Assignment 1

Sourav Sarkar
February 1, 2017

Email: ssarkar1@ualberta.ca
Student ID: 1512784

Question: 1
Width of the pipe (diameter) D = 50 mm = 5 cm.

(a)
We know for a viscous flow limit in a pipe the Knudsen number condition
is Kn < 0.01.
So,

< 0.01
D

D>
0.01
P
DP >
0.01
P
P >
0.01D

(1)

So, at pressure larger than the expression above denotes the viscous flow
region inside the pipe.
We know for air flow, air P = 0.0050 Torr-cm. So the pressure at which the
flow start to transition out of viscous flow is,
0.0050
T orr
0.01 5
= 0.1 Torr

P =

(2)

(b)
Again, the Knudsen number at which the flow starts to become moleculer
has the condition,
Kn > 1
P
so, P <
D

(3)

Putting all the values, we get the maximum pressure for moleculer flow to
be,
0.0050
T orr
5
= 0.001 T orr

P =

= 1 103

(4)

Torr.

Question: 2
Systems pressure is given by the equation:
P = p0 exp(t/ ) + Q/Sp

(5)

where Q is the throughput of the leak and Sp = 200 L/s is the pumping
speed. For extended period of time the first term becomes negligible.
The throughput of the leak can be expressed as,
Q=SP

(6)

Here S = 0.2 cm3 /s = 0.0002 L/s and atmospheric air pressure is P =

760 T orr. So the throughput is,
Q = 0.0002 760 = 0.152 T orr L/s

(7)

So with the leak and pumping speed given, the pressure of the sytem becomes
after extended period of time,
P = Q/Sp = 0.152/200 = 0.00076
As the pressure is 0.76 103
with the system.

T orr = 0.76 103

Torr less than 103

T orr

(8)

Torr, we are safe

Question: 3
We have attached the cryo pump to the system through a cyllindrical pipe,
so the pumping speed of the system S2 can be expressed as,
1
1
1
=
+
S2
C
Sp
2

(9)

where C is the conductace of the pipe at molecular flow and Sp is the pumping speed of the cryo pump. So, Sp = 500 L/s. Conductance of the pipe
in molecular flow is expressed as,
C(L/s) = 12.1D3 /L

(10)

where D and L is the diameter and length of the pipe expressed in cm. So
D = 10cm and L = 100cm. Therefore,
C(L/s) =

12.1 103
= 121 L/s
100

(11)

So the pumping speed of the system is,

CSp
C + Sp
121 500
L/s = 97.42
=
121 + 500

S2 =

(12)
L/s

Question: 4
For a clean system, in a given time t, the pressure of the system is given by,
P = P0 exp(t/ )

(13)

In this equation given parameters are , P0 = 100 mT orr = 0.1 T orr,

P = 107 T orr, t = 5 mins = 300s. And the expression for is,
=

V
Sp

(14)

where V is the volume of the system and Sp is the pumping speed. So,
1
ln(P/P0 )
=

t
ln(P/P0 )
Sp = V
t
ln(107 /0.1)
= 3.5
300
= 0.1611 m3 /s
= 161.1

m3 /s

L/s

So the minimum pumping speed has to be 161.1 L/s.

(15)

Question: 5
Question: 6
Question: 7
(a): Square wave

(b): White noise

(c): 1/f noise (Pink noise)
(d): Signal + White noise + 1/f noise
(e): Fourier transform of the noisy signal
(f ): Filtered result
0.1

(g): Autocorrelation spectrum

Matlab Code
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clear all; %Clearing all varibales if there is any.

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t1 = linspace(0,100,10000); % Creating 10000 equally

spaced time data points in the range 0-100:
sampling frequency fs = 100 Hz
x1 = square(t1); % Pure Square Wave Signal with period
2*pi

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%----------------Pure Signal plot

------------------------plot(t1,x1,-);
title(Pure Square wave signal);
ylabel(Signal (intensity));
xlabel(time(s));
axis([0 110 -2 2]);
print(gcf, -dpng,/home/sourav/Pure_Signal.png);
%
---------------------------------------------------------

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x2 = awgn(x1,10); % Signal with white noise of SNR 10

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x2p = x2-x1; % Only white noise amplitude data (

without the pure signal)

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%-------------White noise amplitude plot

-------------------plot(t1,x2p,-);
title(White noise spectrum);
ylabel(Signal (intensity));
xlabel(time(s));
axis([0 110 -2 2]);
print(gcf, -dpng, /home/sourav/White_noise.png);
%
---------------------------------------------------------

