1

( )1 Parts of Speech::

Ahmed, book
I, he, she, it, etc. ..
Play, played, will play
rich man


Ahmed writes quickly.
.
Ahmed goes to school.

They traveled by plane.

Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.

Alas! She died.
! .

This is a book.
.
This is an apple.
.
This is the book I bought yesterday.
.

Noun

Pronoun

Verb

Adjective

Preposition

Adverb

.



:
a, an, the
a
.
an

.
.

Conjunction

Interjection

Article

:

(: ) :
Ali doctor.
:
Ali is a doctor.

Sentences: ) 2 (
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences

Simple Sentences
:
:
I saw a boy. ) 1
The boy was riding a bicycle. ) 2
:
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

Compound Sentences:

:
and/ but /or
: and:
Ahmed did his homework yesterday. Anas helped him.
:
Ahmed did his homework yesterday and Anas helped him.
: but:
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
:
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
: or:
We can play football. We can watch TV.
:
We can play football or we can watch TV.

Complex Sentences :
:
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause :
Noun Clause
Adjectival Clause
Adverbial Clause

Clause & Phrase : ) 3 (

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete
meaning.
: .
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a
verb.
: .
I saw the man carrying a stick.

Verb to BE ) 4 (
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
:
Subject

Present

Past

I
He, She, It
We, They, You

am
is
are

was
was
were

Past participle

) (
been
been
been

.
.
:Examples
I am a pupil.
They are boys.

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not after
the verb to be.
) (
(not) .
Affirmative

I am at home.
You are tall.

Negative

I am not at home.
You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE

Yes or No questions and short answers
: ) ( ) (
Yes or No questions

Be
Are

+Subject

you

+ Complement

a teacher?

Were

the boys

at school?

Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
Yes + Subject + Be No + Subject + Be +
not
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Yes, they were.

No, they were not.

.

Verb to DO ) 5 (
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
:
Subject

Present

Past

I, you, we, they

He, She, It

do
does

did
did

Past participle

) (
done
done
.

Verb to HAVE ) 6 (
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
:
Subject

Present

Past

I, you,
we, they
He, She,
It

have

had

Past participle

) (
had

has

had

had

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

as a main verb

Subject

I
He
They

+ do/does/did

+ not

+ have

do
does
did

not
not
not

have
have
have

+ Complement

a car.
a new watch.
breakfast this morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

Yes or No questions

Do/Does
/Did

+Subject

Do
Does

you
he

Did

they

Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative

+have
+
Yes + Subject +
No + Subject +
Complement do/does/did
do/does/did

+not
have
a car?
Yes, I do.
No, I do not.
have
a new
Yes, he does.
No, he does not
watch?
have
Breakfast Yes, they did.
No, they did not.
this
morning?

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.
.
:
They have lived here for two years.
Adel has just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

.

:
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Yes or No questions and short answers
:
.
:
They have lived here for a long time.
Have they lived here for a long time?
Yes, they have.
No, they have not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to.
: .
I have to leave now.
________________________________________________
With some modal auxiliaries.
: .
You had better see a doctor.
____________________________________________________
To show that something is caused by another person.
: .
I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns ) 7 (
Nouns are words we use to name:
:
.

People

man, father, teacher, neighbor,

Things
Places
Ideas
Feelings

book, table, sugar, fruit,

school, street, city, house, ..
freedom, honesty, truth, .
happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns: are things that are counted as one, two, three, and so on.
. :
Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.
. :

Countable Nouns

These nouns have singular and plural forms.
.
Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
.

