The Continuous rise of Euroscepticism in United Kingdom:

A British Virus

Political Science 172

Submitted by:
Paolo S. Infante 2013-56634
&
Philip M. Santos 2013-00707
University Of the Philippines Manila

Submitted to:
Prof. Carl Ramota

Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the true worldwide outlook of Euroscepticism and its primary difference to AntiEuropeanism. It will further discuss Eurosceptism as an opposition to the policies of the European Union institutions
or Britains Involvement in European Union and how did it affect British politics. Also, its current role in United
Kingdom and some other parts of Europe will be highlighted throughout the discussion. Questions such as What
causes distrust in European union? , Where does this Euroscepticism came from? and What causes people to
have eurosceptic thought? will be answered in this paper. Furthermore, It is said that there are two classifications of
Euroscepticism. The Hardeuroscepticism which is the opposition to membership or the mere existence of European
Union and the Soft euroscepticism which on the other hand supports the existence of European Union its
membership but oppose too much integration of European Union policies and would hate a federal Europe to exist.
At the end portion of the paper, there will be a discussion regarding the possible solutions on overcoming
Euroscepticism, which involves monetary government policies for instance and others

The Continuous rise of Euroscepticism in United Kingkdom : A British Virus

A British Virus, Eurosceptisicm has now spread thoughout the world like a virus. The European
Union is more unpopular in Britain than is has been at anytime for the past 2 decades according to the
annual British attitudes survey which was produced by NatCen Social Research released on March 26
2015. The report said 63% of of Britons are Eurosceptic, which means that they no longer want to be part
and integrated in the European Union and they they also want reduce the powers of the EU.
Origin of Euroscepticism
There are different significant events that led the British to be Eurosceptic. Some even say the
Britain is the cradle of Eurosceptisicm. (Spiering, 2014) Historians also say the Eurosceptisicm has its roots
during the medieval era, during the time where Britain attempted to get away with the involvement in
continental matters. (Kim, 2013) But when did Eurosceptisicm start?
After 1945
After the Second World War where the Allied powers were victorious, Britain was asked to join and
lead Western Europe in the immediate aftermath of the war. The formation of the American Committee for
a United Europe and the European Conference on Federation that was led by Winstin Churchill were some
of the endeavors in which Britain was being a part of after the war. Winston Churchill undoubtedly pushed
for a United States of Europe urging the people of Europe to forget what happened in the tragic past and
look ahead toward a brighter future. He thought that only a united Europe could and will guarantee peace
and that the first step in creating a European Family of justice, mercy, and freedom was to build a kind of
United States of Europe.
Despite Churchills call and ecouragement in the endeavors towards European integration, the
British Political culture, which has been described as a deferential civic culture by Sydney and Verba
(1963), favoured the integration but without the British taking part of it themselves. In addition, being that
they are located at the western side of Europe, Britain was not tremendously affected by the war that had
occurred unlike the other European nations and therefore post war integration and recovery was not a
priority for them. Preserving their empire was the main concern and was the priority of the British during
that time and their main focus was to set its sights outside of Europe.

Britain did not originally join the European Union formerly known as the European Economic
Community (EEC) because of manily 2 reasons: Political and Economical.
Britain wanted to join and participate in the Union and developed the like for it, but as the British is
still in association of their commonwealth made up of their former and current British colonies, they still
consider themselves as an empire. If the British were to join the EEC, it was caught into attention that they
could lose their commercial advantages and can interfere with their financial affairs and money market.
They also feared that in joining the EEC, it could result to the end of the British nation. It is clear that one of
the aims of the European cooperation is to have and get supranational European Institutions and the British
did not want to participate because this poses a problem for their sovereignty.
Impact of Suez Canal
After some time, Britains opinion on the European Economic Commity slowly changed.
Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggresion, the Suez Canal Crisis of 1957 had a huge impact on
Britain. The Suez Canal important to Britain as it provided a shorter and faster route in trade. The Suez
Canal was completed in 1869 under the financial aid of France and Egypt. In 1875 as a result of debt and
financial crisis, Egypt was forced and willing to give 44% of their shares of the canal to the British
government and thus the Suez was under Brtitish Control from that year on.
On 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez
Canal, which was controlled by the French and Britain. Nassers announcement came about because of the
mounting political tensions between, Egypt, France, and Britain. In 1956 the British withdrew its forces after
years of negotiations.
By this tie, the relations between the US and Britain became more distant and grew even more
tense. Former colonies and members of the Commonwealth of Nations, which was formerly known as the
British Commonwealth, also became more independent. Britain now realized that it that it is no longer a
powerhouse in Europe and cannot be a close partner of the United States. This caused Britain to focus
back in Europe and in their economic expansion after the dissolution of their empire in the Suez Canal. In
reaction to this, Britain formed the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The EFTA was created to
somewhat counterpart the EEC. It had the same goals in economic development and some other aspects.
However the EFTA did not have powerful nations as its members unlike the EEC. Noticing that the EEC