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n1 = dsp.ColoredNoise(Color,
SamplesPerFrame, 10000); %
time domain
n2 = dsp.ColoredNoise(Color,
SamplesPerFrame, 10000); %
in time domain

pink,
1/f noise generation in
brown,
1/f2 noise generation

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x3 = transpose(step(n1)); % 1/f noise data (converting

from column vector to row vector)
x5 = transpose(step(n2)); % 1/f2 noise data (
converting from column vector to row vector)
x4 = 2*x3/(max(x3)-min(x3)); % After rescaling (
comparable to white noise) the amplitude of 1/f
noise
x6 = 2*x5/(max(x5)-min(x5)); % After rescaling (
comparable to white noise) the amplitude of 1/f2
noise

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%-------------1/f noise amplitude plot

-------------------plot(t1,x4,-);
title(1/f noise spectrum);
ylabel(Signal (intensity));
xlabel(time(s));
axis([0 110 -2 2]);
print(gcf, -dpng, /home/sourav/1byf_noise.png);
%
---------------------------------------------------------

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%-------------1/f2 noise amplitude plot

-------------------plot(t1,x6,-);
title(1/f2 noise spectrum);
ylabel(Signal (intensity));
xlabel(time(s));
axis([0 110 -2 2]);
print(gcf, -dpng, /home/sourav/1byfsquare_noise.png
);
%
---------------------------------------------------------

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x7 = x2 + x4; % Signal + white noise + 1/f noise

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%-------------amplitude signal + white noise + 1/f

noise plot-------------------plot(t1,x7,-);

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title(Signal + white noise + 1/f noise spectrum);

ylabel(Signal (intensity));
xlabel(time(s));
axis([0 110 -5 5]);
print(gcf, -dpng, /home/sourav/Raw_signal.png);
%
---------------------------------------------------------

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x8 = fft(x7); % Fourier transform of the simulated raw

signal(with noise)
ws = 2*pi/10000;
normed_w = -pi:ws:pi; % Normalizing b/w -pi to pi
normed_w = normed_w(1:10000); %Making it an row vector
w = normed_w*100; %multiplied by sampling frequency
100 Hz

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%-------------------Fourier transform of signal plot

----------

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semilogy(w,abs(x8),.); %log scale in y-axis

title(Fourier Transform of the simulated signal);
xlabel(Normalized frequency index);
ylabel(Magnitude of frequency);
axis([-400 400 0 100000]);
print(gcf, -dpng, /home/sourav/fft.png)
%
-------------------------------------------------------------

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%Applying the numerical filter of my choice

for i=1:10000
if abs(x8(i))< 900 % 900 is my filtering condition
for discarding all the high frquency noisy
points
x8(i) = 0+0i;
end
end

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% Inverse Fourier transform after applying the

numerical filter
x9 = ifft(x8);

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%---------------Filtered result plot and compare with

pure signal---------plot(t1, x1, t1, x9);
legend(Pure Signal, Filtered signal);
title(Inverse Fourier transform of filtered result
and pure signal);
xlabel(time(s));
ylabel(signal (amplitude));
axis([0 110 -3 3]);
print(gcf, -dpng, /home/sourav/ifft.png);
%
----------------------------------------------------------------------

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%---------------------------Auto-correlation
-------------------------------

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x10 = zeros(1,10000); % Setting blank array for

generating R(tau) data
dt = 100.0/10000.0;
for i1=0:9999 %Cycle over the the values of tau
s = 0.0;
for i2=1:10000 %Cycle over the values of t
s1 = x7(i2); % Value for S(t)
if i1+i2<=10000 % Discard those values of (t+
tau) which goes beyond the range
s2 = x7(i2+i1); % Value for S(t+tau)
end
s = s + s1*s2; % Multiplying and summing over
t gives the total value
end
x10(i1+1) = s/10000.0; % Averaging the summed up
value over time
end

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%-------------Auto-correlated spectrum and pure signal

---------------------

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plot(t1, x1, t1, x10);

legend(Pure signal,Auto-correlated spectrum);
title(Auto-correlated result and pure signal);
xlabel(time(s));
ylabel(signal (amplitude));
axis([0 110 -3 3]);
print(gcf, -dpng, /home/sourav/autocorrelation.png
);
%
----------------------------------------------------------------------

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