TITLE: CULTURE ISSUES AND

TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS IN
NHELEGANI VILLAGE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION.
1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY.
Every society has its culture that binds them together and make them
to be known. NHELEGANI village found in SHINYANGA region, 15
kilometers south from town. This society has different culture. Not all
culture that are good, but some of them are bad. The transmission of
HIV/AIDS at Nhelegani village is high when compared with other
villages around it. This might be influenced by bad culture.

1.2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In Tanzania many societies are faced by HIV/AIDS. Nh`elegani as one of

the societies found in Shinyanga Tanzania affected more by HIV/AIDS.
Many people died and the people who still living are weak, poverty,
and either other people are widows while many children are homeless.
The main reason of conducting this research at Nh`elegani village is to
determine the knowledge of Nh`elegani against HIV/AIDS and sort out
all cultural believes that influence the transmission of HIV/AIDS in this
village while other villages are safe and find out the solution of the
problem.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

2.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

This study try to find out the influence of culture issues against
transmission of HIV/AIDS at Nh`elegani village.
2.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

According to the heading of my research, the specified objectives will

be:
1. To access the knowledge of Nh`elegani people concern the term
HIV/AIDS
2. To identify all cultural issue that influence the transmission of
HIV/AIDS at Nh`elegani village.
3. To determine the altitude of Nh`elegani people towards their
culture issues.
4. To determine the impact of cultural issues towards transmission of
HIV/AIDS at Nh`elegani village.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Are people of Nh`elegani village knowledgeable enough about
transmission of HIV/AIDS?
2. What are the culture of Nh`elegani people?
3. Among the culture of Nh`elegani people, is there any cultural
believes that influence the transmission of HIV/AIDS?
4. What are the altitudes of Nh`elegani people towards their
culture?
5. What are the impact of their culture issues against the
transmission of HIV/AIDS in Nh`elegani village?
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This research will be conducted at Nh`elegani village. The reasons to
conduct my research
in this village are as follows;

Nh`elegani is among many societies faced by HIV/AIDS

transmission in Tanzania

Nh`elegani village found nearby my home, so it reduce cost of

transport and shelter.

Population of my research will be the people of Nh`elegani

village society.

1.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Nothing happen without a causative behind. The wonderful

speed of HIV/AIDS transmission in Nh`elegani village society
might be influenced by the following factors;
The poor knowledge of Nh`elegani village society against
the transmission of HIV/AIDS
Wrong perception of using guides (condoms) during
making sexual Intercourse.
Widow`s inheritance
Traditional circumcisions
Traditional believes like, `People cannot die except
witched`
1.7 DEFINITION OF VARIABLES AND TERMS
Here bellows are variable and terms used in this research:

CULTURE: Is the characteristics of a particular group of

people, defined

everything from language, thought,

beliefs and behavior.

: Is the way of life of a particular society or group
of people including patterns of thought, beliefs, behavior

and language.
TRADITION: Is defined as a ceremony or belief that has its
origin from the past and is maintained in the present by the
people of the society. Example of traditions includes

clothing, food, greetings, holidays and others.

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Is a virus that attacks
the immune system protects you from germs that course
infections and makes you sick. If HIV is in your system, over

time, it lowers the number of the healthy immune cells

(CD4 cells) that you have to fight infections.

AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This is the
final stage of the infection caused by virus called HIV. The
virus causes severe damage to the immune system.

HIV/AIDS TRANSMISSION: Is the HIV/AIDS contamination

from one person to another (from infected person to

uninfected one).
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE: Is the broadly, the insertion and
thrusting of a male`s penis usually when erect, into a
female`s vagina for the purpose of sexual pressure

reproduction.
BISEXUAL: Means you have a sexual attraction to both men
and women. However, being bisexual doesnt necessarily
mean that one is attracted to both men and women equally.
Bisexual often prefer one gender, but recognize their

occasional attraction to another gender.

CIRCUMCISION: Is the removal of a simple fold of skin (the
`foreskin or prepuce) that covers the head (glans) of the

un-erect penis.
MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: Refers to both process of attempting

to determine or identify a possible disease or disorder.

RISK BEHAVIOR: Are those that potentially expose people to
harm or significant.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Many researcher talked more about the transmission of HIV/AIDS. More
findings are relate from one author to another.
2.2 STUDIES RALATED TO THE RESEARCH
Several researchers tried to look-up on how to maximize the beneficial
effects of an HIV diagnosis on transmission risk behavior. In a retrospective
survey De Rosa and Mark (1998) found in Los Angeles that male HIV-positive
patients who has received counseling at posttest and later in their HIV clinic
treatment to disclose their serostatus to sexual partners were more like to
disclose to HIV-negative partners, but not to HIV-positive or unknown in
serostatus partners. The rate of recent condom use was higher with HIVnegative partners to whom participants had disclosed. Avants et al (2001)
found use of specific coping strategies following an HIV diagnosis was related
to transmission of risk behavior. The author believes that, `Individuals who
relied on avoidant coping were more likely to have engaged in recent risk
behavior and have poorer health`. Leach and Machakanja (2000) said that,
`In south Africa consistently demonstrates a pollen of extensive sexual
violence in which children and young people are raped or forced to have sex,
young women live in anticipation of harassment, rape or coerced sex, and a
miasma of fear permeates sexual relationship between young people. The
question of the effect of HIV diagnosis on sexual risk behavior is not one that
can be answered once and laid to rest. Seth C. Kalichman said that, `As the
context of HIV diagnosis change in term of HIV test are conducted, the type
of counseling that may be routinely provided with results, the perceived
severity of an HIV infection, and the maturation of cohorts, affected by HIV.
In short, the effect of the diagnosis is a moving target that depends on the
context in which the diagnosis takes place.
2.3 RESEARCH GAP

Every day things change. The records and news concern the transmission of
HIV/AIDS that has taken one year backwards, is insufficient for readers who
want to know the new record of transmission of HIV/AIDS in different
societies. Also, no research has done at Nh`elegani village.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1 STUDY AREA

The area of study is to find out on how culture issues influence the
transmission of HIV/AIDS in Nh`elegani village society.
4.2 POPULATION
The population of my research will be the people of Nh`elegani
village.
4.3 SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size of my research will be twenty, where by fifteen
will be the women and five men.
4.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
I will use simple randomly method to pick-up the sample
required, where I will take one out of three women and one out of
five men.