was having more success in economic growth, Britain decided to apply to be a part of EEC in 1961. Britain
took long to be part of the EEC because French President Charles De Gaulle vetoed the entrance of Britain
bacause he saw the integration of Britain as a way for US to influence the Union. In 1969, with the
resignation of De Gaulle the veto was lifted and Britain was accepted and became a member of the EEC
along with the other countries that were applying for memership.
Eurosceptisicm vs Anti-Europanism: The Difference
Eurosceptisicm refers to the critisicm of mainly European Union (EU). In Britain, it is the oppsition
to the polices of supranational institutions and the membership of the country in the union. Euroscepticism
is more confined to political and business elites and targets the process, main policies and identity of the
European Union. (Chamorel, 2004) The main source and reason of Eurosceptisim is that the notion that by
integrating nation states, it weakens it. Others also say eurosceptics say that the EU is undemocratic or too
bureaucratic. There is another idea however that criticises Europe, which is called Anti-Europanism.
Anti-Europanism is largely cultural, although it penetrates some policy areas, particularly in some
foreign policies. It somewhat reflects collective and individual views on history, culture, society, politics,
diplomacy, and economics. Europe is seen as decadent, complacent, lazy and perhaps most damning of
all increasingly irrelevant. (Ham,2006) It is largley popular and spread thorughout in the Americas
especially after the war against Iraq. For anti-europeans, Europeans live in in kind of a dream world that
limits them from seeing what is really is happening and the global threats they are receiveing. (Kagan,2002)
As quoted by Martin Walker, now editor-in-chief emeritus of United Press International You want to know
what I really think of the Europeans? asked the senior State Department Official. I think they have been
wrong on just about every major international issue for the past 20 years.
Eurosceptisicm and Anti-Europanism are two distict phenomena but they can overlap and reinforce
each other. (Ilgen, 2006) However anti-Europeans are Eurosceptical but it cannot go the other way around.
For Anti-Europeans, the union is the ultimate exemplification of what kind of political, economic, and
cultural characteristics they oppose agaisnt Europe. Therefore anti-Europeans can be at times Eurosceptic.
However, many Eurosceptics are not anti-European. Sometimes unintentionally, Euroscpetics alter the
image of Europe when they perceive a negative image of the European Union, because European
integration and expansion turned the EU into the main political manifestation of Europe. (Chamorel, 2004)

