Assignment on

Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Skills

Unit 1

Edexcel BTEC level 7 Extended Diploma in strategic Management and Leadership

Global Learning Center(GLC), UAE

Prepared By:
Omer Farooq

Submitted To:

Date of Submission:

Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................... 3
Task 1...................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Explain the link between strategic management and leadership........................................4
1.2 Analysis of the impact of management and leadership styles on organizations strategic
decisions................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations.................................6
Task 2...................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational
strategy.................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Create a leadership strategy that supports organizational direction....................................9
Task 3.................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Use appropriate methods and approaches to review current leadership requirements............11
3.2 Plan for development of future leadership situations that requiring leadership....................12
Task 4.................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement................................13
4.2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills.........13
Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 14
References.............................................................................................................. 15

Introduction
In order conduct my assignment on unit 1 i.e. developing strategic management and
leadership skills, I have chosen case study of Apple Inc. I think it the most appropriate case
study because the company has gone through different phases during its operations around
the globe, the leadership and management has faced many different situation, internal and
external changes, despite all challenges, leader and other staff of Apple Inc. has proven that
proper leadership and strategic management skills can overcome any challenge prevailing in
environment.
Apple Inc. is an MNC headquartered at Cupertino, California, U.S. It was established on
April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Apple Inc deals in Computer
Hardware & Software and Consumer Digital & Electronic items. The company is famous for
its Apple iPhone, iPad, iPod and the Mac. The company skyrocketed under the leadership of
Steve Jobs and after his untimely departure, the company is under the leadership of new
CEO- Tim Cook.

Task 1
1.1 Explain the link between strategic management and leadership.
1.1.1 Strategic Management:
According to (Hill & Jones, 2012) Strategic management in an organization is based on three
major approaches, first is Industrial organization(IO) perspective, second is resource based
perspective and third is contingency perspective. Industrial organizational perspective focus
towards the external environment of the business organization and analysis of organizational
structure, on other hand resource based approach consider strengths and weaknesses that
prevails within organization and plan resources required by company. The contingency
approach is more in depth, it considers SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats) faced by an organization and making it compatible to gain competitive advantage
within industry.
So, strategic management can be defined as process of analyzing environment, allocating
resources, planning and executing strategies and to gain organizational objectives and goals.
Strategic management is about the system which organization follows to attain its objectives,
compete with competitors and gain competitive advantage within industry (Wheelen, 2011).
1.1.2 Strategic Leadership
While on other hand, Reed (n.d) defines Strategic leadership as the ability of an
experienced, senior leader who has the wisdom and vision to create and execute plans and
make consequential decisions in the volatile, uncertain and complex strategic environment.
Another definition proposed by (Gold, Thorpe, & Mumford, 2010), leadership is the way,
approach or tactics used by leaders to motivate and mold subordinates and other resources
towards set objectives. So from definitions above can conclude leadership is setting up vision
and motivating others to towards that vision.
1.1.3 Link between Strategic Management and Leadership:
It is quite clear from above definitions that in order gain competitive advantage both qualities
are required by an organization. While strategic manager provide success to organization
through its managerial process including planning, organizing, executing and controlling,
strategic leaders direct organizational resources towards new opportunities, objectives, and
goal (Atreya, 2013).
While Strategic management is goal oriented, Strategic leadership is development oriented
(Gold, Thorpe, & Mumford, 2010).
Example from Case: Apple Inc's and Steve Jobs is a perfect example of Leadership and
Management. Although, Steve Jobs was a co-founder of Apple Computer but got fired as
CEO once at the age of 30. In 1997, he returned back in the company as CEO, and started
leading the company. When he realized that Apply was losing market share and finding it
difficult to fight with Microsoft, he decided to reinvent every product of Apple offered, and
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gave a boost to their employees with a most powerful tool of leadership - "momentum" and
managed the whole situation successfully. He understood the essentials of leadership and
management and accordingly built such environment wherein each and every employee
developed hence, drove the entire group's efforts towards the accomplishment of goals.
He got his employees so accustomed to change that they expect it now. Renovating again and
again has become a line of attack for Apple Inc. such as Apple iPod, Nano, iPod Mini,
Shuffle, iPod Video etc. Steve Jobs accustomed his employees to change and innovation in
such a way that if one day he could walk into Apple proclaim that they are planning to make
washing machines then nobody would think he'd have lost his mind rather his employees
would jointly say, "Guide us the way, boss" and tell us how to fabricate best washing
machines anybody so far made".
In conclusion, the management of Apple Inc has set up their vision and mission by seeing a
long future ahead and this has made Apple Inc. to be one among the top companies in the
world. Even though it was found by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, it is
visibly understood that the leadership style of Mr. Steve Jobs has made this organization
reach at the highest level. He is described as an unconventional leader and a highmaintenance co-worker who demanded excellence from his workers. His ability to bring the
staffs, investors and customers in line with the organizational vision is what has made the
present results indisputable (McInerney, 2011).

