API Terminal Piping Testing Model Presentation

API Project:
Pressure Testing of Terminal Piping

Presentation:
Development and Evaluation of a
Pressure Response Model and
Heat Transfer Models for
Aboveground and Belowground
Terminal Piping
By:
Royce J. Laverman
Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.
API Project:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Presentation Outline
Background
Example Pressure Tightness Test
Pressure Response Model
Fluid Properties Required
Heat Transfer Models
Summary
04/24/02
API Project:
1. Background
Current API Recommended Practice
API RP 1110, Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum
Pipelines, Fourth Edition, March 1997.
Prior Testing
Joint API and ATA Study, Buried Pressurized Leak
Detection Guide.
Draft State Regulations
Practical Considerations
04/24/02
API Project:
2. Example Pressure Tightness Test
Aboveground Horizontal Pipe
04/24/02
Chicago, IL location
Test Performed on April 15
12 in Diameter, Schedule 40, Steel Pipe, 100 ft Long
Water Test Liquid
No Gas Mixed With the Liquid
Initial Leak Rates of 0.00, 0.05, and 0.10 gal/hr
Initial Test Pressure of 500 psia
Test Start Time of 0.00 hrs Solar Time
Table 1- Summary of Input Parameters for Aboveground Horizontal Pipe

Example Pressure Leak Tightness Test Cases 1, 2 and 3
Symbol
Description
Units
Value
City
dimensionless
Chicago
State
dimensionless
Illinois
Month number
dimensionless
Month day number
dimensionless
15
Location
Time Period
NM
NMD
Ambient Conditions
TA,MX
TA,MN
VW
Maximum daily ambient temperature
59.30
Minimum daily ambient temperature
40.40
mi/hr
12.00
in
12
dimensionless
40
Daily average wind speed

Pipe Conditions
Nominal diameter
Schedule
LP
Length
ft
100
dimensionless
Steel
dimensionless
Water
Case 1
gal/hr
0.00
Case 2
gal/hr
0.05
Case 3
gal/hr
0.10
psia
500
hrs, solar time
0.00
Material type
Fluid Conditions
Liquid type
Pipe Leak Conditions
QL0
Initial leak rate:
Initial Conditions
04/24/02
PO
Initial pressure in the pipe
tO
Test start time
Figure 1- Temperature Versus Daily Solar Time,

for an Aboveground Horizontal Pipe,
for the Example Pressure Tightness Test
70
60
T, Temperature, (OF)
50
Ambient Temperature
40
Pipe Temperature
30
20
10
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
t, Daily Solar Time, (hr)
04/24/02
Figure 2- Rate of Change of the Pipe Temperature Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of a Leak
Rate Test, for an Aboveground Horizontal Pipe,
(dTP/dt), Rate of Change of the Pipe Temperature, (o F/hr)
-1
-2
-3
-4
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
t, Elapsed Time, (hr)
04/24/02
Figure 3- Pressure in the Pipe Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of a Leak Rate Test, for an
Aboveground Horizontal Pipe,
Case 1: Pipe Initial Leak Rate = 0.0 gal/hr
1000
900
800
P, Pressure, (psia)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
Figure 3- Pressure in the Pipe Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of a Leak Rate Test,
1000
900
800
P, Pressure, (psia)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
Figure 3- Pressure in the Pipe Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of a Leak Rate Test,
1000
900
800
P, Pressure, (psia)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
10
Figure 6- Comparison of the Test Leak Rate (With Temperature Correction)

to the Actual Leak Rate, Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of a Leak Rate Test,
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Actual Leak Rate
QL , Leak Rate, (gal/hr)
0.04
0.03
Test Leak Rate
0.02
0.01
Upper 90 Percent
Confidence Limit
0.00
-0.01
Lower 90 Percent
Confidence Limit
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
-0.09
-0.10
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
11

0.20
0.15
0.10
Actual Leak Rate
0.05
Test Leak Rate
0.00
Upper 90 Percent
Confidence Limit
Lower 90 Percent
Confidence Limit
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
12

