TQFT

Topological quantum field theory:
symmetries and defects

Nils Carqueville
Uni Wien & Erwin Schr
odinger Institute
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
geometric
Langlands
(quantum)
computing
beauty
beauty
(?)
cobordism
hypothesis
(higher)
categories
topological
quantum
field
theory
quantum
field theory
nature
knot
invariants
conformal
field theory
Basic features of quantum physics

physical states described by vector space V

observables (energy, position,. . . ) described by linear operators on V

time evolution of V described by linear map Ut

time evolution of V described by linear map Ut ,
in quantum mechanics (= 1-dimensional quantum field theory):
i
=H
t
(t) = Ut (0)
Ut = eiHt

i
=H
t
(t) = Ut (0)
Ut+t0 = Ut Ut0
Ut = eiHt

i
=H
t
(t) = Ut (0)
Ut+t0 = Ut Ut0
similar for any quantum field theory
Ut = eiHt

i
=H
t
(t) = Ut (0)
Ut+t0 = Ut Ut0
similar for any quantum field theory
Idea: axiomatise key properties of path integral
Ut = eiHt
Categories
A category C consists of
a set of objects , , , . . .,
sets Hom(, ) of morphisms for all objects , ,
composition maps Hom(, ) Hom(, ) Hom(, )
which are associative and unital.
Abstracts
Categories
A category C consists of Equivariant completion
a set of objects , , , .Nils
. ., Carqueville
(joint work with Ingo Runkel)
Y0
X
Recall the basic setting of a bicategory B, which one may think of as a monoidal
category with labels. We denote objects of B by a, b, . . ., generic 1-morphisms by
X, Y, . . ., units by Ia , and 2-morphisms by , , . . .. Composition of 1-morphisms
is written as , and we have two (Poincare dual) graphical depictions at our
disposal:
Y
A
*
X
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Categories
. ., Carqueville
Y0
X
A functor C C 0 maps objects to objects and morphisms to morphisms,

preserving
units and compositions.
is written as , and we have two (Poincare dual) graphical depictions at our
disposal:
Y
A
*
X
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Categories
. ., Carqueville
Y0
X

preserving
Examples.
, and we have two (Poincare dual) graphical depictions at our
C is=written
Vectkas: objects
= k-vector spaces, morphisms = linear maps
disposal:
Y
A
*
X
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Categories
. ., Carqueville
Y0
X

preserving
Examples.
C is=written
Vect as: objects
disposal: k
C = Mfld: (smooth) manifolds and smooth maps
Y
*
X
=
b
Abstracts
Categories
. ., Carqueville
Y0
A

preserving
Examples.
C is=written
Vect as: objects
disposal: k
C = Mfld: (smooth) manifolds and smooth maps
Y
Y
A
C = Bordn : (n 1)-dimensional
compact manifolds
M, N, . . . and
Z

A
a
*
b
c
=
b
a
a
c t Nb /diffeomorphisms
n-dimensional manifolds with = M
X
Topological quantum field theory (`

a la Atiyah-Segal)
An n -dimensional closed TQFT is a symmetric monoidal functor

Z : Bordn , t, VectC , C , C
Atiyah 1988

a la Atiyah-Segal)

Why?
Atiyah 1988

a la Atiyah-Segal)

Why?
Z(M ) = space of physical states
Atiyah 1988

a la Atiyah-Segal)

Why?

Z : M N = time evolution
Atiyah 1988

a la Atiyah-Segal)

Why?

functoriality Z( 0 ) = Z() Z(0 ) captures Ut+t0 = Ut Ut0
Atiyah 1988

a la Atiyah-Segal)

Why?

functoriality Z( 0 ) = Z() Z(0 ) captures Ut+t0 = Ut Ut0
Z(M t M 0 ) = Z(M ) C Z(M 0 ) captures many-particle systems
Atiyah 1988
and
only if p C"n , quantum
and f (p) = 1 iffield
and only
if p C(`
.
m
"a
Topological
theory
la Atiyah-Segal)
nor
contain any critical
"-dimensional
AnCnm
closedpoints.
TQFT is a symmetric monoidal functor
al points of f have pairwise
distinct critical
values.