Diverse causes of Euroscepticism

Before discussing the diverse causes of Euroscepticism, It is important to determine how a person
can be considered Eurosceptic. According to EurActiv, Eurosceptics are citizens or politicians who present
themselves as critical of the union which they believe takes their powers away from their national
government and poses a threat to their national sovereignty.
Majority of the European Unions 28 members joined the club for a certain purpose. Others like
France and Germany, Joining the EU was a means to heal the scars of war. Poland, Hungary and Estonia,
joined the club for help against Russian bullying. Britain, however, entered the club in 1973 reluctantly,
without enthusiasm and in a moment of short term economic anxiety. This underlies the Euroscepticism
that penetrate the Conservative Party and a majority of Britons, which could lead to Britain voting to exit the
EU at a referendum in 2017. Britain never much wanted to be a member of the club in the first place. Britain
was never impressed by the subsidy programs designed for French farmers and other special interests.
Britain was a contributor to the Budget of EU for its first three decades of membership. This tested their
reason for joining the club from the beginning. Many Britons feel they have ended up in a greedy, supragovernmental and economically dying arrangement, which they never voted to join, and would not have
done in the first place. ( Hargitai,2013 )
Reasons why people tend to be eurosceptic minded
But what causes british people and other EU members to be eurosceptic minded? There are
numerous reasons how. One reason is the voters who are inherently doubtful of the European Union, and
see it as a threat to their national self-determination and a violation of state sovereignty which leads to the
loss of identity which is pretty much connected to the previous reason. This is considered as the most
common reason. The fear of a European identity outweighing the national identity seems to fear people.
The introduction of the Euro was supposedly a significant step in that direction. Linked to this loss of
identity is the free of labor, and the lax immigration policies of the old member States wherein new
immigrants and laborers from Eastern Europe will impact the cultural traditions of other members which
includes the Dutch, German, and French. Another reason those disappointed citizens which hoped to see
the benefits of EU subsidies immediately, and those who thought up an unrealistically rapid leap close to
Western European standards of wealth.There are also those voters who imagined Europe to be something
they cannot identify with. Its highly complex nature and the division of responsibilities between the

European Parliament and the Commission lead to frustration with the EU as an institution. A lack of
attention to public debate on the EU, and media attention to the EU was said to strongly contribute to this
problem. Morever, there are voters who are likely to be affected by the crisis, whose economic situation
might be negatively affected in light of increased doubts about the future of the European Union as an
institution. And lastly is that the economic crisis has produced much of the euroscepticism we see today
(Hargitai,2013).
Distrust to European Union
After more than almost four decades of membership, the United Kingdom is approaching an in-out
vote on its membership of the European Union. Due to the unexpected electoral victory by the
Conservative Party, which is primarily the most sceptical towards Europe, the referendum is fast becoming
a reality. But what exactly are the primary reasons why United Kingdom wants to cut its marriage with EU?
United Kindom is one of the common contributers to the EU financially together with Germany and
France. The money is being used though out Europe to ensure the welfare of EU's poorer countries
through loans and invenstment. However, as the economy of United Kingdom improves, the bill continue to
rise as well with a net contribution of 11.3 billion UK pound in 2013 , compared to 2.7 billion UK pound in
2008, according to official UK data. Also, another problem is that EU membership is hindering U.K.'s
potential trade partners outside the trading area. Through comparison, it is hard to say that EU membership
is a better barrier to trading with Asian countries like China for instance
Another primary concern is the chaos in migration. Part of the key principles of the EU is the
freedom of movement for labour. With more than 14 million citizens living in an EU state which they weren't
born in, many people are being affected. Leaving EU would allow to remove labour regulations and be
more productive. Another cause of inconvenience is the right of migrants to claim welfare benefits in the
U.K. which David Cameron is trying to invalidate.
Also, one main point for so called European control over U.K. laws is the influence of the
European Court of Human Rights, which in certain high-profile cases has made it more difficult to deport
foreign-born criminals. ( Bignal, 2013)

Given all this reasons, It will never change the benefits of belonging to the worlds biggest freetrade group. Which is why other members of EU, including the Sweden and Germany who pretty much
have the same reasons with British are not hesitating to leave. The Answer lies in the British history. Almost
alone in the EU, Britain recalls the second world war with pride more than fear. It does so in such a way as
to exaggerate the benefits of being an isolated nation.This makes it reluctant to see itself as the European
country, combined to the fortunes of other European countries.
The british have never been popular members of European Union. Long before they joined, many
supreme countries thought them too contrasting to be part of what was then the European Economic
Community (EEC). Its been ten years since Britain joined the EEC but the British have never been at ease
in what has become the EU. They are more unfavorable to the EU than any other European countries.
Also, the British government often used their influence to slow down European integration. Given this,
Britain has opted out of the euro and the Schengen agreement (removal of borders), and prevented the
extension of qualified majority voting into areas such as tax, foreign policy and defence. There is no reason
to think that this attitude will change. Gordon Browns government (2007-2010) is less passionate about the
EU than that of his predecessor, Tony Blair (1997-2007). And now that Conservative Party won the election
last May, the government led by David Cameron (2010-Present) will be markedly more eurosceptic than
that led by Brown.
Disticntion between the two types of Eurocepticism
The concept of Euroscepticism can be viewed from various angles. On the process of viewing,
there are inevitable difficulties on defining what is the accurate definition. In order to address this issue,
distinctions have been offered between the two types of Euroscepticism. The most utilized overall definition
was made by political scientists Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart in 2001. The Distinction has been
termed hard and soft Euroscepticism.

