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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
7. Swinburne’s Test
10. Open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer
AIM:
To conduct open circuit test and load test on a separately excited DC Generator and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C . External Characteristics Load characteristics and
D. Performance Characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100
MODEL GRAPH:
A B&C D
Eg Eg & VL η
If
If Ia Po
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position and the field
rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4. Start the motor by using 3-point starter.
5. The field rheostat of the motor (ie., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed.
6. Emf generated in the generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field rheostat
of the generator. Readings are noted up to 125% of the rated voltage.
7 . Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg).
Note: The adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the previous readings
and the new one won’t be same due to residual magnetism. So, the adjustment of field rheostat
should be in one direction.
8. Draw the open circuited curve from the tabulated values.
LOAD TEST:
1. Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2. DPST Switch of single-phase rheostatic load is closed.
3. Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4. Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5. Tabulate the Input voltage, Input current, terminal Voltage and Armature current for different
load values.
6. While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated
voltage.(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its
original position and supply is switched off.
TABULATION:
If (A)
Eg (V)
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
To find Ra
S.No Voltage in (V) Current in (A) Resistance in ohms
RESULT:
Open circuit and load test is conducted on a separately excited DC generator and the
characteristics are drawn.
AIM:
To conduct open circuit test and load test on a self excited DC Generator and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C. External Characteristics Load characteristics and
D. Performance Characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100
MODEL GRAPH:
A B&C D
Eg Eg & VL η
If
If Ia Po
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
LOAD TEST:
1) Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2) DPST Switch of single-phase rheostatic load is closed.
3) Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4) Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5) Tabulate the Input voltage, Input current, terminal Voltage and Armature current for different
load values.
6) While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated
voltage.(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7) Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its
original position and supply is switched off.
TABULATION:
If (A)
Eg (V)
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
RESULT:
Open circuit and load test is conducted on a self excited DC generator and the characteristics
are drawn.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
MODEL GRAPH:
V & Eg Eg
cumulative
V
V
Eg diff
IL
PROCEDURE:
NOTE: If the shunt field is connected across both the armature and series field, it is long shunt and if
the shunt field is connected across the armature only then it is called short shunt.
TABULATION
RESULT:
The load test is conducted and the load characteristics of the given DC compound generator are
drawn.
AIM:
To conduct load test on the given on DC shunt motor and to draw the following characteristic
curves.
A. Armature current Vs Torque (Electrical Characteristics)
B. Speed Vs Torque (Mechanical Characteristics)
C. Performance characteristics
a. Output power Vs Speed
b. Output power Vs Current
c. Output power Vs Torque
d. Output power Vs Efficiency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.4 A 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1.F=[F1-F2] Kg.
Where F = Force in Kg.
F1, F2= Spring Balance readings in Kg.
MODEL GRAPH:
A B C
T N
η T Ia N
I T Pout
PROCEDURE:
S.No Input Input Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Output Efficinecy
Voltag Current Reading N T Power Power Pout * 100
e Iin F1 F2 F1~F2 Pin Pout
Vin Pin
Unit Volts Amps Kg kg Kg RPM Nm Watts Watts %
RESULT:
Thus the load test on a DC shunt motor is conducted and the performance characteristic curves
are drawn.
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC compound motor and to draw the following characteristic
curves
A. Armature current Vs Speed
B. Speed Vs Torque
C. Performance characteristics
o Output power Vs Speed
o Output power Vs Current
o Output power Vs Torque
o Output power Vs Efficiency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
1. F=(F1~F2) Kg.
Where, F = Force in Kg.
F1,F2 = Spring Balance readings in Kg.
2. T = 9.81* F *R
Where, T = Torque in N-m
R = Radius of the Brake Drum in meter.