"
n
Z : Bord , t, Vect , , C
C
C
ndard techniques, one shows thatnevery open-closed cobordism
M 2Cobext ["n, m]
"
l Morse function f : M . Since M is compact and since all non-degenerate
re Why?
isolated, the set of critical points of f is a finite set. If neither a
nor
l values Z(M
of f , )the
N := f 1states
([a, b]) forms an open-closed cobordism with
= pre-image
space of physical
b}) and 1 N = 1 M N. If [a, b] does not contain any critical value of f , then
eomorphic to the cylinder f 1 ({a}) [0, 1].
0 ) captures U
0
Ut Utpoints
functoriality
Z(
0 ) =
Z(the
g proposition
classifies
in terms
of Z()
Morsedata
non-degenerate
t+t0 =critical
0
0
on open-closed
cobordisms.
Z(M t M ) = Z(M ) C Z(M ) captures many-particle systems
" be a connected open-closed cobordism and f : M

8. Let M 2Cobext ["n, m]
function
that f=has
precisely
one of
critical
point.
Then Mdecomposable
is equivalent tointo
one
Bord2such
: objects
disjoint
unions
circles,
morphisms
open-closed cobordisms:
A
A
compositions
Atiyah 1988
(3.25)
A
2d closed TQFT: algebraic description

Theorem.
2d closed TQFTs are commutative Frobenius algebras.
d, the set of critical points of f is a finite set. If neither a

nor
f , the pre-image N := f 1 ([a, b]) forms an open-closed cobordism with
N = 1 M N . If [a, b] does not contain any critical value of f , then
c to the cylinder f 1 ({a}) [0, 1].
ion Theorem.
classifies in terms of Morse data the non-degenerate critical points
osed2d
cobordisms.
closed TQFTs are commutative Frobenius algebras.
" be a connected open-closed cobordism and f : M

2Cobext ["n, m]
uch that f has precisely one critical point. Then M is equivalent to one
Proof sketch: For TQFT Z : Bord2 VectC , set H
d cobordisms:
Z
A
: H H H
C
(3.25)
ons
(3.26)
open-closed cobordisms embedded in 3 and are drawn in such a way

e drawing plane is f . The source is at the top, and the target at the
18
= Z(S 1 ) VectC .
1. The
object !npoints
= (0), of
i.e.fthe
C!n set.
= S If
, forms
a commutative
d, the set
of critical
is circle
a finite
neither
a
nor Frobenius algebra object.
(3.33)
=
=
c to the cylinder f 1 ({a}) [0,=
1].
ion Theorem.
classifies in terms of Morse data the non-degenerate critical points
osed2d
cobordisms.
" be a connected
:M
2Cobext ["n, m]
=open-closed cobordism and f
=
=
Proof
sketch:
For
TQFT
Z
:
Bord
Vect
,
set
H
=
2
C
dTHE
cobordisms:
CATEGORY OF
3 OPEN-CLOSED
THE CATEGORY
COBORDISMS
OF OPEN-CLOSED COBORDISMS
(3.34)
Z(S 1 ) VectC .
21
(3.35)
=is associative,
=
commutative, unital:
Z
: H H H
(3.25)
1
1. The object !n = (0), i.e.
1. The
the circle
objectC!n
(0),
, forms
i.e. thea circle
commutative
C!n = S 1Frobenius
, forms a commutative
algebra object.
Frobenius algebra o
!
n = S
ons
=
=
(3.33)
= (3.36)
(3.26)
2. The object !n =
(1), i.e. the interval C!n
= I, forms
a symmetric
Frobenius
algebra object.
(3.34)=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= at the
=
e drawing plane is f . The source
is at the top, and the target
18
(3.37)
(3.35)
(3.38)
(3.36)
1. The
object
!npoints
= (0), identities:
i.e.fthe
C!n set.
= S If
, forms
a commutative
d,
thesatisfy
set
of critical
of
is circle
a finite
neither
a
ely,
the
zig-zag
(3.33)
=
=
1].
ion Theorem.
classifies in terms of Morse data the non-degenerate
critical
points
=
=
osed2d
cobordisms.
(3
" be a connected
:M
2Cobext ["n, m]
(3.34)
=
=
1 ) Vect .
Proof
sketch:
For
TQFT
Z
:
Bord
Vect
,
set
H
=
Z(S
2 the left C
C
dTHE
cobordisms:
ows
directly
from
relations,
and right unit laws,
CATEGORY
OF
3 the
OPEN-CLOSED
THEFrobenius
CATEGORY
COBORDISMS
OF OPEN-CLOSED
COBORDISMS
21 and the
left

nit laws. From
Equations
(3.40) and (3.37), the pairing can be shown to be symme
(3.35)
=is associative,
=
: H H H
iant, Z
1
1 (3.25)

