The importance of the context, signs and patterns of these signs.

The importance of the context to deduct unfamiliar vocabulary

There are grammar/function words in text which serve to create structure to the content words
which are those that carry the burden of meaning
Its smallest self-standing components (ie texts) are miniature representation of the system as a
whole (ie lexico-grammar)
The function of the teacher is to unlock the grammar behind the text to the student.

Cohesion
The cohesion is made by a combination of

lexical and grammatical devices

The lexical connectors include

repetition and the lexical chaining of words that

share similar meaning.

The grammatical connectors are

pronouns (she and that) and linkers (then)

There are texts which have referents which aren't in the text (take it from us in a advertisement,
but it's not said who is the us). The technical name for language that makes direct connection to
the material world is deixis (adjective: deictic).
The use of do/does to substitute for a preceding verb phrase is called substitution.
Words like so and not commonly substitute for whole clauses, as in:
Will it rain ? I think so ( I think it will rain)
Will it rain ? I think not ( I think it won't rain)
Substitution can operate at the level of individual words too. The pronouns one and ones commonly
stand in for nouns or noun phrases.
Lexical cohesion

1.Direct repetition: word families, synonyms

and antonyms
2.words from the same semantic field, lexical
chains and lists
3.substituituion with one/ones

Grammatical cohesion

1.Reference: pronouns, articles

2. substituition of clause elements: s, not,
do/does/did, etc
3.ellipsis of clause elements
4.conjuncts (linkers)
5.comparatives
6.tense

Rhetorical cohesion

1. Question-answer
2. parellelism

Reference (to link referents): There are three types :

- Anaphoric reference (back reference using pronouns normally like it, he, she, this , that)
- Cataphoric reference (further reference using pronouns like the anaphoric one, but that is
explained in a future sentence.)
- Exophoric reference (a reference outside the text normally shared by the reader by the schema that
this one has, as a general knowledge of the elements of the world, for instance)
Note: The article the can be used as all of the types of reference which were mentioned above.
Nominalization: the action of using nouns to make reference like synonyms, group of words of the
same semantic field.

Coherence:
The main categories of conjuncts (linkers):
Additive: also, too, as well, moreover, what's more, in addition, for example, likewise (da mesma
forma, tambm), similarly
Adversative: but, although , however, on the other hand, in fact, alternatively
Casual: this is why, so, therefore, as a result
Temporal: next, then, finally, in the meantime, ever since
Micro-level coherence:
Topic and comment/ Theme and rheme (of a sentence)
topic/ theme is the given information
comment/rheme gives new information (called end-weight)

Nominalization is also used in coherence.

Passive construction can be used to put the object in the topic(theme) and put the new information
in the comment (rheme)
Cleft sentences is also used to place special emphasis on new information.
Macro-level coherence:
The importance of understanding the topic or topics of the text.
Key-words are words related in a semantic chain (lexical chain) which shows the topic of the text or
its topics.
Schema is a mental arrangement of words which are co-renationalized by meaning. It is normally
represented by a diagram.
Script is a sequence of ordered things in list

Spoken texts:
In these texts, you may note:
Frequent expressions like (discourse markers): you know, well, oh, umm
Vague language: sort of, or something, and stuff
Informal register: the guy
There are four principals for spoken texts:
1. spontaneity
2. interactivity
3. interpersonality
4. its need to achieve coherence
1. Spontaneity:
Filled pauses: I should give um Philip my computer
Repetitions: In in in about four months's time
False starts and backtracking: And there's a . a they're sort of doing... recycling them
Incomplete utterances: What's you know, the idea that you sort of, people
Note: one-clause-or-phrase-at-a-time construction is another type of Spontaneity and it is differente
from the sentence-lenght.
2. Interactivity:
1. Occurs in turns
2. keeping silence when others are speaking, interrupting at times and signalling their agreement
3. Interpersonality: serves to establish and maintain group solidarity
Adjacency pairs are predictable two-way exchanges, such as greetings, or saying thank-you.
Like hi! Hi there or thank you / you're welcome
Conversation IRF (initiate respond follow up)
E.g.: Teacher: What is the capital of Peru ? Student: Lima. Teacher: Good
Service encounters is a way of communicating in a service conversation. It's composed of : sale
invitation, sale request, sale compliance, sale enquiry, sale request, sale, purchase, purchase closure.
Opening and closing are frequent in any conversation

Chapter 5: Texts in context

Pragmatics is the study of language in its contexts of use and how these contexts impact on the way
we produce and interpret texts.
Some kinds of text according to their format:
Instructions (use imperative verbs)
Factual-information (the passive constructions are used)
Narrative (the past tense and quoted speech are a giveaway)

Spoken texts
Context influences text type (genres) that influences text
Text Functions
1.referring: using language to convey or solicit information. (To inform)
2.expressing feelings: saying what you like or dislike
3.Regulating : used to influence people to do something by a request, order, or giving or refusing
permission, promising and warning, etc.
4.Interacting/social/interpersonal function: used to establish and maintain social relations
5. Playing: using language imaginatively and playfully
Context and register
There are three components which impact on the language choices in text production:
1. Field is what kind of social activity is going on
2. Tenor is who are the participants and their relationships
3. Mode is by which means are the text being created: email, face-to-face-talk, written monologue...