1.2 Analysis of the impact of management and leadership styles on organizations

strategic decisions.
Strategic management and leadership is related with formulation of strategic decision which
is developed in alignment with the organizational mission and vision. These decisions are
usually long term which is focused towards growth of organization (Wheelen, 2011).
According to (Mintzberg, 2013), The manager who only communicates or only conceives
never gets anything done, while the manager who only does ends up doing it all alone.
While elaborating further author suggested that both managerial and leadership style are of
great importance in terms of setting up and reviewing strategic goals and objectives,
accelerating organizational performance, planning and executing change, building and
leading high performance teams and in making strategic decision. Most widely and
commonly used styles are direct-indirect leadership, autocratic leadership, democratic
leadership, free-rein leadership.
Direct leadership encourages creativity and innovation by employees furthermore it also
encourage involvement of employees in formulation of vision and strategy, resource
allocation and decision making. On other hand indirect leadership try to create creativity
culture within organization by implementing tools like reward and recognition, role modeling
and team composition (Hunter & Cushenbery, 2011). While explaining other styles (Gold,
Thorpe, & Mumford, 2010) proposed that a good leadership, motivate its employees by
empowering employees which result in more productivity. A negative leadership focuses on
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accomplishing task by threatening employees, which in result decrease motivation and

productivity of employees. In autocratic leadership style power and authority of decision
making lies on leader whereas democratic leaders reach decision by encouraging employees
participation and majority censuses. In free-rein style employees are free to make decision
and are responsible for outcomes and progress.
Background of Apple Inc. shows that Steve Jobs applied autocratic leadership style widely.
But he also applied democratic style when required. When Steve Jobs resume his office again
the company was about to bankrupt. The first step he took was cutting down unnecessary
product line and makes it to 4 major product categories. To do so he followed demanding and
autocratic style which was much criticized but later this style was prove to be successful. To
further accelerate the company Steve jobs build the group of individuals who knew the Apple
and also passionate about it. He was supportive and encourages their suggestions; here he
applied democratic style of leadership which resulted in huge success (Bridle, 2011).

1.3 Evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations.

There are different philosophies, consideration, assumptions and beliefs based on which
various styles of leadership is implemented. It is very important for every organization to
adopt style according to organizational environment, culture and norms. Following are some
common leadership styles, autocratic, democratic, bureaucratic, charismatic, and laissez-faire
(Northouse, 2012).
Autocratic leadership style allows manager to take decisions alone without considering views
of other employees. Autocratic leaders make decisions and implement it throughout
organization without giving any freedom of questioning those decisions. This leadership style
is suitable where employees require supervision. But if educated, trained and creative
employees are available, then this style will not be recommended for achieving objectives
(Northouse, 2012).
Democratic leadership style which is also known as participative style, allow employees to
contribute their part in decision making and then based on those suggestion democratic leader
make final decision. This type of leadership style promotes creativity which increases
employee's job satisfaction and productivity (Manktelow, 2015).
Bureaucratic leadership style requires highly profession attitude from employees, a welldefined rules and regulations are to be followed by all workers. This type of leadership is
adopted in organization where there is no room for deviation and laziness or in organization
where employee's safety and health matters more. This type of style is found in wellestablished large organization because highly formal environment is gained after years of
experience (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2011).
In charismatic leadership, personality of leader plays vital role because the elegance and
charm of leader act as major factor for attracting followers and employees towards the leader.
It is noticed that charismatic leaders attract and motivate the team members but sometimes