0.20
0.15
0.10
Actual Leak Rate
0.05
Test Leak Rate
0.00
Upper 90 Percent
Confidence Limit
Lower 90 Percent
Confidence Limit
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
13
Figure 9-Comparison of the Test Leak Rate (Both With and Without Temperature Correction) to
the Actual Leak Rate, Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of the Leak Rate Test, for an
0.20
0.15
0.10
Actual Leak
Rate
0.05
With
Temperature
Correction
0.00
Without
Temperature
Correction
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
14
Figure 10-Comparison of the Test Leak Rate (Both With and Without Temperature Correction)
to the Actual Leak Rate, Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of the Leak Rate Test, for an
0.20
0.15
0.10
Actual Leak
Rate
0.05
With
Temperature
Correction
0.00
Without
Temperature
Correction
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
15
Figure 11-Comparison of the Test Leak Rate (Both With and Without Temperature Correction)
to the Actual Leak Rate, Versus Elapsed Time After the Start of the Leak Rate Test, for an
0.20
0.15
0.10
Actual Leak
Rate
0.05
With
Temperature
Correction
0.00
Without
Temperature
Correction
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
16
API Project:
3. Pressure Response Model
Conservation of Mass Relationship
Leak Rate From the Pipe
Addition of Test Fluid to the Pipe
Change in Pipe Volume
Pressure Response Effects
Pressure Compression of the Test Liquid
Pressure Expansion of the Pipe Wall
Temperature Response Effects
Thermal Expansion of the Test Liquid
Thermal Expansion of the Pipe Wall
04/24/02
17
Pipe Pressure Response Model

Governing Differential Equation
Q
Pipe
Leak
Rate
=Q
dP
dT
+ a VP
+
b
V
P

d
t
d
t
Test
Flow
Rate
Pressure
Response
Term
Temperature
Response
Term
Where:
P = Pressure in the pipe, (psia).
T = Temperature of the pipe, (OF).
VP = Volume of the pipe, (ft3).
QL = Leak flow rate from the pipe, (gal/hr).
QT = Test flow rate to the pipe, (gal/hr).
t = Time, (hr).
04/24/02
18

Parameters a and b
for a Pipe With Anchorage Only At One End
D PM 5
a = P +
- P
WP E P 4
b = -3
T
P
Where:
a = Pressure response parameter, (1/psi).
b = Temperature response parameter, (1/OF).
DPM = Mean diameter of the pipe, (in).
WP = Wall thickness of the pipe, (in).
EP = Modulus of elasticity of the pipe material, (psi).
P = Poissons ratio of the pipe material, (-).
P = Coefficient of thermal expansion of the pipe material, (1/OF).
P = Fluid volume compressibility, (1/psi).
T = Fluid volume expansivity, (1/OF).
04/24/02
19

Fluid Volume Compressibility and
Fluid Volume Expansivity
P =
1 V
V P T
1 V
=
V T P
Where:
P = Fluid volume compressibility, (1/psi).
T = Fluid volume expansivity, (1/OF).
3
V = Volume, (ft ).
P = Pressure, (psi).
T = Temperature, (OF).
04/24/02
20
Figure 12- Volume Expansivity of Water Versus Temperature

0.0005
O
T, Volume Expansivity, (1/ F)
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
-0.0001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
04/24/02
21
140
Figure 13 - Volume Expansivity of Petroleum Versus Temperature

0.0010
0.0009
SGL = 0.8467 at 32OF
O
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
04/24/02
22
140

Pressure Response Factor for an
Isolated Pipe With a Pipe Leak Rate of Zero
The Pressure Response Factor, K, of the pipe is defined as:
dP b
K=
= , psi / O F
dT a
For the case of a pipe with anchorage only at one end, the Pressure Response
Factor, K, is:
T 3 P
K=
DPM 5
P
W
E
4
P P
For the case of Constant Volume (i.e., an inelastic pipe), the Pressure
Response Factor, K, is:
T
K =
P
04/24/02
23
Figure 14 - Pipe Response Factor Versus Temperature,

for a Steel Pipe Filled With Water,
No Gas Mixed With the the Liquid, and No Leak in the Pipe
100
DP
Pipe
Nominal
Diameter
(in)
K, Pipe Response Factor, (psi/OF)
80
Constant Volume
60
3
4
5
40
6
8
10
20
12
14
16
18
20
24
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
T, Temperature, ( F)
04/24/02
24
Figure 15- Pipe Response Factor Versus Temperature,

for a Steel Pipe Filled With Petroleum,
No Gas Mixed With the Liquid, and No Leak in the Pipe
140
DP
Pipe
Nominal
Diameter
(in)
K, Pipe Response Factor, (psi/OF)
120
100
Constant Volume
3
4
80
5
6
60
8
10
12
40
14
16
18
20
20
24
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
T, Temperature, ( F)
04/24/02
25
API Project:
P
T
vG
04/24/02
4. Fluid Properties Required

