TURBULENT FLOW REPORT

Chock Wee Boon

Elijah Lin
LI Jianan G1503095H
Rahul Sharma

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Nanyang Technological University

This report is submitted for the course Turbulent Flow

January 2017

SUMMARY / ABSTRACT
This report

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Professor Dan Zhao and Mr. Song Chen of the School of mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore for guidance and
helping to this report.

CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................1
1.2 BASIC THEIRY OF TURBULENT FLOWS.....................................................................3
1.1 SIMULATION.............................................................................................................1
2 CASE STUDY...............................................................................................................4
2.1 MULTIPLE UDF FOR SINGLE ORIFACE.....................................................................4
2.1.1 Correlation Coefficient

2.1.2 CFD Post Processing

2.1.3 something other

2.2 DOUBLE ORIFACE.....................................................................................................4

2.2.1 Correlation Coefficient

2.2.2 CFD Post Processing

2.2.3 something other

2.3 TRIANGLE ORIFACE..................................................................................................4

2.3.1 Correlation Coefficient

2.3.2 CFD Post Processing

2.3.3 something other

2.4 SQUARE ORIFACE.....................................................................................................4

2.4.1 Correlation Coefficient

2.4.2 CFD Post Processing

2.4.3 something other

3 DISCUSSIONS...........................................................................................................12
3.1 HEADING 2.............................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Heading 3 13
3.2 HEADING 2.............................................................................................................13
3.2.1 Heading 3 13
4 CONCLUSTION........................................................................................................17
5 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................24
6 APPENDICES.............................................................................................................25

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3.1 THIS IS THE CAPTION TO A TABLE, AND THE STYLES USED IN TABLES.

14

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1: GRAMMAR OPTIONS IN WORD 2010

FIGURE 2.2: THE HOME TAB IN WORD 2010 SHOWING STYLE ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE
6
FIGURE 3.1: THIS

IS A PICTURE OF A RUNNING KITTEN.

IN

STYLE IS USED TO CAPTION PICTURES AND TABLES.

NUMBERING SYSTEM INCLUDED THE CHAPTER NUMBER.

ADDITION, THIS CAPTION

CAPTIONS

INCLUDE THE

CAPTIONS

DEFAULT TO

ABOVE CONTENT.14

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX HEADING 1 16
APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLE TITLE 26
APPENDIX 2

27

Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1

1 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Fast Fourier Transform

Fourier Transform relates a variable in time domain to its frequency domain. Discrete
Fourier transform DFT is a discrete version of Fourier Transform, which takes a discrete
signal in time domain and transforms it into discrete frequency domain. Fast Fourier
Transform FFT is one kind of DFT that factorizes DFT matrix into a product of sparse
factors. In this report, FFT is used to analyse the evolution of a state variable. Thus, the
frequency of the local vortex could be computed out. In MATLAB, the following code
can be used to compute FFT:
Y=fft(x,n);
where x is a function of time and n is the number of points in FFT.
The simulation software ANSYS FLUENT is utilized to simulate the process of
turbulent flow. For one variable, say, the pressure of point 1, the software logs the data
in a two-column matrix. The first column records the time step and the second column
takes down the pressure at that point. Thus, the pressure at point 1 is a function of time.
In turbulent flow analysis, the frequency of the pressure fluctuation is also interested.
Thus, we use matlab to post process this set of data. The codes to implement FFT could
be as the following:

%% Initialization for FFT

Fs=5000; %sampling frequency
%T=1/Fs; %delta time 0.0002 seconds
L=endRow-startRow+1;
%t=(0:L-1)*T; % time vector 0, 0.001s, 0.002s, ...0.999s
NFFT=2^nextpow2(L); % get the closet sampling point of 2^n
f=Fs/2*linspace(0,1, NFFT/2+1); % plot half of it is enough since symmetry

%% FFT of x1
Y=fft(x1,NFFT)/L; %/L is to get original amplitude
figure;
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plot(f,2*abs(Y(1:NFFT/2+1))); grid on
title('Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum of v2x')
xlabel('Frequency(Hz)'); ylabel('FFT(v_{2x})')

FFT of a function of time is an even function. Therefore, in the above codes, only single
sided amplitude of that variable is plotted. Through FFT analysis, we can easily obtain
the frequency of the specific variable of that local point.