MODEL GRAPH:
N A N B Ia C
T
η
Ia T Pout
PROCEDURE:
TABULATION:
S.No Input Input Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Outpu Efficinecy
Voltage Current Reading N T Powe t Pout * 100
Vin Iin F1 F2 F1~F2 r Power Pin
Pin Pout
Unit Volts Amps Kg kg Kg RPM Nm Watts Watts %
RESULT:
Thus the load test on a DC Compound motor is conducted and the characteristic curves are drawn.
AIM:
To conduct load test on a DC series motor and to draw the performance characteristic curves.
A. Armature current Vs Torque (Electrical Characteristics)
B. Speed Vs Torque (Mechanical Characteristics)
C. Performance characteristics
a. Output power Vs Speed
b. Output power Vs Current
c. Output power Vs Torque
d. Output power Vs Efficiency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4. Thread
5. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1.F=[F1-F2] Kg.
Where F = Force in Kg.
F1, F2= Spring Balance readings in Kg.
MODEL GRAPH:
A B C
T I T
N
I T Pout
PROCEDURE:
TABULATION:
S.No Input Input Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Output Efficinecy
Voltage Current Reading N T Power Power Pout * 100
Vin Iin F1 F2 F1~F2 Pin Pout Pin
Unit Volts Amps Kg kg Kg RPM Nm Watts Watts %
RESULT:
The load test is conducted and the performance characteristics curves are drawn for the given
DC series motor.
7. SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM:
To conduct the Swinburne’s test (or) loss summation test on the given DC shunt motor and to
predetermine the efficiency of a DC machine operating as
1. a motor
2. a generator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.4 A 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
η Gen η Gen
Mot Mot
X Pout
PROCEDURE:
TABULATION:
EFFICIENCY AS A MOTOR
S.No Fraction Load Input Armature Copper Total Loss Output Efficinecy
of Load Current Power Current Loss PL=Wc+Wcu Power Pout * 100
IL Pin=Vin*IL Ia=IL-If Wcu=Ia2Ra Pout=Pin- Pin
=12*x PL
Unit X Amps Watts Amps Watts Watts Watts %
EFFICIENCY AS A GENERATOR
S.No Fraction Load Input Armature Copper Total Loss Output Efficinecy
of Load Current Power Current Loss PL=Wc+Wcu Power Pout * 100
IL=12*x Pout=VL*IL Ia=IL+If Wcu=Ia2Ra Pin=Pout+PL Pin
Unit x Amps Watts Amps Watts Watts Watts %
RESULT:
Thus the swinburne’s test is conducted on the given DC shunt motor and the
performance(Efficiency)characteristics are obtained for the machine running as a motor and as a
generator.
AIM:
To Control the speed of the given DC Shunt motor by the following methods.
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.4 A 1
55 Ω/ 4.6 A 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA:
Back EMF Eb= Va- IaRa
MODEL GRAPH:
1.
2.
N Eb
If N
PROCEDURE:
A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and the field
rheostat is kept at minimum position .
3.By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4.Start the motor by using 3 point starter.
5.For armature control method, keep the field current constant by adjusting the field rheostat
connected in the field circuit.
6.Vary the rheostat connected in the armature circuit and note the corresponding armature
voltage, armature current and speed and tabulate it.
1.For field control method keep the armature voltage as constant by adjusting the rheostat
connected to the armature circuit.
2.Vary the rheostat connected in the field circuit and for each setting note the corresponding
field current and speed and tabulate it.
TABULATION:
RESULT:
The speed control of DC Shunt motor is conducted and the curves are drawn.
AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase transformer and to draw the performance
characteristics curves.