Liquid Volume Expansivity
Liquid Volume Compressibility
Volume Fraction of Noncondensible Gas Mixed
With the Liquid
26
Figure 16 - Volume Expansivity of a Water and Gas Mixture Versus Temperature,

for an Initial Volume Fraction of Gas of 0.001
0.0010
Symbol
vG0
0.0009
0.0008
Description
Value
Initial Volume Fraction of Gas 0.001 volume fraction
T0
Initial Temperature
60 OF
P0
Initial Pressure
14.7 psia
P
Pressure
(psia)
No Gas
O
0.0007
0.0006
20
0.0005
40
0.0004
60
0.0003
80
0.0002
100
0.0001
500
0.0000
-0.0001
-0.0002
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
04/24/02
27
Figure 17- Volume Compressibility of a Water and Gas Mixture Versus Temperature,
0.00010
0.00009
P, Volume Compressibility, (1/psi)
0.00008
Symbol Description
vG0
Initial Volume Fraction of Gas
Value
0.001 volume fraction
T0
Initial Temperature
60 OF
P0
Initial Pressure
P
Pressure
(psia)
14.7 psia
No Gas
0.00007
20
0.00006
40
60
0.00005
80
0.00004
100
0.00003
500
0.00002
0.00001
0.00000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
04/24/02
28
Figure 18- Ratio of the Volume Expansivity to the Volume Compressibility

of a Water and Gas Mixture, for an Initial Volume Fraction of Gas of 0.001
140
Symbol
vG0
100
Volume Compressibility, (psi/OF)
( T/ P), Ratio of Volume Expansivity to
120
Description
Value
T0
Initial Temperature
60 OF
P0
Initial Pressure
14.7 psia
P
Pressure
(psia)
No Gas
20
80
40
60
60
80
40
100
20
500
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
04/24/02
29
Figure 19 - Volume Expansivity of a Mixture of Petroleum and Gas Versus Temperature,

0.0010
Symbol
vG0
0.0009
O
0.0008
P
Pressure
(psia)
Description
Value
T0
Initial Temperature
60 OF
P0
Initial Pressure
14.7 psia
No Gas
0.0007
20
0.0006
40
0.0005
60
0.0004
80
0.0003
100
500
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
04/24/02
30
Figure 20 - Volume Compressibility of a Mixture of Petroleum and Gas Versus Temperature, for an
Initial Volume Fraction of Gas of 0.001
0.00010
Symbol
vG0
0.00009
P, Volume Compressibility, (1/psia)
0.00008
Description
Value
T0
Initial Temperature
60 OF
P0
Initial Pressure
14.7 psia
P
Pressure
(psia)
No Gas
0.00007
20
0.00006
40
0.00005
60
0.00004
80
0.00003
100
0.00002
500
0.00001
0.00000
0
50
100
150
200
250
04/24/02
31
Figure 21 - Ratio of the Volume Expansivity to the Volume Compressibility of a Petroleum and Gas
Mixture, for an Initial Volume Fraction of Gas of 0.001
140
Symbol
vG0
Volume Compressibility, (psi/OF)
( T/ P), Ratio of the Volume Expansivity to the
120
P
Pressure
(psia)
Description
Value
T0
Initial Temperature
60 OF
P0
Initial Pressure
14.7 psia
No Gas
100
20
40
80
60
60
80
100
40
500
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
04/24/02
32
API Project:
5. Heat Transfer Models
Aboveground Pipes
Solar Radiation Heat Transfer
Beam Solar Radiation
Diffuse Solar Radiation
Ground Reflected Solar Radiation
Infrared Radiation
Infrared Radiation Heat Transfer With the Sky
Infrared Radiation Heat Transfer With the Ground
Convection Heat Transfer With the Ambient Air
Belowground Pipes
Conduction Heat Transfer With the Soil
04/24/02
33
Figure 22- Heat Transfer Rate Components (per foot of pipe length)
Versus Daily Solar Time, for an Aboveground Horizontal Pipe,
300
Total Heat
Transfer Rate
qP', Heat Transfer Rate, (Btu/hr ft)
200
Total Solar
Insolation Heat
Transfer Rate
100
0
Total Infrared
Radiation Heat
Transfer Rate
-100
Total Wind
Convection Heat
Transfer Rate
-200
-300
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
34
Figure 23- Heat Transfer Rate Per Foot of Pipe Outside Surface Area
for an Aboveground Horizontal Pipe Versus Daily Solar Time,
for Various Pipe Diameters
DP
Pipe
Nominal
Diameter
(in)
Heat Transfer Model