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1.2 Correlation Coefficients

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1.2.1 Pearson Product-moment Correlation Coefficient

The characteristics of turbulent flow are random, chaotic, three-dimensional and
involves vortex. Unlike laminar flows which could be more easily predicted by a
function, turbulent flows appear highly disorganized. However, some statistical
behaviour of turbulent flows is reproducible. This observe gives us inspiration that we
could use statistics to describe turbulent flows. Apart from the averaging method,
correlation method plays a significant role in analysing turbulence. For two sets of data,
correlation depicts their dependence on each other. The normalized correlation must lie
in the range from -1 to 1. As the correlation approaches 1, the correlation is stronger. As
commonly agreed,
Correlation coefficient

Dependence

0.00-0.30

Slightly correlated

0.30-0.50

Averagely correlated

0.50-0.80

Obviously correlated

0.80-1.00

Highly correlated

Table 3: The relation between correlation coefficient and dependence

In turbulent flow analysis, we are interested in the expectation of the product of two
fluctuating states such as

' '
uv ,

u w
'

'

or

the velocities in three directions and prime

u1 'u 2 ' , where

u ,

v ,

w mean

' indicates they are fluctuating parts.

The correlation coefficient can represent this relationship. The most widely used
correlation coefficient is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, which is
defined as:
cov ( u ' , v ' ) E[ ( u' u ' ) (v ' ' )]
u ' v ' =
=
u' v '
u ' v'
Due to the definition of Reynolds decomposition,

'
u =

'

=0. Thus, the above

equation can be reduced to

u ' v ' =

E [u ' v ' ]
u' v'

In matlab, the following code can be used to compute the correlation coefficients.
correlation_x1x2=corr(x1,x2);
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where x1 and x2 are two column vectors depending on time step.

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1.2.2 Auto-correlation and Cross-correlation Coefficient

Auto-correlation is the correlation of a signal that correlates itself by a time shift
Thus, autocorrelation is a function of

. In the application of signal processing, the

auto-correlation is usually normalized by dividing the square of its standard deviation.

The mathematical expression of the definition is:
x ()=
where

E [ ( x ( t )x ) ( x (t+ )x )]
2

x (t)

is the signal that to be processed. Similarly, cross-correlation coefficient

is the correlation of two different signals with a time difference

and its

mathematical definition is:

xy ( )=

E[ ( x ( t )x ) ( y (t + ) y )]
x y

By using the auto- and cross-correlation coefficients, one can easily find the repeating
phenomenon of the local vortex. The MATLAB codes can be as following to find a
signals auto-correlation coefficient and two signals cross-correlation coefficient with
time difference :
[autoCorrelation,lag1]=xcorr(x1,'coeff');
[crossCorrelation,lag2]=xcorr(x1,x2,'coeff');

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1.3 Spectral Density

The power spectrum

S x ()

of a time dependent signal

x (t)

describes the

distribution of power into frequency components composing this signal. For a stationary
random process, the resulting power spectral density is the Fourier transform of its autocorrelation coefficient. Mathematically, the power spectral density is defined as:
+

S x ( ) =

1
R x ( ) eit d

and its inverse:

+

R x ( ) = S x () eit d

x (t )

Given two signals, say

density

S x ()

and

and

y (t) , each of them has its own power spectral

S y () . Similarly, one can define their cross-spectral density,

which is the Fourier transform of cross-correlation coefficient:

+

S xy ( )=

1
R ( )eit d
2 xy

And its inverse is

+

R x ( ) = R xy (w)e it d

In MATLAB, there are several methods to calculate the energy spectral density. One
basic method is to process the signal

x (n)

by implementing Fourier transform

directly. Assume the period of FFT is N, the resulting spectral density graphs period is
also N. For a random long signal with limited samples, this method has large errors. In
order to minimize the errors and smooth the distribution of spectral density figure, other
improved methods such as Bartletts Method and Welchs method should be applied.