Spelling Rules for Plurals ) 8 (

We form plurals of most nouns by adding s to the singular noun.

s.
Singular
one book
one horse

Plural
two books
many horses


es sh, ch, z, x, s
Singular
match
bus
dish
box

Plural
matches
buses
dishes
boxes

ies Y Y
city
baby

cities
babies

. S Y
boy
key

boys
keys

es o
potato
tomato
.

radio
zoo

potatoes
tomatoes

s o
radios
zoos

es v fe f
knife
shelf

knives
shelves

:
classroom
policeman

classrooms
policemen

:
Singular
man
woman
child
person
foot
tooth
goose
mouse

Plural
men
women
children
people
feet
teeth
geese
mice

Definite & Indefinite Articles ) 10 (

a/an
are used as indefinite articles. .
The
is used as definite articles.
We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.
. a
We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
. an

Indefinite Articles a & an

We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.
.
We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
.

Vowels :
a, e, i, o , u

We use a/an

a table
.
an egg
Before a job, a particular group of people
Saleh is a doctor
or a nationality.

He is an engineer. She is
.
an English woman.
With numbers that mean every.
He washes his hands ten
times a day. (means
every day).
Before a singular countable noun.

We DO NOT use a/an

No article is used with abstract
nouns and the names of metals.

Love, beauty, hatred, wood,

silver, gold
.
No article is used before plural or
There are books on the table.
uncountable nouns.

Milk is good for you.
.

10

The Definite Article The ) 11 (

The is used before:
A noun that is the only one of its
kind.
.
Names of rivers, seas, oceans,
.........
etc.
A noun which is the object of a .
sentence.
The names of musical
instruments.
Names of some countries.

No article is used with the

names of studies of subjects.

No article is used before such

words as school, home, bed,
work, etc.
No article is used before such
words such as day and month
names.

....

The river Nile

The Kaaba
The Arabian Gulf
The Red Sea
Umar answered the
question.

Can you play the

piano?
.
The United Kingdom
The U.S.A.
With some time expressions.
.
at the weekend
in the evening
With dates.
.
On the first day of
every month.
With some general expressions.
.
Listen to the
radio/news.
Go to the
market/desert.
Use article with the name that is I saw a man. The man
repeated.
.
was young.

11

I do not like science.

My favorite subject is
mathematics.
I am going to school.
I always go to bed
early.
on Monday, in June
in summer (sometimes
in the summer).
before breakfast.

Pronouns ) 12 (
A pronoun replaces a noun.
Subject Pronouns

Object Pronouns

Possessive
Adjectives

Possessive
Pronouns

Reflexive
Pronouns

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their

mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

: Object Pronouns
We use an object pronoun

After a preposition.

Do you live near them?

Send the box directly to me.
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show.
The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used:
for emphasis

Did you do the decorations yourself ?

I did the painting myself.
With some special expressions
Help yourself.
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

12

 Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
.
:
-1 .
who
which
.


. that
whose .
.

-2 .

Who " "

who . :
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
The Man who
:
Here is the man who is a doctor.
:
1) The man came here. The man is a doctor.
The man who came here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.

Whom " "

whom .
:
The man came here. I visited him.
him whom
( ) :
The man whom I visited came here.
:
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.

13

" " Which

which
: .
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
which his book him
) (
:
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
:
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.

That
. that
:
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.

" " Whose

: . whose
This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the man whose car hit the boy.
the man car
car whose

14

Making Questions ) 13 (
:
Helping Verbs :
am is are was were have has had will would shall should
can could may might must ought to
:
Are they doctors?
They are doctors.
Can they help us? Can she help us?
Will you go to the market?

: do s ) 1
:
They play tennis. Do they play tennis?
I write books. Do you write books?
: does s ) 2
:
Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?

Huda watches TV. Does Huda watch TV?

: ) 3
:
They watched TV last night.
Did they watch TV last night?
I played football yesterday.
Did you play football yesterday?
:
. no yes

wh question :

15

Wh Questions

?Where

?When

?Why

?What

?Which

?Who

?Whom

?Whose

?How

?How many

?How much

?How long

?How old

?How far

)1 :
When, Where, Why..etc
)2 ( helping verb ) .
)3 :
* s do
* s does
* did
)4
.
)5 .