1. The
the circle
objectC!n
(0),, forms
i.e. thea circle
commutative
C!n = S Frobenius
algebra object.
Frobenius algebra o
!
n = S
ons
C
=
=
=
(3
(3.33)
= (3.36)
same holds for the copairing. Similarly, we define the closed pairing and the clo
.
(3.26)
:
2. The object !n = (1), i.e. theinterval C= I, forms a symmetric Frobenius algebra object.
!
n
pairing h, i = :=
Z
: H H :=C
=
= at the
=
18
22
(3.34)
=
(3
(3.37)
(3.35)
(3.38)
(3.36)
1. The
object
!npoints
= (0), identities:
i.e.fthe
C!n set.
= S If
, forms
a commutative
d,
thesatisfy
set
of critical
of
is circle
a finite
neither
a
ely,
the
zig-zag
(3.33)
=
=
1].
ion Theorem.
classifies in terms of Morse data the non-degenerate
critical
points
=
=
osed2d
cobordisms.
(3
" be a connected
:M
2Cobext ["n, m]
(3.34)
=
=
1 ) Vect .
Proof
sketch:
For
TQFT
Z
:
Bord
Vect
,
set
H
=
Z(S
2 the left C
C
dTHE
cobordisms:
ows
directly
from
relations,
and right unit laws,
CATEGORY
OF
3 the
OPEN-CLOSED
THEFrobenius
CATEGORY
COBORDISMS
OF OPEN-CLOSED
COBORDISMS
21 and the
left

nit laws. From
Equations
(3.40) and (3.37), the pairing can be shown to be symme
(3.35)
=is associative,
=
: H H H
iant, Z
1
1 (3.25)

1. The
the circle
objectC!n
(0),, forms
i.e. thea circle
commutative
C!n = S Frobenius
algebra object.
Frobenius algebra o
!
n = S
ons
C
=
=
=
(3
(3.33)
= (3.36)
same holds for the copairing. Similarly, we define the closed pairing and the clo
.
(3.26)
:
3 THE
OPEN-CLOSED
COBORDISMS
23
2. The
objectCATEGORY
!n = (1), i.e. OF
the
interval C= I, forms
a symmetric Frobenius algebra object.
!
n
pairing h, i = :=
Z
These also satisfy the

zig-zag identities,
=
= at the
=
18
(3.34)
=
: H H :=C is non-degenerate:
22=
=
and the closed pairing is symmetric and invariant,
(3.35)
(3.50)
(3
(3.37)
(3.38)
(3.36)
2d closed TQFT
2d closed TQFT
Examples.
G finite Abelian group, k field, group algebra:
H = k[G] ,
hg, hi = g,h1
2d closed TQFT
Examples.
H = k[G] ,
hg, hi = g,h1
M complex manifold, Dolbeault cohomology :

Z
H = H(M ) ,
h, i =
2d closed TQFT
Examples.
H = k[G] ,
hg, hi = g,h1
M complex manifold, Dolbeault cohomology :

Z
H = H(M ) ,
h, i =
W R = C[x1 , . . . , xn ] isolated singularity, Milnor algebra:

f g dx1 . . . dxn
H = R/(x1 W, . . . , xn W ) ,
hf, gi = Res
x1 W . . . xn W
2d open/closed TQFT
Next step: add more structure to bordism category.
2d open/closed TQFT
Let B be a set. Call elements a, b, c, . . . B boundary conditions.
2d open/closed TQFT
o/c
Bord2 (B) is the category with:

objects are disjoint unions of circles and intervals Iab with endpoints
labelled by a, b B:
a
b
Iab
2.2d
f (p)
= 0 if and only ifTQFT
p C"n , and f (p) = 1 if and only if p Cm
".
open/closed
3. Neither C"n nor Cm
" contain any critical points.
4. The critical points of f have pairwise distinct critical values.
Using the standard techniques, one shows that every open-closed cobordism M 2C
dmits
a o/c
special Morse function f : M . Since M is compact and since all non
Bord
2 (B) is the category with:
ritical points are isolated, the set of critical points of f is a finite set. If neither
disjoint
of circles
and
intervals
Iab with
endpoints cob
areobjects
critical are
values
of f , unions
the pre-image
N :=
f 1
([a, b]) forms
an open-closed
1
labelled
by
a,
b
B:
({a, b}) and 1 N = 1 M N . If [a, b] does not contain any critical valu
0N = f
1
([a, b]) is diffeomorphic to the cylinder f 1 ({a}) [0, 1].
b
b non-degenerate
c
The following proposition classifies ain terms
of Morsec datac the
cr
Iab
hat can occur on open-closed cobordisms.
" be a connected open-closed cobordism and