Sensitivity Analysis
80
60
40
3
4
20
(Btu/hr ft2)
qP'', Heat Transfer Rate Per Foot2 of Pipe Outside Surface Area,
100
5
0
6
8
-20
10
12
-40
14
16
-60
18
-80
20
24
-100
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
35
Figure 24 - Heat Transfer Rate Per Foot of Pipe Outside Surface Area
for an Aboveground Vertical Pipe Versus Daily Solar Time,
for Various Pipe Diameters
DP
Pipe
Nominal
Diameter
(in)
Heat Transfer Model

80
60
40
Area, (Btu/hr ft2)
qP'', Heat Transfer Rate Per Foot2 of Pipe Outside Surface
100
3
4
20
5
6
8
-20
10
12
-40
14
16
-60
18
-80
20
24
-100
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
36
for Various Pipe Outside Surface Solar Absorptances
PS
Pipe Outside
Surface Solar
Absorptance
(dimensionless)
Heat Transfer Model

80
60
40
Area, (Btu/hr ft2)
100
0.10
0.20
20
0.30
0.40
-20
0.50
-40
0.60
-60
0.70
0.80
-80
0.90
-100
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
37
for Various Types of Liquid in the Pipe
Heat Transfer Model

80
Type of Liquid
in the Pipe
60
40
Area, (Btu/hr ft2)
100
Water
20
0
Petroleum
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
04/24/02
38
Figure 27- Heat Transfer Rate to a Belowground Pipe Per Foot of Pipe Outside Surface Area Versus
Elapsed Time, for a Steel Pipe Filled With Petroleum
100
DP
Pipe
Nominal
Diameter
(in)
of Pipe Outside Surface Area, (Btu/hr ft2)
qP", Heat Transfer Rate Per Foot2
Heat Transfer Model

3
10
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
04/24/02
39
API Project:
6. Summary
Temperature Compensated Leak Rate Testing Versus
Temperature Uncompensated Leak Rate Testing
Effects of Gas Mixed With The Liquid
Availability of Accurate Properties for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and Other Test Liquids
Preparation of Draft Test Protocols
04/24/02
40

API Terminal Piping Testing Model Presentation

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API Project:

Pressure Testing of Terminal Piping

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Table 1- Summary of Input Parameters for Aboveground Horizontal Pipe

Month day number

Maximum daily ambient temperature

Minimum daily ambient temperature

Daily average wind speed

hrs, solar time

Initial leak rate:

Initial pressure in the pipe

Test start time

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Figure 1- Temperature Versus Daily Solar Time,

t, Daily Solar Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

(dTP/dt), Rate of Change of the Pipe Temperature, (o F/hr)

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Figure 6- Comparison of the Test Leak Rate (With Temperature Correction)

Actual Leak Rate

QL , Leak Rate, (gal/hr)

Test Leak Rate

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Figure 7- Comparison of the Test Leak Rate (With Temperature Correction)

QL , Leak Rate, (gal/hr)

Actual Leak Rate

Test Leak Rate

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Figure 8- Comparison of the Test Leak Rate (With Temperature Correction)

QL , Leak Rate, (gal/hr)

Actual Leak Rate

Test Leak Rate

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

QL , Leak Rate, (gal/hr)

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

QL , Leak Rate, (gal/hr)

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

QL , Leak Rate, (gal/hr)

t, Elapsed Time, (hr)

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Pipe Pressure Response Model

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Pipe Pressure Response Model

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Pipe Pressure Response Model

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Figure 12- Volume Expansivity of Water Versus Temperature

Tank Industry Consultants, Inc.

Figure 13 - Volume Expansivity of Petroleum Versus Temperature