16

:
They are going to eat meat.
What are they going to eat?
meat they are *
.
They played tennis at school.
Where did they play tennis?
ed . did *
. at school .
:
:
I you
you I
we my
you your


: .


Who broke the window? Ahmed broke the window.
What describes accidents?
The book describes accidents.

How
He was very pleased when he met his
friend.
How was he when he met his friend?
Thirty boys are in this class.
How many boys are in this class?
I am twenty years old.
How old are you?
You paid five pounds for this coat.
How much did you pay for this coat?
It is 450 KM from Dammam to
Riyadh.
How far is it from Dammam to
Riyadh?
This rope is two meters long.
How long is this rope?
This fence is four meters high.
How high is this fence?
Sami is one meter and a half tall.
How tall is Sami?

How

How
many

How old

How
much
How far

How long

How high

How tall
.

17

some / any / ) 14 (
. some
1) We have some books.
2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
. any
:
1) Do you have any books?
2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
:
1) We do not have any books.
2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

Making Negative ) 15 (
: not
Helping Verbs are:
:
am is are was were have has had will would shall should
can could may might must ought to
:
They are happy. They are not happy.
He can help us. He can not help us.

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be

(Affirmative)
(Negative)
Long Forms
(written)
I am
He is
She is
It is
You are
We are
They are

Short.Forms
(spoken)
Im
Hes
Shes
Its
Youre
Were
Theyre

Long
Forms
(written)
I am not
He is not
She is not
It is not
You are
not
We are not
They are
not

Short Forms
(spoken)
Im not
Hes not
Shes not
Its not
Youre not
Were not
Theyre not
.

18

.
not ( do , does , did) :
.
: :
Affirmative
some
bothand ....
either..or ......
sometimes
asas .......
all

every

Negative
no, any
neither.nor
neither.nor
never
not so..as
not all
no, not every

TENSES ) 16 (
Present Simple Tense
(What always happens?)
.
.
:
every
always
generally often
rarely
never

usually
sometimes
from time to time

:
I go to school everyday.
They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
We often drink coffee in the morning.
She is never late to school.
. :
Ali drinks milk every morning.
A cow gives us milk.

19

Past Simple Tense

(What happened yesterday?)
Irregular

.
ed
verbs
:
yesterday
last
ago
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:

was
were

I, He, She, it
They, We, You
:

I watched television last night.

They visited their uncle yesterday.
We went to Makkah two months ago.

Future Simple Tense

(What will happen tomorrow, next week, in the future?)
.
. shall will
. will We I shall
. will shall
:
tomorrow
next
in the future
in 2010 AD, in 1430 AH :

:
I will go to school tomorrow.
They will play football next Friday.
He will join the army in the future.
:
am , is , are
going to

20

Present Continuous Tense

(What is happening now?)
.
:
am / is / are + + ing
I
am + verb + ing
He, she, it
is + verb + ing
They, we, you
are + verb + ing
:
now
at the moment
at the present time

look
listen

:
I am reading at the moment.
They are watching television now.
Look! The bus is coming.

Present Continuous Tense

:
like
wish
hope
appear
believe

love
hate
hear
fear

trust

want prefer
dislike
feel
think
seem

fit
consider
understand

Past Continuous Tense

(What was happening?)
.
:
was / were + + ing
:
when

while

as

because

:
.

21

 Past Continuous Tense

:
While I was sleeping, a thief entered my room.

( )
.
When we were eating, my father came.

( )
.
:
:
A thief entered while I was sleeping.

My father came when we were eating.

:
while .
while .

Future Continuous Tense

)?(What will be happening
.
:
) + ing ( will + be+
:
in
after

by
all

at
..
fromto

:
By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.
They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock.

22

Present Perfect Tense

(What has happened?)
Past participle

.
:
has / have + past participle
:
since

yet
recently

for

ever
already

just
never

:
I have lived in Riyadh for six years.
I have not visited him since 1995 .
Ahmed has already finished his homework.
She has written three letters just now.