Proposition 3.8. Let M 2Cobext ["n, m]
special morphisms
Morse function
such that fdecomposable
has precisely one
are bordisms,
intocritical point. Then M is equiv
f the following open-closed cobordisms:
A
A
A
r to one of the compositions
2d open/closed TQFT: algebraic description

Theorem.
o/c
A 2d open/closed TQFT Z : Bord2 (B) VectC
Lazaroiu 2000, Lauda/Pfeiffer 2005, Moore/Segal 2006

Theorem.
o/c
A 2d open/closed TQFT Z : Bord2 (B) VectC is
a commutative Frobenius algebra H = Z(S 1 )

Theorem.
o/c
a commutative Frobenius algebra H = Z(S 1 ),

a Calabi-Yau category O with objects B and HomO (a, b) = Z(Iab )
ws that every open-closed cobordism M 2Cobext ["n, m]

"
. Since M is compact and since all non-degenerate
itical points of f is a finite set. If neither a
nor
e N := f 1 ([a, b]) forms an open-closed cobordism with
. If [a, b] does not contain any critical value of f , then
r f 1 ({a}) [0, 1].
terms of Morse data the non-degenerate critical points
.
] be a connected open-closed cobordism and f : M
recisely one critical point. Then M is equivalent to one
Theorem.
o/c
a commutative Frobenius algebra H = Z(S 1 ),
a Calabi-Yau category O with objects B and HomO (a, b) = Z(Iab )

: H EndO (a))
(plus compatibility constraints on Z
(3.25)
(3.26)
(3.45)

Theorem.
o/c
elationsa commutative Frobenius algebra H = Z(S 1 ),

a Calabi-Yau
category
O be
with
objects B
andtheHomO (a, b) = Z(Iab )
e additional
diffeomorphisms
that can
constructed
from
3.10.
To simplify
Proof
sketch:the diagrams, we define:
Z
:=
: HomO (a,:=
b) HomO (b, a) C (3.46)
which we sometimes call the open pairing and open copairing,

dentities:
(3.47)
robenius relations, the left and right unit laws, and the left and
ons (3.40) and (3.37), the pairing can be shown to be symmetric
(3.45)
= (1), i.e. the interval C!n = I, forms a symmetric Frobenius algebra object.
(3
Theorem.
(3.37)
=
=
= o/c
A 2d open/closed
TQFT
Z i.e.
: Bord
Vect
C is
2. The object
!n = (1),
the interval
C!n =
I, forms
a symmetric
Frobenius algebra obje
2 (B)
=a Calabi-Yau category
= objects B and
=
= O (a, b)
= = Z(Iab )
with
e additional
diffeomorphisms that =can
be
constructed
from(3.38)
theHom
(3
3.10.
To simplify
Proof
Z
:=
(3.39)
= (a,:=
= Hom
=O (b, a) C symmetric,
= non-degenerate:
=
: Hom
b)
O
(3.46)
which we sometimes call

the open pairing and open copairing,
(3.40)
=
=
=
dentities:
forms an algebra homomorphism:
3. The zipper
(3
(3
(3
(3.47)
=
(3.41)
describes the knowledge about the centre, c.f. (2.12):

(3
(3.45)
(3
Theorem.
(3.37)
=
=
= o/c
A 2d open/closed
TQFT
Z i.e.
: Bord
Vect
C is
2. The object
!n = (1),
the interval
C!n =
I, forms
a symmetric
2 (B)
= objects B and
=
= O (a, b)
= = Z(Iab )
with
e additional
be
constructed
from(3.38)
theHom
(3
3.10.
To simplify
Proof
Z
:=
(3.39)
= (a,:=
= Hom
= non-degenerate:
=
: Hom
b)
O
(3.46)

(3.40)
=
=
=
dentities:
(3
Examples.
forms
an algebra homomorphism:

