CE 332

CE 332 Spring 2017

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Instructor: Prof. (Hasan) Aydin Pekoz, PhD, PE,
LEED AP
Department of Civil Engineering
Email: apekoz@ccny.cuny.edu
Office Hours: See Syllabus
TA: Vlad Gayovyy
RM = 1/ST-120 Steinman Hall
Grader: Yuan Tian
RM = ST-194 Steinman Hall

Today

Introductions: Who am I? Who are you?

Comments on the study of mechanics
Overview of course
Organizational details
More on stress ..
These notes are available on the web; for now,
just listen & concentrate!

CE 332

What is mechanics?
Mechanics is the branch of physical science which deals
with the state of rest (statics) or motion (dynamics) of
bodies under the action of forces.
More specifically, it focuses on forces (& stresses) and
deformations (& strains) that occur for various loading
situations.
We will use many simplifying assumptions to obtain
reasonable, approximate (but sometimes exact) models,
and equations that quantify these.
A thorough understanding of mechanics is essential for
fields of study such as stability and strength of structures
and machines, vibrations, engine performance, design of
devices of all sizes, and many others.

CE 332

Mechanics is Fundamental
Mechanics is the original engineering discipline

1564 1642
Galilei, Galileo - Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno
due nuoue scienze. 1638.
Galileo proposed a new science, the study of the strength of materials,
that considered how the size and shape of structural members affects
their ability to carry and transmit loads.

Mechanics is Fundamental
Isaac Newton, Philosophi
Naturalis Principia
Mathematica, Latin for
"Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, 1687.
1643-1727
The Principia states Newton's
laws of motion, forming the
foundation of classical
mechanics.

On Reserve in the
Sci and Engr
(Marshak)
Library

CE 332

Mechanics is Important
to Almost Every Industry
Alcoa, Allied Signal Aerospace, Anderson Consulting,
A. O. Smith Corporation, Auburn University, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Boeing Company, Caterpillar Inc, Cirrus Design, Detroit Diesel Corp.,
Electronic Data Systems, Ford Motor Co., Forest Products Lab.,
General Dynamics, General Electric, GE Medical Systems,
General Motors Corporation, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,
Harley Davidson, Hewlett-Packard, USCO International,
IBM, Johnson Controls Inc., Lockheed Aerospace Systems Co.,
Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Manitowoc Engineering Co.,
Mayo Clinic, Motorola Inc., NASA, National Instruments,
Northrop Grumman, Orbital Technologies Corporation, Orbitec, Raytheon
Aircraft, Rockwell International, Safety Engineering Assn., Sandia National
Laboratories, Sargent and Lundy Engineers,
Seagate, Sonoco Products Company, Starsys Research,
Stress Phonics, Structural Dynamics Research Corporation,
U. S. Air Force, U. S. Marines, U. S. Navy,
Westinghouse

Course Content
Stress and strain
Behavior of materials
Axial loading
Torsion
Bending of beams
Shearing stresses in beams
Compound stresses
Principal stresses, failure theories
Deflections of beams
Statically indeterminate members
Columns/buckling
Energy methods, impact loading
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CE 332

Course Organization
BlackBoard Homepage: All lecture notes, powerpoint slides,
homeworks will be posted on Blackboard. You must check it
regularly. Please set your BlackBoard Notifications to alert you
with an email every time something new is posted to the site.
See Edit Notification Settings in BlackBoard.

Participation and Attendance: This course will be taught with a

mixture of lecture and student participation. Class participation
and attendance are expected of all students. Please read the
sections of the textbook being covered in the class prior to class
time.

Suggested Grading
Grading:

Homework
Lab Reports
Design Project
Midterm Quizzes
Final Exam

9%
8%
8%
36%
39%

Borderline Grades: Your quizzes and especially final exam

scores will be important in determining a borderline grade.

CE 332

Homework and Project

All homework will be collected at the end of the recitation/lab
session on the week they are due.
Put your name and student ID number on the front page.
Begin each homework problem on a separate page of lined or
calculation paper (you may use front and back if desired.)
Put problems in the order they were assigned.
The HW set must be stapled (no paper clips).
For each problem you MUST:
Sketch the original diagram. Free body diagrams, if applicable,
must also be shown.
Write out all formulas used.
Use appropriate units in answers and express with the
appropriate number of significant digits.

Homework and Projects

Late homework is not accepted. Of the ten HW sets assigned this
semester, you are required to turn in only nine of them. If you turn in
all ten, then the HW set with the lowest grade will be dropped.

Design Project and Reports: Engineering design and technical

reporting is an important part of all engineering fields and design
concepts are integrated into the Mechanics of Materials course. A
design project/investigative report will be assigned this semester.
Written reports will be required. These projects may involve group
work.

CE 332

Quizzes, Exam and Behavior

Quizzes and Exams: There will be two midterm quizzes during
the recitation session and one final exam (during the exam period).
The final exam will be cumulative.
Exams will be closed book. You are allowed to bring:
2 sheets of notes for Midterm 1
2 sheets of notes for Midterm 2
5 notes of sheets for Final

Quizzes, Exam and Behavior

Courtesy During Lectures - PLEASE:
No reading newspapers.
No sleeping or eating.
No working on HW.
No web surfing, e-chatting, e-mail, etc.
Conduct: The instructor and the City College of New York expect
the highest standards of honesty and integrity in the academic
conduct of its students. Any student caught cheating in this course
will receive an F and the case will be reported to the Dean of
Students.