In this report, Welch method is applied to compute and plot spectral density of signals.
The following code can be called in MATLAB:
[Pxx,f]=pwelch(xn,window,noverlap,nfft,Fs,range);
where

xn

is the signal to be processed;

value of nfft

nfft

is the number of points of FFT. The

decides the speed of computation. If

8 Chock W.B., E. Lin, Li J.N., Rahul S. - January 2017

nfft is the power of 2, computer

Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
will use a fast method to compute. window is the window function and defines the
length of partitioned

x . The length of window function must be smaller than

otherwise the matlab will give error message.

samples in partitioned signal

nfft ,

Noverlap is the number of overlapped

x . The part of the MATLAB codes are:

Fs=5000;
n=0:1/Fs:1;
xn=autoCorrelation;
xn2=crossCorrelation;
nfft=2^(14);
window=boxcar(3000);
noverlap=20;
range='half';
[Pxx,f]=pwelch(xn,window,noverlap,nfft,Fs,range);
[Pxx2,f2]=pwelch(xn2,window,noverlap,nfft,Fs,range);
plot_Pxx=10*log10(Pxx);
plot_Pxx2=10*log10(Pxx2);
figure(1)
plot(f,plot_Pxx); grid on;
title('Spectral Density of Auto-corr. of p_{2}(t)')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('FFT[p_{2}(tau)] (dB)')
figure(2)
plot(f2,plot_Pxx2); grid on;
title('Spectral Density of Cross-corr. of p_2 and v_{2z}')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('FFT[R_{p2 and v2z}] (dB)')

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2 PROBLEM SETUP

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Chapter ! Heading 1 :
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2.1 Experiment configuration

The objective of the experiment is to investigate the turbulent flows properties after it
passes through a specific shape of orifice. The shapes include a single circle, double
circles arrayed in flow direction, a square and a triangle. In order to obtain flows states,
such as velocity and pressure, a three-dimensional simulation by ANSYS FLUENT is
used. The turbulence model chosen is Large Eddy Simulation.
The models geometry is shown in the following figure.

Fig

Schematic of experiment setup

The flow goes through a square tube where the flows direction is in x-direction. The
tubes length of side is

d=35 mm . We define an origin where a perforated plate is

placed parallel to the cross-section of the tube. The origin is placed at the centre of the
hole outlet where x=0, y=0, z=0 . The thickness of the orifice is
bias flow with inlet velocity

u =0.115 m/ s

h=1.55mm . A

starts from the coordinate

x=lh=95 mm1.5 mm=96.5 mm . At the distance

x=3 l , a pulsed

pressure is applied to the outlet. The pressure frequency is ranging from 100Hz to
600Hz with each step adding 50Hz. The mean pressure is

101300 pa with pressure

amplitude 5 pa .
Four kinds of orifices will be examined. The first one is a single circle whose diameter
2 a=

6 mm. The second one is double circles arranged in the flow direction with a

distance of 3 mm . The third one is tilde square whose hole edge length is

5.32 mm

and the inclined angle is 45 degrees. The fourth one is tilde triangle whose side length is
computed as

5.71 mm.

The side length calculation is based on that the area is the

Chock W.B., E. Lin, Li J.N., Rahul S - January 2017

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! Title,Thesis Title
same with the single circle. The operating point is set that the density of the flow is
constant which is

=1.2 kg /m3 .

The representation of this model could be a simplified model of combustion chamber

liner. The perforated plate is like the chamber liner and the wall is like the casing of the
chamber. [cite1] Firstly, the perforated plate is the communication between the
combustion chamber and the casing which means that it could affect the flow
significantly. Thus, the result of this experiment could help investigate the flow
conditions in combustion chamber. Secondly, the perforated plate has damping effect on
the incoming flow and may cause the combustion instability. The analysis of states,
including the correlation and vorticity of the flow in the simulation could help the
investigation to reduce such instabilities.