these leaders fulfill their own ambitions without considering overall effect on other followers
(Manktelow, 2015).
The Laissez-faire leadership style also known as delegate leadership it allows employees
within organization to make decisions. In other words laissez-faire leader do not supervise
employees directly. In this style employees are responsible for progress and outcomes of
decision; hence there is chance of poor productivity, less control over operations which can
lead to increase in cost especially when employees lack experience (Hughes, Ginnett, &
Curphy, 2011). So this type of leadership style is suitable for organization where employees
are highly talented as well as experienced.
While considering different leadership styles, it is not recommended for company like Apple
to apply autocratic style. This type of style is suitable where only leader has knowledge and
perfection which is not possible in todays advanced world. Mr. Steve Jobs was perfectionist
and found to have demanding and autocratic style but he also possess charismatic personality
with encouragement for participation from passionate staff in decision making which help
him in creating strong bonding with employees (Bridle, 2011).
Democratic leadership is recommended in today's dynamic business environment as this is
the era of innovation and democratic style promotes creativity and innovation by gathering
more and more ideas.
he other styles like bureaucratic and charismatic style is not recommended for such
companies like Apple as it limit the chances of innovation and mostly power rest on leader's
hand. Laissez-faire style has also got drawbacks like it required highly experienced and
knowledgeable staff. Common drawback of all three leadership style is that it promote one
way communication which results in confusion, misunderstanding and power differences.

Task 2
2.1 Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have
on organizational strategy.
According to (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2011) 'Management' and 'Leadership' are two
different dimensions as management is more related to administration and controlling while
leadership is concerned with creativity, innovation and development. (Hill & Jones, 2012)
Advised that Leadership is mandatory requirement for organizational success as if
organization lack in leadership it has no direct, it will progress slow and will be left behind in
dealing with dynamic environment. There are various theories developed to evaluate the
performance for organization and its leadership and management style. Some of the most
common theories are; Transformational Leadership theory, Transactional Leadership theory,
Contingency theory, Situational theory, Tri-dimensional leadership theory.
Transformational leadership theory is concerned with transformation of individual or public.
It is mostly achieved with the help of charismatic leadership style where motivation,
determination and performance of groups are enhanced by utilizing various tools.
Individualized Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational Motivation and Idealized
Influence are the four main aspects in transformational leadership (Dobbs, 2010).
Transactional leadership theory emphasis on supervision of leaders and organizational or
group performance. This theory relies on belief that relation between leader and employee is
exchange based where acknowledgment, rewards and punishment depend on performance of
employees (Cherry, 2016).
The contingency theory suggests that the organizational culture should be build based on the
environmental scanning such as macro-micro economic condition, demographic and social
composition of the business. When leader apply this theory, he alter his behavior based on
different factors such as leader-subordinate relation, chain of command and authority.
According to this theory decisions are alterable based on careful analysis of environmental
factors which can result in reduced problem (Shpak).
In recent era the most widely used theory is situational theory. The theory is based on two
major dimensions, first is supportive dimension and second is directive dimension.
Supportive dimension provide self-confidence, comfort and guidance to employees for
completing task while directive dimension focus on assisting employees towards goals
(Northouse, 2012).
There are four main situations: S1, S2, S3 and S4.

S1- Leader focuses more towards goal attainment and focuses less on supervision.
S2- Leader focuses on both goal attainment and supervision with equal importance.
S3- Leader focuses less on goal attainment and focuses more on supervision.
S4- Leader focuses less on both goal attainment and supervision (Northouse, 2012).