Hard and Soft Euroscepticism

Hard euroscepticism denotes the total rejection of the process of European Integration. It is where
there is a principle opposition to the EU and European integration and therefore can be seen in parties who
think that their countries should withdraw from membership, or whose policies towards the EU are the
same to being opposed to the whole project of European Integration as it is currently conceived.
On the other hand, Soft euroscepticism was defined as the contingent or qualified. Unlike Hard
euroscepticism, It is where there is not a principled objection to European integration or EU membership
but where concerns on a number of policy areas lead to the expression of eligible opposition to the EU, or
where there is a sense that national interest is currently at chances with the EUs path.
To make things less complicated, hard euroscepticism which can be coined withdrawalist implies
instant objections to the entire European project of economic and political integration and a opposition
towards a country that would like to be a member of European union. It also includes the ones that reject
the idea of any economical or political integration. Compared to the previous type, soft euroscepticism,
reformist simply implies the contingent and qualified opposition of the European Integration. It can also be
divided into categories like national-interest euroscepticism and policy euroscepticism( Taggart, 2001).
Policy euroscepticism regards the opposition to initiatives of policies and it expresses itself in the terms of
opposition towards the enlargement of specific competences of the European Union. In the candidate
states it can refer to the policies that consider the proces of integration. However, National-interest
euroscepticism regards engaging a rhetoric of defence or national interest in the context of the debates
about the European Union. This type of euroscepticism is compatible with the support for the European
Union project and it can include parties that approve certain policies of the EU, as the European integration,
but these parties feel the need to sustain arguments infavour of national interest to show the support the
basis of the internal political support. (Szczerbiak & Taggart, 2001).
The usefulness of differentiating between hard and soft variants of Euroscepticism lies not only in
nuancing the descriptive qualities of the concept but also because it strongly suspect that the different
variants will have different qualities. Of course, the distinction is an ideal type that will be unclear in some
cases but it may be useful to identify the two forms as poles on a spectrum with some parties moving
between them.

Proposals on overcoming Euroscepticism

The Conservative election victory in May activated a pledge to hold an in/out referendum on
Britain's membership of the EU before the end of 2017, with expectations rising that it could be held next
year.
David Cameron has promised a referendum on EU membership only if he was re-elected. He has
argued the case for remaining in the EU, provided that key reforms are made, but unwillingness from within
the EU for such changes could put a stop on his plans. The PM's position was strengthened by his
unexpected election victory, and he will be hoping to use the prospect of a UK vote to leverage major
compromise.
So is UK doomed as it continue to become a eurosceptic nation and perhaps the day will come that
they would leave the European Union? What would happen if UK finally cuts her marriage with EU? There
is no certainty of what would happen given that no country has ever done it before. But the focal question
is, would Britain be better off staying inside the club or going it alone? Obviously, there will be number of
opportunity costs. One of them is Free trade. Free trading is primarily the best edge of EU, making it easier
and cheaper for British companies to export their goods to Europe. Some business leaders think these
savings outweigh the billions of pounds in membership fees Britain would save if it left the EU. The UK also
risks losing some of its negotiation power internationally by leaving the trading limitations, but it would be
free to establish trade agreements with non-EU countries. ( Boyle,2015 )
Another factor is employment. Free movement of people across the EU opens up job opportunities
for UK workers willing to travel and makes it relatively easy for UK companies to employ workers from other
EU countries. This prevents the UK "managing its own borders".(UKIP, 2015). The consequence of this,
however, According to Professor Adrian Favell, limiting this freedom would prevent the "brightest and the
best" of the continent from coming to Britain, create complex new immigration controls and reduce the pool
of candidate employers can choose from. Regulations can also be a factor. Eurosceptics argue that the
large majority of small and medium sized firms do not trade with the EU but are restricted by a huge
regulatory burden imposed from abroad. However, others warn that millions of jobs could be lost if global
manufacturers, such as car makers, move to lower-cost EU countries, while British farmers would lose
billions in EU subsidies. Britain may lose some of its military influence. Many believe that America would
consider Britain to be a less useful ally if it was detached from Europe. ( Boyle,2015 )