Vocabulary:
rhythmic
trite=a. Banal, vulgar
sentiment
thinly=adv. finamente
craft = s. ofcio, profisso, habilidade, capacidade
leaflet = s. folheto
jigged=v. Mover-se rapidamente, saltitar, danar a jig
hazard= s. perigo
deducible= a. deduzvel
bitty = a. pequeno
slender = a . delgado, esguio, fino, esbelto
peril=s. Perigo; v. arriscar
snuggle up=v. aconchegar-se
tannin = s. tanino
soak up= v. absorver, chupar, beber
scatter=v. Espalhar, disseminar
culprit=s. Culpado, ru
chief=s. chefe
glue= s. cola
arguably= adv. indiscutivelmente
handle=v. Manusear, manipular; s. alavanca, manivela, puxador
morph
subterfuge = s. subterfgio
tweak= v. torcer, beliscar fortemente; s. puxo, belisco
milk out = leite para fora
spin-off= a. subproduto

merely= adv. apenas

disbelief=s. descrena
wanfaced
big-limbed
silent nitwits = silncio silencioso
slouch=s. Desleixo, a. desleixado
drift=v. Flutuar, s. a correnteza
fuss=s. barulho
whereabouts=s. paradeiro
stiff= a. firme, duro
patchy=a. desigual
compiler=s. compilador
ingenious=a. Engenhoso, hbil, inventivo, habilidoso, esperto
ally=s. aliado
break off (engagement) = quebrar/ interromper o compromisso
dawn =s. amanhecer, madrugada; v. alvorecer, amanhecer
raids = s. invaso, incurso
contrive = v. criar, inventar
compromise= v. comprometer
deprive=v. privar
worthwhile= a. que vale a pena
yawn=v. bocejar
antic= a. grotesco, bizarro
usher=s. Arrumador, porteiro
derision= s. escrnio
bland= a. brando, suave
overlook= v. negligenciar
Spaniards= s. espanhois
commonality=s. comunho
interpersed = a. intercalado
slender=a. delgado
gum= s. goma, chiclete
unwind=v. Relaxar, desenrolar
reel= s. bobina
woven= v. tecer
cocoon = s. casulo
moth=s. Traa, mariposa
caterpillar= s. lagarta
spun= pp. Spin = v. girar
silk = s. seda
snuff = s. som produzido ao fungar
harmful= a. prejudicial
inscribe= v. inscrever
epitaph = s. epitfio (palavras escritas no tmulo de algum)
cosy= a. acolhedor, aconchegante
vicar=s. Vigrio, proco
headstone=s. lpide
slovenly=a. desleixado
sloppy=a. desleixado
rope=s. Corda, cordo; v. atar
startling= a. surpreendente
wrapper= s. embrulho

litigation= s. litgio
misconstrued = mal interpretado
disguise
itemize
prezzies
snog
an assortment
packaging
bush
brew
barrel
flask
flippant
drift
grunt
chuckle
to be tacked
stretches
alike
crop
hive
thereby
newsworthy
golkeeper
striker
comprise
mump
my feet dangled limp
a cluster of bumps
grain
succint
Celery= s. aipo
Spining out of control
spots
cleansing lotion
cleanser
din
drying = ressercar
tingle on
astringent
lather
to bind
steamy
Yield
assume
engage
receptively or productively
taps
drawn
stir
food packaging
at the very least

acceptably
appropriacy
dash
a dead give-away
flimsiest
hieroglyph
decipher
phonogram
pictogram
tomb
the deceased
clue
reiteration
befit
incantation
resemble
oxen
geese
refrain
dauting
glean
wander
allegedly
off-set
to bear in mind
randomly
distracting
to bit
to handle
to master
get to grips
laborious
rigorous
pedantic
burden= v.sobrecarregar, carregar, oprimiar, tributar; s. responsabilidade, carga, obrigao.
What is finite verbs ?
Seam
embedded
miniature
dissimilar
hut=s. Cabana
hinged edge =
rambling
surfeit
tinker
gist