CE 332

Course Materials
Required Textbook: Mechanics of Materials, 6th Edition, Beer,
Johnston, DeWolf, Mazurek, ISBN: 00 978-0-07-338028-5. Note
that this book can be rented or can be obtained from other
sources online than the College bookstore for much less than
the list price.

Statics Review
Statics Review and Computer Program Session: A
review session will be held during the first lab
session on January 30th at 2:00 PM. All students are
required to attend. The review will include:
Equilibrium and Free Body Diagrams 2 D only.
Internal Forces in 1 D members - Trusses (N) and
Beams (M and V).
Coordinate systems and sign conventions.
Properties of Sections (A, I, Q)

CE 332

Participation

Class participation and attendance are expected of all

students.
In-class discussions will be more valuable to you and
your classmates if you come prepared. Read the
sections of the textbook being covered in the class prior
to class time.
Lecture and Recitation Participation will be taken.

The Importance and

Limitations of Collaboration

You are encouraged to discuss homework and course

material with me, the TA, your teammates, and your other
classmates.
However, the submitted individual homework solutions and
exams must involve only your effort.
Failure to do so will:

lead to terrible performance on the exams.

more serious problems ....

For an assignment that specifically requires team work, your

contribution to the work of the team will be spelled out.

CE 332

Wrap Up
Read the outline and syllabus in detail!
Check out the BlackBoard Web Site and set
your notification alert make sure you are
notified about all materials posted on the site
and all communications. Ignorance is no
excuse!
For class on Wednesday:
Read sections 1.1-1.11 in text book.

Welcome, good luck, and

enjoy!

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CE 332

1.1-1.7 Normal stress, shear stress, bearing stress

Average normal stress (1.3)

The NORMAL STRESS (a.k.a AXIAL STRESS) is the force acting normal
(perpendicular) to a cross-sectional area divided by the area it acts over.
Often, this cross section is taken to be
perpendicular to the axis of the member.
Sometimes it has other orientations.
If the stress causes elongation, the stress is
tensile (positive); if it causes contraction, it is
compressive (negative).

0 tension

0 compression
average normal stress (Greek sigma)

average
average

We will usually omit

the subscript
average.

P
A

P net force acting normal to

the cross section
A cross section area

AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS, as defined here, is accurate provided:

The member is straight.
The loading is concentric (i.e., along the axis of the member).
The cross section of interest is not located close to points of load
application, or other stress concentrators.

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CE 332

Example: Estimate the stress your feet exert on the floor, and a car tire
exerts on the road.
assume: persons wt. = 160 lb.
standing on a level surface.
static equilibrium.
both feet support the same weight.

Example: Estimate the stress your feet exert on the floor, and a car tire
exerts on the road.
assume: persons wt. = 160 lb.
standing on a level surface.
static equilibrium.
both feet support the same weight.
80 lb
(external force)

80 lb
(reaction force)

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CE 332

Example: Estimate the stress your feet exert on the floor, and a car tire
exerts on the road.
assume: persons wt. = 160 lb.
standing on a level surface.
static equilibrium.
both feet support the same weight.
80 lb
(external force)

80 lb
(reaction force)

80 lb
(external force)

A = 80 lb
= 80 lb/A

Example: Estimate the stress your feet exert on the floor, and a car tire
exerts on the road.
assume: persons wt. = 160 lb.
standing on a level surface.
static equilibrium.
both feet support the same weight.
80 lb
(external force)

80 lb
(reaction force)

80 lb
(external force)

1 in

A = 19 in2

A = 80 lb
= 80 lb/A
= 80 lb / 19 in2
= 4.21 lb/in2
= 4.21 psi

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CE 332

Example: Estimate the stress your feet exert on the floor, and a car tire
exerts on the road.
assume: persons wt. = 160 lb.
standing on a level surface.
static equilibrium.
both feet support the same weight.
80 lb
(external force)

80 lb
(reaction force)

A = 80 lb
= 80 lb/A
= 80 lb / 19 in2
= 4.21 lb/in2
= 4.21 psi

80 lb
(external force)

1 in

A = 19 in2

Q: Is the stress
applied by the shoe to
the ground really
uniform?
Probably not ...

14

CE 332

units for stress:

force/area

SI: 1 pascal = l N/m2 = 1 Pa

US Customary: 1 lb/in2 = 1 psi
useful conversions

1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa = 103 Pa
1 MPa = 106 Pa
1 GPa = 109 Pa

2
N 1m
N
1 MPa 10 2 3
1
m 10 mm
mm2
6

2
1 lb 4.448 N 1 in

0.0254 m
1 in 2
lb
6894 Pa 6.894 kPa

1 psi
1 psi = 1 lb/in2
1 ksi = 103 psi

numerical accuracy
For final answers, typically use 3 significant digits.
While doing calculations, retain at least one extra significant digit.
If using a calculator or computer, use all the precision available for the
device - but, report final answers to 3 significant digits.

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