[cite1] Mendez S, Eldredge J D. Acoustic modeling of perforated plates with bias flow
for large-eddy simulations[J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 2009, 228(13): 47574772

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Chapter ! Heading 1 :
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3 CASE STUDY

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3.1 Single Circle Orifice with multiple signals

The first simulation is to investigate the turbulent flows properties after the flow passed
a single circle orifice. The pressure of output of the flow is a series of sine signals,
whose frequencies are ranging from

10 Hz

to

600 Hz

by adding

50 Hz

for

each step. We measure the pressure and velocity of point 2 where the flow has passed
the orifice. After the simulation, the data of pressure and velocities are processed by
MATLAB.
In the simulation, we log the data of two points. Point 1 is located before the flow
passes through orifice while point 2 is located after the flow passes through the orifice.
The states changing of point 1 are relatively small comparing to point 2. Thus, the states
of point 2 will be analysed in details. The evolution of the velocity in three directions of
point 2 are shown in Figure

Fig
The evolutions of velocities are plotted starting from 0.5 second when the flow has
reached a relatively steady state when comparing to the transient ones. The x-direction
velocity is fluctuating around 7.1 m/s while for y- and z-direction, the velocities are
fluctuating around 0 m/s with an amplitude around 0.02 m/s.
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3.1.1 Correlation
The correlation between pressure and velocity are showed in Table 1. The correlation
between velocities are shown in Table 2.
Correlation

V2x

V2y

V2z

P2

-0.1188

-0.0064

0.0005

Table 1: correlation between pressure and velocity

Correlation

V2x

V2y

V2z

V2x

-0.0331

0.0600

V2y

-0.0331

-0.4715

V2z

0.0600

-0.4715

Table 2: Correlation among velocities

From the two tables, we can observe that the velocity in x direction has a stronger
dependence on the pressure than that in y- and z- direction. The observation could be
explained that it is because that the pressure fluctuation is in x-direction, which effects
the x-direction most effectively. Another observation is for correlation between
and

v 2 z , which is most significant and it is around

v2 y

0.47 . This could be

explained by the geometry confinement. The flow is confined in the square tube where
in y- and z- direction, the flow has limited space to circulate. If one flow potion goes in
positive y direction, then another portion must have to move into negative z direction
due to the incompressible property.
Correlation figures between pressure and velocities are shown in Figure . The
correlation among velocities are shown in Figure .

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Fig : Correlation of

p2 and v 2 x

Fig : Correlation of

p2 and v 2 y

Fig : Correlation of

p2 and v 2 z

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Fig 2: Correlation of v 2 x and v 2 y

Fig 3: Correlation of v 2 x and v 2 z

Fig 3: Correlation of v 2 y

and v 2 z

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3.1.2 Auto-correlation
Auto-correlation analysis is conducted similarly on the pressure and velocity
components.
-Pressure

Fig 4 Auto-correlation of

p2

From the figures, we could have the following observations:

1) As time lag increases, the auto-correlation coefficient decreases and tends to 0 as
time goes to infinity, as expected.
2) Auto-correlation coefficient switches its phase in accordance to time shifts. This is
expected because the pressure is changing from +5pa to -5pa.

-Velocities

Fig 5 Auto-correlation v x2

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Fig 6 Auto-correlation v y 2

Fig 7 Auto-correlation v z 2

The gradient of the auto-correlation coefficient of

v x2

is almost constant with the

change of time shift. For y-velocity and z-velocity, they show the similar behaviours
with the case of auto-correlation of pressure. The phases are bother alternating.
However, unlike the situation in x-direction, the gradients of their auto-correlation
coefficients are not constant.

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3.1.3 Cross-correlation
There are several cross-correlation combinations.
-

Cross-correlation between Pressure and Velocity

Fig 8 Cross-correlation between

p2 and v x2

Fig 8 Cross-correlation between

p2 and v y 2

Fig 8 Cross-correlation between

p2 and v z 2

The cross-correlation coefficient between

p2 and

v 2 x is negative while for y- and

z- directions, they are changing signs. This indicates the phase difference between xdirection and y- or z-direction. The cross-correlation coefficients all tend to 0 as time
step goes to infinity which is expected.
-

Cross-correlation coefficient among velocities

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Fig 8 Cross-correlation between v x2

and v y 2

Fig 8 Cross-correlation between v x2

and v z 2

Fig 8 Cross-correlation between v y 2 and v z 2

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These cross-correlation coefficients illustrate the dependence between two velocities in
different directions. At 0-time shift, it has the largest value. And as the time lag
increases, the cross-correlation coefficient decreases. However, the cross-correlation
coefficients are all limited to 0.06, which is in accordance with the values listed in table.