2.2 Create a leadership strategy that supports organizational direction.

Business researchers, experts, leaders and theorist are exploring strategies for a long time.
But due to dynamic environment and fast paced development in the field of business, there is
no authentic explanation about strategy that fit in all situations. (Johnson, Whittington, &
Scholes, 2011), explained that progress and success of an organization is based on the
strategy adopted and utilizing this strategy to gain efficient use of resources that satisfy both
customers and stakeholders.
In order to implement the successful leadership strategy in an organization. Following
measures are to be taken:
Maintaining professionalism: Leaders and employees with professional attitude is of prime
importance in the dynamic business environment (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2011). It
becomes especially more important situation where companies like Apple maintain
international brand image due to which cross border barriers arises. So, to overcome such
barriers goals has to be set in advance for each project and employees must be aligned to
achieve these goals within deadline.
Developing new ideas and innovation: System should be developed where new idea
generation is encouraged. It helps in achieving differentiation from competitors (Hughes,
Ginnett, & Curphy, 2011). This is one of the strength of Apple where Steve job was the initial
source of every new idea.
Experimentation till perfection: Customer should not feel product as secondary there
should be perfection in product (Bridle, 2011). Apple Inc. and even any other company must
implement this idea as Steve Jobs itself follow this concept for success.
Developing trust and respect: In order to gain mutual cooperation it is necessary for both
leaders and employees to build trust and respect between each other. In this regard honesty
plays vital role it creates healthy atmosphere and viable working condition which ultimately
enhance productivity and performance (Mullins, 2010).
Extensive training: Training and development is a major factor for proper organizational
direction (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2011). It is of great importance now a day to stay
updated, workforce need to be trained according current and future requirements for product
innovation.
When going through the history of Apple Inc. It is evident that even though the company was
found by him, Steve Jobs was thrown out of his own company by 1985; the reason for his
deliberate resignation being his aggressiveness and demand for perfection, which was not
acceptable by the then CEO and some staffs. Apple Inc. then saw a steep fall after Jobs left
and even came to a stage of Bankruptcy. Apple Inc. brought back Jobs in 1996 as the advisor
and interim CEO and then Apple Inc. had never needed to turn back. It is noticeable that the
leadership of Steve Jobs has made the company to progress remarkably. He was aggressive
and demanding, but he encouraged a culture of strict accountability at all levels of the
organization and worked hard together with his co-workers for perfectionism. Employees

recruited were made specialists and placed into a position where their strengths and abilities
were most required (McInerney, 2011).
Steve was passionate on the vision of the company and possessed an incredibly good
communication skill with staffs, customers and stakeholders. Product excellence, elegant
design and simplicity are the three contributions that he gave to the company. He was
extremely involved in the details of the products and the marketing styles. He kept goals for
both hardware and software sections and motivated employees to attain more than what they
dreamt (Zenger, 2013).

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Task 3
3.1 Use appropriate methods and approaches to review current leadership
requirements.
Due to today's vibrant business environment and continuous technological development, it
has become necessary for every organization to strive for continuous updates and frequent
environmental scanning to stay in competition. Good leadership means setting up appropriate
vision for an organization and then developing strategies to achieve it (Wheelen, 2011).
After Steve Job's unfortunate and untimely death it is important for new CEO-Tim Cook to
identify current needs and implement proper leadership philosophy to keep on track of
success (Myslewski, 2013).
In order to evaluate current leadership requirements there are different technique and
methodologies but most appropriate methods are discussed below:
Continuing Professional Development (Bubb & Early, 2009): As name implies, it is a
process where professionals are encouraged to gain the skills, knowledge and experience on
continuing basis. This approach is highly suitable for the company like Apple Inc. where
many professionals are working, as their performance depend on their professional
development.
Succession Planning (Mullins, 2010) - This approach suggest that the company should focus
on hiring right person for right place. It also suggests that senior experienced professionals
should be retained in organization for guidance, training and knowledge sharing. This
approach is highly recommended for long term internal strength.
Intuition (Mullins, 2010) - Due to uncertain nature of business world, leaders should possess
intuitive skills. It is helpful in situation where a further step to be taken is not clear and leader
has to make decision based upon the previous experience.
Concentrate on some products (Wheelen, 2011) - Focus towards few products will provide
clear understanding of product in relation to needs. Steve Jobs followed the same approach
by not expanding product line. This approach helps company to stay innovative and more
concentrated towards customers.
Have an eye on every detail (Wheelen, 2011) -This approach requires that every decision
should be based on in depth and detailed understanding of situation and product launch
should be in line with requirements in other words it should be perfect. Steve Jobs used the
same approach he was perfectionist by nature and keep his eye on every minor details.
Value Relations (Wheelen, 2011) In order to be successful businesses are required to build
positive relationship within its value chain. The leader must understand and satisfy needs of
all parties involved in business.