Since & For

Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to now
.
For means a definite period of time
.
since

2 oclock
Monday
yesterday
last night
last week/ last month
/ last year
1996
last century
he came

23

for
a moment
3 minutes
an hour
many hours
3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
a year
10 years
a century

Past Perfect Tense

(What had happened?)
Past participle

.
:
had +past participle
:
after
when

before
as soon as

:
I had washed before I prayed.
They went home after they had finished their work.
Ahmed had done his homework before he went to school.
As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
. *

Future Perfect Tense

(What will have happened by?)
Past participle

.
:
will + have + past participle
:
by

at

:
By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.
At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

(What has been happening?)
.
:
has / have + been + + ing
:
for

24

since

:
I have been studying English for six years. (I am still studying English)
She has been sleeping since 2 oclock.
(She is still sleeping)
Present Perfect Present Perfect Cont.
:
Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes
on the table.
:
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense
She has made 100 cakes..

Imperatives

) 17 (

Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the

affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, invitations, signs and notices or
telling someone what to do.

.
The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read,
open,.etc.
.
:
Give Instructions

Mix the flour and the sugar.
(Affirmative)
Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative)
Make Invitations

Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative)
Please start; do not wait (Negative)
Tell someone what to do open your book.
(Affirmative)
(Negative)
Do not forget to post the letter.
:
Give Warnings
( Affirmative) Keep out! Danger.
Make Signs & Notices

(Affirmative) Push.
( Affirmative)
Insert 2 X 50 SR.
( Affirmative) Keep off the grass..
Make Requests
Please open the door (Affirmative)
25

Modals ) 18 (
A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have several
meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used.

Form
.
) (shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must,
ought to +
Modals have no infinitives or past participles..
Modals

shall

Expresses:
:
Promise
Determination
Threat

should
Duty
Advice or opinion

will
The simple future tense.

Determination or promise

might
Possibility

can, am/is/are
Ability
able to

shall be able,
Ability in the future
will be able

could
Past, present or future
possibility
/ /

must
Necessity

had to
The past form of must:
past necessity

ought to +
Advice
infinitive

ought to
Actions that were
have + past advisable in the
participle
past

26

Example

You shall take a reward.

He does not want to obey me: but he shall.
You shall be punished if you come late.
You should obey your teachers.
You should stop smoking.
He will visit us tomorrow.
I will travel when I like.
We will do as you wish.
I hoped that I might succeed.
I thought that the weather might change
He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.
I shall be able to help you.
Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
You must listen to your teachers.
Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
He had to stay home to study.
You ought to help the poor.
You ought to have studied.
(You did not. That was a mistake)

Modals
Affirmative

They should eat

now.
He will leave.

Negative

Question

Short Answers

Affirmative
Yes, they
should.
Yes, he will.

Negative
No, they should
not.
No, he will not.

They should Should they eat now?

not eat now.
He will not
Will he leave?
leave.
He would
He would not
Would he leave?
Yes, he would. No, he would not.
succeed.
succeed.
I might succeed. I might not
Might I succeed?
succeed.
I may sleep.
I may not
May I sleep?
sleep.
I can do it.
I cannot do it.
Can I do it?
Yes, you can. No, you can not.
He could talk. He could not
Could he talk?
Yes, he could. No, he could not.
talk.
We could have a We could not Could we have a test Yes, you could. No, he could not.
test tomorrow.
have a test
tomorrow?
tomorrow.
You must go now. You must not Must you go now?
Yes, I must. No, I must not.
go now.
You ought to help You ought not Ought you to help Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.
them.
to help them.
them?