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3.1.4 Frequency Analysis by FFT

In this section, frequency analysis will be elaborated. The method to transform the state
variables from time domain to frequency domain is Fast Fourier transform. In the case
of multiple signals case, the output pressure is ranging from 100Hz to 600Hz by adding
50Hz for each step. Comparing point 1 and point 2, we are more interested in point 2
because the flow has passed the orifice and our goal is to compare the phenomenon of
the flow after passing the different shape orifices. The single-sided amplitude spectrum
for pressure and velocities of point 2 are shown below:

Fig Single-Sided spectrum of pressure

The Single-Sided spectrum of pressure shows the significant frequency ranging from
100Hz to 600Hz which perfectly matches the output pressure. The output pressure is
defined by us. Therefore, this experiment not only screens out the characteristic
frequency but also validates our FFT codes in MATLAB. By changing the goal variable
in the codes, we could plot the single sided spectrum of the velocities in three directions
x, y and z.

Fig Single-Sided spectrum of v 2 x

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Fig Single-Sided spectrum of v 2 y

Fig Single-Sided spectrum of v 2 z

Some of the figures have been zoomed in, thus the frequency are truncated. For the
truncated part, the amplitude is zero. For the velocity in x direction, what we observe is
that there is no significant frequency. For the velocity in y and z direction, we observed
the frequencies other than 100,150,200,.. which are the frequencies of output pressure.
However, we have some other frequencies and they are somehow correlated.

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3.1.5 Spectral Density

The spectral density of pressure is shown in Fig

Fig Spectral Density of pressure

This corresponds with our expectation that the energy density at the amplitude
100,150,200,250until 600 are largest since they are the frequencies of the output
pressure. The spectral density of the velocities in three directions are shown in Fig

Fig Spectral Density of v 2 x

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Fig Spectral Density of v 2 y

Fig Spectral Density of v 2 z

The spectral density of velocity in x direction does not show any obvious frequency.
This corresponds to the result of FFT of

v 2 x . Again, the spectral density corresponds

to the FFT of its variables, but the frequencies do not perfectly match the output
frequencies.

For the spectral density of correlations, the results are shown in Fig

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Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1

Fig Spectral Density of

p2v 2 x

Fig Spectral Density of

p2v 2 y

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Fig Spectral Density of

p2v 2 z

The spectral density of cross-correlations indicates the output frequency which is

ranging from 100 Hz to 600 perfectly. This is expected because

p2 is the pressure at

point 2 and it is effected by the output pressure. Note the unit is in decibels, thus the
intensity is actually really small. The following figure is generated by unmodified code
that uses FFT to cross-correlation directly.

Fig Spectral Density of

p2v 2 z , generated by unmodified code

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3.1.6 Vorticity
The vorticities of the flow passing through a circle orifice with multiple sine signal
outputs are illustrated in the following Fig and Fig. One is in three dimension and the
other one is two-dimensional contour of vorticity. The colour bar indicates the
magnitude of the vorticity.

Fig 9 Three-dimensional Vorticity Illustration

Fig 10 Two-dimensional Vorticity Illustration

We could have two significant observations:
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! Title,Thesis Title
1) Flow is transforming from relatively laminar flow to relatively more turbulent flow
as the flow distance increases.
2) The vorticity is relatively strong at the vicinity of orifice where the flow is passing
through.
The first point could be explained that it is caused by the increasing of Reynolds
number. As commonly agreed, laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where
viscous force is dominant; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds number and is
dominated by inertial forces which tend to produce chaotic eddies.
The vorticity plot in flow directions and y-direction are shown in the following figures.