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3.2 Plan for development of future leadership situations that requiring

leadership.
Business environment is emerging as more complex and uncertain day by day. So, it is
needed that leadership philosophies also update with change in business environment.
Leaders are viewed as key source of implementing change in organization. A proper
leadership is determined by the way it motivates followers and provides direction to
accomplish goals and objectives (Bridle, 2011).
So, development of future leadership is required due to many reasons. There is increasing
trend of globalization which allowed organizations to enter different markets around the
globe due to which competition become more intense now a days and it keep on increasing.
Another trend to be considered is diversification many companies are now expanding
business from one industry to another industry. Economic conditions have been changing
around the world by increased economic developments and regional integrations. Information
technology has also noticed ground breaking innovations. All above highlighted factors are
providing reason for future leadership development, as these factors resulted in generating
more jobs and employment opportunities, new generation with new ideas and innovation are
joining business world (Clinton, 2012).
The evaluation and careful analysis suggest that organizations will be able to achieve future
leadership development, when leaders are clear about current situation. Some of the
techniques that can be helpful in future leadership development are training, job assignment,
coaching and mentoring, feedback and review. Many businesses are following horizontal
development approach in leadership but in this approach power lies in one hand which in
long run will not be viable for businesses. So, in order to align with future it is recommended
that with horizontal approach it is also necessary to implement vertical approach. Leaders of
next generation should focus more on collective or group efforts rather than individualized
efforts because in future businesses will be interested more towards mergers, acquisitions and
strategic alliance rather than going for expansion. It is also suggested that leaders in future
will required to be more globally integrated and consider social responsibilities (Clinton,
2012).

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Task 4
4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement.
According to (Pankaew, 2013), Leadership is the art of leading others to deliberately create a
result that wouldnt have happened otherwise.
A lot of discussion has been done on the importance of leadership for organizational
performance. It is of prime concern now that leaders should update their skills in alignment
with environmental requirement. Leaders can develop specific leadership skills and
knowledge
through
different
method
for
specific
situations.
Formal Learning companies usually adopt this method for developing specific skills within
its leaders and employees, to cope up with competition and changes in environment
companies update their resources which requires specific knowledge, to develop that
knowledge company can provide formal trainings, seminars or may be sending leaders and
employees in class rooms.
On the Job Training also known as in house training, it is one of the most effective method
of dealing with updates and changes within business environment and company itself. In this
method training is provided to staff in corporate setting. It helps organization to build abilities
of staff and preparing them for future challenges.
Ray Krocs founder of McDonalds state, anywhere we go, we got to have talent. And, Im
going to put my money in talent. The case study state that training is not just offered to
executives or managers but training is in-fact offered to all members of staff regardless of
their position.
Organizational Leadership - The Organizational leadership is the learning method in the
organization which is highly appreciated and required. (Mullins, 2010) states that the
organizations that influence the employees on the regular bases with the knowledge and
information.
Organizations that promote learning is more likely to continue to enjoy great success. Inorder to compete in the global market business, it has to empower their leaders and
employees to a high standard. Employees are the most important asset of any business
organization.
With good training employees will be in a better position to represent the company very well
and leaders will be in a better position to lead the company into the future while competing
on a global scale.

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4.2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of

leadership skills.
In order to meet future challenges like globalization, economic developments, technological
advancements it is important for organization to focus on leadership development programs.
As discussed about current and future requirements of leadership in previous section, it is
important for company to develop proper leadership improvement program that should align
with future requirements.
Leadership requires vision, enthusiasm, self-confidence, empowerment, action enabling of
others, getting things done, and making things happen (Bertocci, 2009).
One of the most useful methods used within organizations is formal learning it helps in
gaining updated skills and getting ready for upcoming challenges. There are different
methods within formal training that can be used according to requirement of development,
these methods are: training, experimental learning, self-learning, coaching and mentoring and
developing retention programs.
Training - On job training is provided to staff with an aim to give them knowledge about
upcoming responsibilities.
Experimental Learning - In this method employees are required go through critical
thinking, problem solving and decision making. This method also allows gathering various
ideas from staff through feedback, reflection and suggesting the ideas for new situation.
Self-Learning - In this method employees are given with online training material through
company website or email, so that employees can learn according to their own ease and pace
as employees dont have to follow management for learning and development.
Coaching and Mentoring - This method is useful for developing motivation, enhance
productivity, and decrease employee turnover because it gives employees feeling of
worthiness and create connectivity between employee and organization.
Develop retention program Through this program employees are retained by monetary as
well as nonmonetary rewards based on performance and input in organization.
The above are useful methods that can be used by companies and Apple Inc. management
team to develop leadership skills of their employees

Conclusion
Even though the company is making progress under the new CEO, the presence of Steve Jobs
is still missing and no one has come up to fill his space. It is found that projects are not
moving as fast as they were under Steve Jobs. Measures are to be adopted by the Company so
that it reaches the same position that it was under its greatest leader of ever time and should
gain more organizational advances.

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