1. Efficiency Vs Output Power
2. Regulation Vs Output Power.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
(0-10)A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-20) A MI 1
FORMULA USED:
% reg
Pout
PROCEDURE
TABULATION:
RESULT
Thus the load test on the single phase transformer is conducted and the characteristic
curves are drawn. The tested transformer attains maximum overall efficiency of______________ at
an output power of
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
I. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters:
1 . No load power factor Cosφ o = Wo/VoIo
Where Vo = Open circuit voltage in Volts
Io = Open circuit current in Amps
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
2 . Working component of no load current Iw = IoCosφ o
3 . Magnetizing component of no load current Iµ = IoSinφ o
4 . Ro = Vo/Iw
5 . Xo = Vo/ Iµ
6 . Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
7 . Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2
8 . Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = √Zo22-Ro22
9 . Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
10.Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
11. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2
η 1 η 1
0.8 0.8
lead pf lag pf
Pout X - % reg
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
R e’ Xe’ Re Xe
PROCEDURE
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated current across the primary windings and
the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6.Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (Ro1 & Xo1) of the equivalent circuit
are calculated.
TABULATION:
Open Circuit Test
No load Voltage No Load Current Wattmeter Reading
Vo in Volts Io in Amps Wo in Watts
RESULT:
Thus the open circuit test and short circuit test is conducted on a single-phase transformer and,
i. The equivalent circuit parameters are found out. The equivalent circuit parameters of the
given transformer are
Ro = Xo=
R01= R02=
ii. The performance curves of the transformer are determined at various loads and power
factors.
AIM:
• To conduct Sumpner’s test on two similar single-phase transformers.
• To draw equivalent circuit of each transformer with reference to high voltage and low
voltage sides.
• To predetermine the percentage efficiency and percentage regulation of each transformer at
any load and to draw the performance characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
1. Open circuit parameters of each transformer
Vo = V1
Io = I1/2
Wo = W1/2
2. Short circuit parameters of each transformer
Vsc = V2/2
Isc = I2
Wsc = W2/2
3. No load power factor Cosφ o = Wo/VoIo
Where Vo = Open circuit voltage in Volts
Io = Open circuit current in Amps
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
4.Working component of no load current Iw = IoCosφ o
5.Magnetizing component of no load current Iµ = IoSinφ o
6.Ro = Vo/Iw
7.Xo = Vo/ Iµ
8.Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
9.Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2
10.Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = √Zo22-Ro22
11.Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
12.Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
13.Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2
PROCEDURE
1.Connections were given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Verify whether the auto transformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3.Keeping the switch S as open, 230V,1φ ,50HZ AC supply is given to the auto transformer by
closing the DPST switch.
4.Auto transformer1 is adjusted and rated voltage is applied to LV side of test transformer.
5.If the voltmeter connected across the switch reads zero, then switch S is closed.
6.The auto transformer2 is adjusted such that the ammeter reads the required secondary rated
current.
7.The corresponding readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
8. Bring the auto transformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
9.The wattmeter in the secondary gives the total copper loss for both the transformer and
wattmeter reading in the primary gives the core loss for both the transformers
TABULATION:
BACK TO BACK TEST OF 2 TRANSFORMERS
S.No V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2
Unit Volts Amps Watts Volts Amps Watts
PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY
RESULT:
The sumpner’s test is conducted on the given 2 identical single phase transformer. The
equivalent circuit parameters of the given transformer are
Ro =
Xo=
R01=
R02=
The performance curves of the transformer are determined at various loads and power factors.
AIM:
To separate the iron losses in a single phase transformer into its components
a. Hysterisis losses and
b. Eddy current losses
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-1)A MI 1
3. Wattmeter 300V, 5A LPF 1
350Ω /1.4 2
4. Rheostat A 2
55Ω /4.6 A
5. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1. Frequency f = PN/120 HZ
MODEL GRAPH
Wi / f
Ce = slope
Ch
f
41
PROCEDURE:
42
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and
the field rheostat is kept at minimum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230 V DC Supply is given.
4. Start the motor by using the 4 Point Starter.
5. The field rheostat of the alternator is adjusted to have a rated voltage.
6. Keeping the field rheostat of the motor constant, the armature rheostat is varied and
the following speed, voltage and power are noted.
7. The procedure is repeated for different speeds and the readings are noted.
TABULATION:
RESULT:
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13. THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
AIM:
To make and study scott (open delta or V-V) connections using 3 phase
transformers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
TABULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the Scott connection is verified.
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