Fig 11 Vorticity plot in Flow Direction

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Fig 11 Vorticity plot in y-Direction

The statistical vorticity plots are in accordance with our observation from three- or twodimensional vorticity illustrations. Furthermore, from the flow-direction plot, we can
see the magnitude of vorticity is largest at the centre. It is much larger than the vorticity
near the orifice walls. This could be explained that it is because of the geometry
confinement and near the wall of the orifice, the resistance is usually larger. From the
vorticity plot in y-direction, we could get the information of the magnitude of vorticity
at the vicinity of the orifice. The vorticity has its largest magnitude inside the orifice.
The vorticity at the outlet of the orifice has smaller magnitude comparing to that inside
but larger than that at the inlet of the orifice. As the flow passes the orifice, the
magnitude of the vorticity decays at a relatively fast rate.

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4 DISCUSSIONS
please include these
Correlation

V1x

V1y

V1z

V2x

V2y

V2z

P1

-0.0503

0.0015

0.01785

0.00150

0.01054
P2

-0.0507

0.00041
0.0016

0.01728

0.01053

0.00148

0.00038

Table 1: correlation between pressure and velocity

Correlatio
n

V1x

V1y

V1z

V2x

V2y

V2z

V1x

-0.1522

-0.1654

-0.4648

0.0059

0.0367

0.6021

0.0032

0.1589

-0.3661

-0.0198

0.1012

-0.1947

-0.2659

0.0368

-0.2659

V1y
V1z
V2x
V2y
V2z

Table 2: Correlation among velocities

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Chapter ! Heading 1 :
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Based on the ranking system illustrated in introduction section, the correlations are
ranked by different colours. The darker the colour, the more dependent the relation of
two variables is. In terms of pressure related variables, we could have two observations:
1) The velocity in x direction has a stronger dependence on the pressure than that in yand z- direction.
2) The pressure dependence of x-direction velocity of point 1 is stronger than that of
point 2.
The first observation could be explained that it is because that the pressure fluctuation is
in x-direction, which effects the x-direction most effectively. The second observation
might be explained like this: the fluctuating pressure is transmitted through the orifice.
The flow before passing the orifice is confined to a smaller space as geometry indicated
and they are more less turbulent than the flow after passing the orifice. However, after
the flow passed the orifice, they become more turbulent and have more free space to
dissipate their energy, which results that they are less affected by the fluctuating
pressure.
In perspective of the correlation among velocity in different directions, we could have
the following observations:
1) The strongest correlation is between v 1 y and v 1 z .
2) The less strong correlation is between v 1 x and v 2 x

as well as

v1 y

and

v 2 z . The other combinations are minor correlated.

The first observation could be explained that it is because of the geometry confine. The
fluctuation in y direction of point 1 effects the fluctuation in z direction since they in
surrounded by the wall. As for the x-direction, the orifice releases the pressure of flow,
thus it is less correlated with the other two directions.

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5 STYLE EXMAPLES1
This document is intended to provide useful information about producing a thesis in
terms of content, editing, and production of copies. This document was first written
with Microsoft Word 2010 in 2013; it was last updated in February 2015. No further
updates are planned, and the template is provided as is with no promise of ongoing
support.

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5.1.1 Requirements

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! Title,Thesis Title
5.1.1.1.1 Dissertation length
The dissertation should be about 65000 words

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5.1.1.1.2 Structure
The structure of the dissertation should broadly follow this outline.

Abstract. 2-300 words long and give a very brief overview of the whole
dissertation, including your findings.

Introduction

Middle chapters
o Aims, methods, data, description, analysis

Conclusions. The conclusion section should be quite short, 5 pages at the most,
and normally 1 or 2. It should:
sum up the findings made during your research,

have a short introductory section explaining the process of your

dissertation,
o

often have recommendations for the future.

answer the research question that your dissertation addresses.

References

Appendices

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT to check that your chapters link together coherently; at the
start of each chapter you might have an introductory paragraph setting the scene for the
contents and at the end of each chapter it may help to have a few paragraphs summing
up it's contents.
Spreadsheets should be inserted as tables.
Some students find Excel using in developing the structure with word counts, etc.
Finally, your title is expected to reflect the content!