Modals
: Comparing Adjectives ) 19 (
Comparing Short Adjectives
: .1
than er
Ali is older than Ahmed.
My Car is faster than yours.
. r e
safer than
safe
simpler than simple
. er i y y
easier than easy
heavier than heavy

27

Comparing Short Adjectives

: .2
. est the
Everest is the highest mountain.
This is the biggest building in Riyadh.
. e e
the safest safe
. est i y y
the easiest easy

Comparing Long Adjectives

: .1
.
beautiful
dangerous
important

difficult
correct
fluent

. est er
than more
Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.
French is more difficult than English.
the most *
Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.
This is the most important subject in this book.

) (
) (
) (

good
bad
many
much
little
far

better than
worse than
more than

the best
the worst
the most

less than
farther than

the least
the farthest

Adel is better than his brother at school.

This girl is the worst one in her class.

28

) (as..as (20)

not as.as
as..as ) (
.
Ali is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as big as my bag.

not as..as
.
Ali is not as tall as his brother.
This bag is not as big as my bag.

Personal Information:Name
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Nationality
Religion

Moawia Ibrahim Ahmed Hamed

4th October, 1986
El-Mahmia - Nile River State - Sudan.
Sudanese
Muslim

29

There are many kinds of adverbs:

Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
. :
I closed the window carefully.
The soldier fought bravely.
Adverbs of time express the time when an action is or was done. :
. :
Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
Whats going to happen next?
Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
. :
I shall stand here.
Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them
refer to time.
. . ly
:
daily
monthly

weekly
yearly

A daily newspaper is published daily.

We get up early to catch an early train.
:Adverbs of frequency tell how often we do something
: . :
always
usually
seldom
never

often
sometimes
rarely
occasionally

Verb to BE: :
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs: :
Ali sometimes reads a book.

30

Command
: passive active
. let .1
) ( . .2
. be to be .3
. .4
:
Active
Do the work.
Open the door.
Send this letter to your
friend.

Passive
Let the work be done.
Let the door be opened.
Let this letter be sent to your
friend.

:


.
:
Active
Ali does not write letters
Dickens wrote those novels, didnt he?
Dickens didnt write that play, did
he?

Passive
Letters are not written (by Ali).
Those novels were written by Dickens, werent
they?
That play wasnt written by Dickens, was it?

Prepositions ) 26 (
.
.
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are
also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.

.

31

Use of Prepositions
Use

Prepositions

on

Days
On Monday
Day + morning,
On Friday morning
+ night
Afternoon, evening, My birthday is on June
date
10 .
Special
I will travel on the
days
National Day.
To mean The tea is on the table.
above
Season
The trees grow in
spring.
Year
I was born in 1968 .
Month
The test is in May.
The
I go to work in the
morning
morning.
The evening I go home in the evening
To mean
He is in the masjid.
inside

in

:
Prepositions

at

under
in front of
to
in

32

Example

Prepositions of Place

Use

at an exact place
at work
at the table


direction/place /
To mean inside
In a country
In a town/street
/
in bed
In a building or
area
In a chair

Example

He lives at number 5, King Fahad

Street.
Ahmed is at work.
They are standing at the dinner table
The cat is under the table.
The teacher is in front of the class.
I go to school everyday.
Put this book in the box.
I live in Saudi Arabia.
I live in Al-Madina.
The baby is in bed.
You were in the club last night.
Ali is sitting in his chair.

Prepositions

with
from
behind
between

Use

Example

on

TV

I write with a pen.

I am from Riyadh.
The wall is behind the class.
Samah is sitting between Fatma and
Salwa.
Ali watches football on TV every
Saturday.
He arrives on time.

Time

More Examples
Prepositions

in
on
at
near
between
opposite
into
onto

Example
The medicine is in the bottle.
The knife is on the table.
Someone is at the door.
Ahmed is sitting near the window.
The house is between the school and the
masjid.
The bank is opposite to the post office.
The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
The water is spilling onto the floor.

off
The man is falling off the chair.
out of
The child is falling out of the window.
across
The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above
The light is over (above) the table.

The fire is under (below) the stairs.
under/below
through
The ball is going through the window.
among
The teacher is sitting among the students.
round
in front of
behind
on top of
at the side of

The car is going round the tree.