=
=
(3.47)
k=field, G finite
group: O = mod k[G]
= Rep(G)
3. The zipper
(3
(3
=
(3.41)

(3
(3.45)
(3
Theorem.
(3.37)
=
=
= o/c
A 2d open/closed
TQFT
Z i.e.
: Bord
Vect
C is
2. The object
!n = (1),
the interval
C!n =
I, forms
a symmetric
2 (B)
= objects B and
=
= O (a, b)
= = Z(Iab )
with
e additional
be
constructed
from(3.38)
theHom
(3
3.10.
To simplify
Proof
Z
:=
(3.39)
= (a,:=
= Hom
= non-degenerate:
=
: Hom
b)
O
(3.46)

(3.40)
=
=
=
dentities:
(3
(3
Examples.
forms
=
=Rep(G)
(3.47)
k=field, G finite
group: O = mod k[G] =
M complex
manifold:
=
=
(3.41)
an algebra
homomorphism:
3. The zipper
O = bounded
derived forms
category
of coherent
sheaves on M
(3

(3
(3.45)
(3
Theorem.
(3.37)
=
=
= o/c
A 2d open/closed
TQFT
Z i.e.
: Bord
Vect
C is
2. The object
!n = (1),
the interval
C!n =
I, forms
a symmetric
2 (B)
= objects B and
=
= O (a, b)
= = Z(Iab )
with
e additional
be
constructed
from(3.38)
theHom
(3
3.10.
To simplify
Proof
Z
:=
(3.39)
= (a,:=
= Hom
= non-degenerate:
=
: Hom
b)
O
(3.46)

(3.40)
=
=
=
dentities:
Examples.
forms
=
=Rep(G)
(3.47)
k=field, G finite
group: O = mod k[G] =
M complex
manifold:
=
=
(3.41)
an algebra
homomorphism:
3. The zipper
O = bounded
derived forms
category
of coherent
sheaves on M
(3.37),
C[x1 , .the
. . ,pairing
xn ] isolated
ons (3.40)Wand
can be singularity:
shown to be symmetric
O = homotopy category of matrix

= factorisations
=
(3
(3
(3
(3
2d defect TQFT
Fix a set D2 of phases, and a set D1 of defect conditions.
2d defect TQFT
Bord2def(D2 , D1 ) is (roughly) the category with:
objects = disjoint unions of circles with marked points labelled by
X, Y, Z, . . . D1 , and line segments labelled by , , , . . . D2
2d defect TQFT
morphisms = bordisms with embedded 1-dim. submanifolds S

labelled by D1
2d defect TQFT

labelled by D1 ; components of \ S labelled by D2
2d defect TQFT

2d defect TQFT

O1+
O2+ Y
in
out
O1!
in
Figure 7: A world-sheet with defect lines from (O1 , O2 ) to (O1! ). The shaded regions of the
annuli indicate the subsets O1+ , O2+ and O1! . The maps in and out are defined in the
shaded regions and map the solid circle |z| = 1 to the boundary of the world-sheet.
which preserves the orientation, the boundaries, and the one-dimensional submanifolds
with their orientation.
(W.iv) out is a smooth injective isometry from the disjoint union O1! ! O2! ! ! On!
to W with the same properties as in (W.iii).
We refer to the boundary components of W in the image of in as in-going, and to those in
2d defect TQFT

O1+
O2+ Y
in
out
O1!
in
Figure 7: A world-sheet with defect lines from (O1 , O2 ) to (O1! ). The shaded regions of the
annuli indicate the subsets O1+ , O2+ and O1! . The maps in and out are defined in the
Figure 1: When a sum over intermedia

lines, the intermediate states lie in a t
which preserves the orientation, the boundaries, and the one-dimensional submanifolds
r
|!
2d defect TQFT

O1+
O2+ Y
in
O1!
out
in
!
1
Figure 7: A world-sheet with defect lines from (O , O ) to (O ). The

shaded 1:
regions
of the a sum over intermedia
Figure
When
A 2d annuli
defect
TQFT
monoidal
indicate
the subsets is
O a
, Osymmetric
and O . The maps
and functor
are defined in the
+
1
+
2
!
1
in
out
Z : Borddef (D , D ) Vect
which preserves the orientation, the boundaries,

