of fuel consumed by an
engine to produce unit thrust.
5. Draw the actual T-s diagram for a turbojet engine, considering losses occuring in all
components.

6. Draw the T-s diagram of a turbojet engine with afterburning.

7. Define stagnation enthalpy.

When a fluid flowing with velocity u and having enthalpy h, is decelerated to rest
adiabatically, the enthalpy of the fluid at rest is called stagnation enthalpy or total enthalpy,
ho.
1
h0 = h + u 2
2
8. Define stagnation pressure.
When a fluid flowing with velocity u and having pressure p, is decelerated to rest reversibly
and adiabatically, the pressure of the fluid at rest is called stagnation pressure or total

pressure, po.
9. What is a gas generator?

Gas generator is the combination of three components namely, compressor, combustion

chamber and turbine.

10. What is regeneration? What are its advantages?

Regeneration is a process in the gas turbine cycle in which heat exchanger or regenerator is
used to transfer the heat from hot exhaust gases from the turbine to cold air from compressor.
This heat is used to preheat the air before it enters the combustion chamber. Regeneration
reduces the amount of heat to be added in the combustion chamber. This will increase the
cycle efficiency for a given net work output for the cycle.
11. What is the effect of altitude on thrust?
Thrust decreases with increase in altitude. This is due to the fact that the ambient pressure
and density decreases with increase in altitude. Any decrease in density of air entering the
engine results in less mass flow of air through the engine and lesser be the thrust.
12. What is the significance of the term TSFC?
TSFC or thrust specific fuel consumption indicates the mass flow of fuel consumed by an
engine to produce unit thrust. For a certain value of thrust, TSFC depends on the temperature
of air entering the engine. Higher the temperature of air entering the engine, lesser will be the
compression; hence more fuel is to be burnt in order to produce the required thrust.
13. Define isentropic efficiency of compressor.
Isentropic efficiency of compressor can be defined as the ratio of work done during ideal
compression to the work done during actual compression for the same pressure rise across the
compressor.
14. What is the need for thrust augmentation?
The gas turbine engine needs to produce a temporary increase in thrust for take-off, for
acceleration from subsonic to supersonic speed or during combat manoeuvres. This
temporary requirement of increase in thrust can be produced by a method called thrust
augmentation without making many changes in the design of the engine.
15. Define specific thrust. What is its significance?
Specific thrust can be defined as the thrust produced by an engine per unit mass flow rate of
air through the engine. For a given thrust, the size of the engine depends on specific thrust of
the engine. Lower the specific thrust, larger the size of the engine and vice-versa.
16. What is the effect of temperature of air entering the compressor on thrust?

For a given TSFC, higher the temperature of air entering the engine, lower will be the
pressure rise across the compressor. This lower pressure rise will result in lower thrust.
17. Draw the T-s diagram of Brayton cycle with regeneration.

UNIT-2
1. What are the factors to be considered while designing a subsonic inlet?
The inlet duct must be large enough to supply proper air flow at the highest possible pressure
to increase the engine thrust.
The duct must be shaped correctly to deliver the air to the inlet of the compressor with
uniform pressure distribution.
For subsonic aircraft, the nacelle should not produce strong shock waves or flow separations
and should be of minimum weight for both subsonic and supersonic designs.
The primary task, the duct must do during flight operation is to convert the kinetic
energy of the rapidly moving inlet airstream into a ram pressure rise inside the duct.
2. Define the phenomenon buzz in supersonic inlets.
Buzz is instability in airflow caused by the shock wave. This phenomenon occurs because of
alternative swallowing and expelling of shock wave at the inlet of the duct. Buzz sets up
vibration in the inlet duct.
3. What are the important reasons for boundary layer separation in subsonic inlets?
In subsonic diffusers, the static pressure increases from inlet to exit due to the conversion of
kinetic energy into pressure energy. When the pressure rise in the diffuser is large, the
momentum of flow near the surface will become low to overcome the adverse pressure
gradient. Thus the flow in the region near the surface tends to reverse the direction of flow or
flow will become separated from the surface.
4. How is diffuser performance defined?
The performance of a diffuser can be evaluated using following parameters:
Isentropic efficiency
Stagnation pressure ratio or pressure recovery

 Distortion coefficient
5. Define isentropic efficiency of diffuser.
It is defined as the ratio between temperature rise corresponding to ideal ram compression
and the temperature rise corresponding to actual ram compression.

i =

'
T01
Ta
T01 Ta

6. Define pressure recovery of diffuser.

It is defined as the ratio of outlet stagnation pressure to the inlet stagnation pressure of the
diffuser.
p
d = 01
p 0a
7. Define distortion coefficient of diffuser.
Distortion coefficient is the parameter used to measure the level of non-uniformity at the exit
of diffuser.

8. What does shock swallowing by a supersonic inlet mean?

Shock swallowing is the process, which makes the shock wave to move from the entry of the
inlet duct to the diverging region, crossing the throat of the inlet duct. This process enables
the inlet duct to operate with minimum pressure loss.
9. What is meant by subcritical mode of inlet operation? State its advantages and
disadvantages.
Subcritical mode of operation of inlet duct is an off-design operating condition. During this
mode the mass flow of air entering the inlet duct will be less than the design mass flow. At
this condition, the shock wave is located outside the inlet plane. This mode of operation is
undesirable because the inlet duct is compressing air using the shock outside of the diffuser
and the entire compressed air is not used by the engine.
10. Differentiate between subsonic and supersonic inlets.
In subsonic inlets, the diverging duct is used to decelerate the flow. During this process the
kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy. In supersonic inlets, shock system is used as
the compression mechanism and to decelerate the flow suitable for compressors.