The child is sitting in front of the TV.
The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
The sweets are on top of the table.
The garage is at the side of the house.

along
next to

The man is walking along the street.

The bank is next to the bakers.

33

( )27 Question-Tags
.
.
.
* .
*
.

Questions that we expect the answer

Yes
:
?* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there
Yes , there is.
* ( ).
. yes
* not .
:
?* You come from the United States, dont you
Yes, I do.
* do .

Questions that we expect the answer

No
?1) You dont come from Saudi Arabia, do you
No, I dont.
?2) It doesnt take long time by car, does it
No, it doesnt.
* do / does .
?3) You didnt travel last year, did you
No, I didnt.
* did .

( )28 Conditional if
will +

)1 ( if + present

.
( If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. )
:
If you eat too much, you will become fat.

34

)2 ( if + past

will +

.
If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.
.
.
: ) would + (

if + subject + past

subject + would +

was were be
.
If I were you, I would buy a new car.

)3 ( if + had +

would have +

If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.

If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Kaaba.

)4 ( if + present

present

.
) ( If you boil water, it becomes steam.
becomes
.

)4 ( if + present

Instructions

If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud.
If you are under 17 , dont drive a car. Or Dont drive a car if you are under
17 .

Reported Speech ) 29 (
.
Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.
:
1) Statement

2) Question

3) Command

4) Exclamation

35

Statement
Direct
I live in Riyadh

Indirect
He said that he lived in
Riyadh.
They said that they were
happy.
She said that she had not
been to the school library
recently.
He told me that he would
see me the next day.

We are happy
She said: "I have not been in the school library recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow.

: ) .(
:
They said to him: We shall see you tomorrow. They told him that they would see him the
We shall visit Ahmed.
next day and added that they would visit
Ahmed.

: say , says
She says: I will cook the food
tomorrow.
We say: We are playing football now.

She says that she will cook the food

tomorrow.
We say that we are playing football now.

Question
: Reported Direct *
: asked -1
Present Past
Past Past Perfect
. -2
. -3
. -4
Direct
What is your name?
Why are you late?
Where is your book?

36

Indirect
He asked me what my name
was.
The teacher asked me why I
was late.
He asked me where my book
was.

:
Direct
Is your school very large?

.
Where do you live?
Does he go to school?

Indirect
He asked me if my school
was very large..

He asked me where I lived.
I asked him if he went to
school.

) + past participle + had(
Who is your English teacher?
What are your marks?

They ask me who my English

teacher is.
He asks me what my marks
are.

Command
: Reported Direct *
. ) Ordered ( -1
. ) Begged (
. ) Advised (
. )
(
Told
To -2
. Please, do -3
. -4
Direct
He said to the servant: bring me a glass of
water.
The son said to his father: please give me
some money.
The doctor said to me: Drink a lot of water.
He said to me: Do not go to the market
tonight.

37

Indirect
He ordered the servant to bring him a
glass of water.
The son begged his father to give him
some money.
The doctor advised me to drink a lot of
water.
He told me not to go to the market that
night.

Exclamation
Reported
Direct *
1 : -

with regret
with joy

with anger

with
admiration

with
sadness

That 3 . : :

.! Alas , Hurrah , oh :
Direct
He said : Alas! I will not find my
money.
He said : How foolish I have been.

Indirect
He said with sorrow that he would not find his
money.
He said with regret that he had been foolish.

:Countries and Nationalities ) 30 (

:
:
:
i, n, ian, ish, ese
: .
Country
Saudi
Arabia
Oman
Algeria
Libya
Palestine
Syria

38

Nationality
Saudi

Country
Britain

Nationality
British

Omani
Algerian
Libyan
Palestinian
Syrian

Turkey
China
Lebanon
France
Switzerland

Turkish
Chinese
Lebanese
French
Swiss

39