2and the1one-dimensional submanifolds
C
2
r
|!
2d defect TQFT

O1+
O2+ Y
in
O1!
out
in
!
1
Figure 7: A world-sheet with defect lines from (O , O ) to (O ). The

shaded 1:
regions
of the a sum over intermedia
Figure
When
A 2d annuli
defect
TQFT
monoidal
indicate
the subsets is
O a
, Osymmetric
and O . The maps
and functor
are defined in the
+
1
+
2
!
1
in
out
Z : Borddef (D , D ) Vect
which preserves the orientation, the boundaries,

2and the1one-dimensional submanifolds
C
2
What istoaW2d
TQFT?
withdefect
the same properties
as in (W.iii).
r
|!
Bicategories
A 2-category B consists of
objects , , . . .
categories B(, ) of 1-morphisms X, Y, . . . and 2-morphisms , , . . .
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
units I B(, ) and for X B(, )
I X = X = X I , (Z Y ) X = Z (Y X)
Bicategories
A bicategory B consists of
objects , , . . .
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
units I B(, ) and for X B(, ) coherent isomorphisms
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
*
Y
basic setting of a bicategory B, which one may think of as a monoidal

h labels. We denote objects of B by a, b, . . ., generic 1-morphisms by
s by Ia , and 2-morphisms by , , . . .. Composition of 1-morphisms
Y
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
Poincare dual to string diagram
*
Y

Y
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
*
Y

, and we have two (Poincare dual) graphical

depictions
at our
Y
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
*
Y

, and we have two (Poincare dual) graphical

depictions
at our
Y
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
*
Y

, and we have two

(Poincare dual) graphical
depictions
at our
Y
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
*
Y
Y0

e dual) graphical
, and we have two

(Poincar
depictions
at our
Y
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
*
Y
Y0

e dual) graphical
, and we have two

(Poincar
depictions
at our
Y
=
b
A
a
Abstracts
Bicategories
Equivariant
objects
, , . completion
..
Nils
Carqueville
functors : B(, ) B(, ) B(, )
I X
=X
= X I , (Z Y ) X
= Z (Y X)
Y0
X
*
Y
Y0

e dual) graphical
, and we have two

(Poincar
depictions
at our
Y
=
b
A
a
Adjunction
X B(, ) has a right adjoint if there is X B(, )
Adjunction
X B(, ) has a right adjoint if there is X B(, ) and
X
= evX : X X I
= coevX : I X X
Adjunction
X
= evX : X X I
= coevX : I X X
such that the Zorro moves hold:
Zorro
Adjunction
X
= evX : X X I
= coevX : I X X

=
Adjunction
X
= evX : X X I
= coevX : I X X

=
If X is also a left adjoint then the quantum dimensions are
diml (X) =
Adjunction
X
= evX : X X I
= coevX : I X X

=
End(I )
diml (X) =
Adjunction
X
= evX : X X I
= coevX : I X X

=
End(I )
diml (X) =
End(I )
dimr (X) =
X
Adjunction
X
= evX : X X I
= coevX : I X X

=
End(I )
diml (X) =
End(I )
dimr (X) =
B is pivotal if X
= X coherently for all X.
Defect bicategories
Theorem.
A TQFT Z : Borddef
2 (D2 , D1 ) VectC gives a pivotal bicategory BZ .
Davydov/Kong/Runkel 2011
Defect bicategories
Theorem.
A TQFT Z : Borddef
Proof sketch:
objects = elements of D2 = theories
Defect bicategories
Theorem.
A TQFT Z : Borddef
Proof sketch:
1-morphisms X : = (lists of) elements of D1 = defect lines:
...
Xn
2
X3
1
X2
X1
Defect bicategories
Theorem.
A TQFT Z : Borddef
Proof sketch:
...
Xn
2
X3
1
X2
...
X1
2-morphisms = junction fields: Hom(X, Y ) = Z
Y2
Y1
X1
X2
Xn
...
Ym
Defect bicategories
Theorem.
A TQFT Z : Borddef
Proof sketch:
...
Xn
X3
X2
2-morphisms = junction fields: Hom(X, Y ) = Z
Y2
Y1
Ym
X1
X2
Xn
...
Fact. Correlators of Z are string diagrams in BZ !

Y0
...
X1
Generalised orbifolds: main idea

Main result.
Let B be pivotal, X B(, ) have invertible dimr (X), set A = X X.
Carqueville/Runkel 2012

Main result.
Everything about theory can be recovered from defect A.