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! Title,Thesis Title
5.1.1.1.3 Interaction with supervisor
It is useful to know when your tutor is generally unavailable, bearing in mind that you
will be working on it during the summer holiday period. Make sure you give your text
to the tutor so that they have enough time to look at it before any critical date or
meeting, Check with your tutor whether they want a printed copy or whether a computer
document will do.
Before giving document to tutor:
i.

If you have trouble with English, ask a friend to check it for you.

ii.

Do Ctrl-A to select all text and F9 to recalculate. This updates automatic

numbering, table of contents etc.

iii.

Do a spell and grammar check.

iv.

Tracking changes. If your tutor or someone else edits your document, it is useful
for them to use Track Changes (Alt-TT).

v.

Read the Word for Thesis writing PowerPoint on the camtools site

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5.1.2 Paper and electronic copies of the dissertation

We require a bound copy and an electronic copy of your dissertation. .

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5.1.2.1.1 Bound copies
We require two canvas bound copies with hard or soft cover. On the spine the lettering
should be in the format:

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5.1.2.1.2 Electronic copies
These should be in Word or PDF format. It is useful to have it on a CD, but if the whole
lot can be zipped to under 10MB then you can also email it to your tutor.

Figure 2.1: Grammar Options in Word 2010

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! Title,Thesis Title

6 STYLE EXAMPLES
This section includes examples of all the styles used in the template. This text is in the
Normal Style and should be used for body text. The Title above is in Heading 1 should
be used for chapter titles. It will automatically start a new page and includes some
spacing before and after.
Below is a list of heading styles, the template supports up to 6 levels of headings. Only
the top three levels appear in the table of contents. Headings appear in the table of
contents up to Level 3 and are automatically converted to small caps.

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6.1 Heading 2

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! Title,Thesis Title

6.1.1 Heading 3

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6.1.1.1 Heading 4

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! Title,Thesis Title
6.1.1.1.1 Heading 5

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6.1.1.1.1.1 Heading 6

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! Title,Thesis Title
6.1.1.1.1.2 Heading 6

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6.2 Heading 2

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! Title,Thesis Title

6.2.1 Heading 3

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6.2.1.1 Heading 4

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! Title,Thesis Title
6.2.1.1.1 Heading 5

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6.2.1.1.1.1 Heading 6

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6.2.1.1.1.2 Heading 6

HEADING 1 NO NUMBER
Heading 1 No number is used for headings that you dont want to have heading
numbers. For example in the front matter. They do not appear in the table of contents.

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Heading 2 No Number
Heading 2 No number is used for headings that you dont want to have heading
numbers. For example in the front matter. They do not appear in the table of contents.

Bullet Style for bullet points

o Bullet Level 2

Figure 3.2: This is a picture of a running kitten. In addition, this caption style is
used to caption pictures and tables.

Captions include the numbering system

included the chapter number. Captions default to above content.

Table 3.1 This is the caption to a table, and the styles used in tables.
Table Head Text

Table Head Text

Table Head Text

Table Text

Table Text

Table Text

1. Table Text Numbered

2. Table Text Numbered

3. Table Text Numbered

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! Title,Thesis Title
Table Text Tab

Table Text Tab

Table Text Tab

This is what it looks like to add a footnote1, and this is how endnote looksi.

This is a quote

This is a dedication; use it for the dedication and quotes in the front matter.

This is a list
List 2
List 3
List 4
List 5

Numbered List Part 1

ii

Number List Part 2

iii

Numbered List Part 3

This is a foot note

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7 REFERENCES
Bournemouth

University,

2005,

Citing

References,

www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/documents/Library/Citing_References.pdf.
[Accessed August 2006].

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8 APPENDICES
APPENDIX HEADING 1 16
APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLE TITLE 26
APPENDIX 2

27

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APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLE TITLE

As a default, appendixes do not appear in the table of contents but instead have their
own table of appendices.
To achieve this appendices have their own heading style, which is visually similar to the
main headings but are functionally different.
The Appendices do require the chapter heading page so that the beginning of appendices
is listed in the table of contents and so that the footers say Appendices rather than saying
References.
Appendix Headings automatically start on a new page.

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APPENDIX 2

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This is an endnote they will automatically be places at the end of the document section. As default
this is at the end of the references.