On the lighter side, Economists says Britain would also be able to claim back its territorial fishing
waters, scrap caps on limits to the number of hours people can work per week, free itself from the EU's
renewable energy drive and create a more free economic market. This would turn London into a
freewheeling hub for emerging-market finance. ( Gifford, 2015)
But it concludes that the most likely outcome is that Britain would find itself as an outsider with
somewhat limited access to the single market, almost no influence and few friends. And one thing is for
sure, that it is almost impossible to get back in once they cut their membership to EU.
Referendum
The exact date is not yet identified, although David Cameron has promised on holding it before the
end of 2017. Some analysts have suggested that the pace with which he has begun negotiations suggests
that he is planning to call the vote next year, in order to avoid a long period of uncertainty that might affect
businesses. The referendum question is, Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European
Union? This gives the edge to the Pro- EU people because it reminds the voters that the UK is already part
of EU. The fear of leaving the status quo is enters. Therefore, a Yes-vote would be given because it is
usually the popular option when deciding about the future of UK. ( Boyle, 2015 )
The legitimacy will be based on the criteria for voting in a general election, which means citizens of
most EU countries, who can vote in local and European elections in Britain, will not be allowed to vote. It it
is required to be above 18 years of age to cast a vote. Those who are qualified to vote are the British
Citizens resident of UK, British citizens resident abroad for less than 15 years, Citizens of Ireland, Malta,
and Cyprus resident in the UK, Commonwealth citizens in the UK and the Commonwealth citizens resident
in Gibraltar. Members of the House of Lords will be allowed to vote, despite being ineligible to cast a ballot
at general elections. The official campaigns is not yet underway, but already the leadership struggle has
begun. Many UKIP members believe their party leader, Nigel Farage, is the illegitimate leader for the No
campaign, but Conservative eurosceptics have said one of their number should lead the charge. According
to them, Farage, who is causing a lot of disagreement and separation among the people, would allow Yes
campaigners to draw the anti-EU movement as backward-looking and would cause the people to be fearful
of foreign intervention.

Majority of CEOs and different companies are to be strongly in favour of the Yes Campaign, but all
the early running has been made by a business-focused anti-EU group. Looking at the bigger picture,
business owners in UK broadly remain in favour of still being a member of EU. According to the Financial
Times, a survey of 3,800 businesses earlier this year found 63 percent firmly believes that Britain would
suffer if they are no longer part of EU, compared to 59 percent since the end of 2014.To make it simple,
almost two-thirds of those in the eurozone said a British exit from the EU would have a negative impact on
the European economy. ( Boyle, 2015)
This just shows how being a member of EU is very crucial to large sectors in UK, particulary large
businesses. The EU is the biggest trading partner for UK and the largest single consumer market in the
world, and thus to leave it would certainly involve risk. According to official figures, Britain exported about
147 billion of UK pound worth of goods and services to members of EU last year, a fall of about two per
cent from 2013. As a whole this makes it UKs biggest partner, but UK isnt still on the individual nations.
This includes France and Germany. Anti-EU business leaders argue that UK would do better with China,
currently its third biggest trading partner, if it were able to negotiate deals outside the EU. A secondary
issue involves countries outside Europe which work with the UK because of its access to the European
market. ( 2015 )
It can be concluded that it's a combination of a lot of circumstances but is there a solution to British
Euroscepticism? Would that day come in the future that UK can be seen as happy and satisfied nation and
proud to be in the EU?
There are two simple solutions that can be done to address this problem. The common answer is
just simply maintaining the status quo but that includes the removal pressure for federalisation. It will make
it a distant aspiration rather than non-stop priority. Bottomline, the removal of federalisation will result to the
removal of the most opposition to the European Union. The other solution however requires complete and
formal restructure of the EU, giving it a more regional quality, with only very few powers held at a federal
level. This is obviously a better solution than the previous one but to face the reality, no country in Europe
is bold enough to submit this proposal for reform.

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