Main result.
Think of A as generalised symmetry.

Main result.
Introducing X-bubbles in -correlator is scaling by dimr (X). Blowing up
all X-bubbles produces -correlator with A-defect network.
!

Main result.
!

Main result.
!
=Z

Main result.
!
=Z
=Z
Generalised orbifolds
Let B be pivotal. Its equivariant completion Beq
Carqueville/Runkel 2012, Fr
ohlich/Fuchs/Runkel/Schweigert 2009, (Fjelstad/Fr
ohlich/)Fuchs/Runkel/Schweigert 200x
Let B be pivotal. Its equivariant completion Beq has:
objects: pairs (, A) with B and A B(, ) separable
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
: I A
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
: I A
= =
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
=
: I A
=
= =
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
=
: I A
=
= =
(encoding Pachner moves)
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
=
: I A
=
= =
1-morphisms: X B(, ) that are bimodules

X
X
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
=
: I A
=
= =

X
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
=
: I A
=
= =

X
Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
=
: I A
=
= =

X
horizontal composition: tensor product over algebra

Frobenius algebra:
: AA A
=
: I A
=
= =

X
horizontal composition: tensor product over algebra

2-morphisms: Hom(X, Y ) that are bimodule maps
Constructing separable Frobenius algebras

Lemma.

Let G be finite group and let Dg B(, ) gG define group action
() Dg : B(, ) B(, )
Dg Dg 0
= Dgg0

Lemma.

() Dg : B(, ) B(, )
Then we have a separable Frobenius algebra

M
AG =
Dg
gG
Dg Dg 0
= Dgg0

Lemma.

() Dg : B(, ) B(, )
Dg Dg 0
= Dgg0

M

and
mod(AG ) Beq (, AG ), (, I )
AG =
Dg
= B(, )G
gG

Lemma.

() Dg : B(, ) B(, )
Dg Dg 0
= Dgg0

M

and
mod(AG ) Beq (, AG ), (, I )
AG =
Dg
= B(, )G
gG
Theorem.
Assume X B(, ) has invertible dimr (X).
A = X X is separable Frobenius algebra in B(, ).

Lemma.

() Dg : B(, ) B(, )
Dg Dg 0
= Dgg0

M

and
mod(AG ) Beq (, AG ), (, I )
AG =
Dg
= B(, )G
gG
Theorem.
X : (, A) (, I ) : X are mutually inverse in Beq .

Lemma.

() Dg : B(, ) B(, )
Dg Dg 0
= Dgg0

M

and
mod(AG ) Beq (, AG ), (, I )
AG =
Dg
= B(, )G
gG
Theorem.

We say that , are orbifold equivalent, .
Applications
Theorem.
There is a pivotal bicategory L (of Landau-Ginzburg models)
Carqueville/Murfet 2012
Applications
Theorem.
There is a pivotal bicategory L (of Landau-Ginzburg models) with
objects = isolated singularities W C[x1 , . . . , xn ] C[x]
Applications
Theorem.
1-morphisms X : W (x) V (z) are matrix factorisations of
V W , i. e. X Mat(C[x, z]) odd with X 2 = (V W ) id
Applications
Theorem.
V W , i. e. X Mat(C[x, z]) odd with X 2 = (V W ) id, and
"
Q
#
Q
str
i xi X
j zj X dx
dimr (X) = Res
x1 W . . . xn W
Applications
Theorem.
"
Q
#
Q
str
i xi X
j zj X dx
dimr (X) = Res
x1 W . . . xn W
Theorem. L(0, W )
= Db (CQ) for simple singularity W and Dynkin
quiver Q of same ADE type.
Carqueville/Murfet 2012, Kajiura/Saito/Takahashi 2005
Applications
Theorem.
"
Q
#
Q
str
i xi X
j zj X dx
dimr (X) = Res
x1 W . . . xn W
Theorem. L(0, W )
152
150
154
I Singularity Theory
A1
A2
A3
A4D4
D5
D6
ED67
E7
E8
Fig. 2.10. Real pictures of two-dimensional Ak -singularities Fig. 2.11. Real pictures of two-dimensional Dk -singularities
Fig. 2.12. Real pictures of two-dimensional Ek -singularities
Remark 2.50.2.
During the following classification
we shall2.53.
makeLet
several
Theorem 2.48. Let f m2 C{x} and k 1, then the following
are equivTheorem
f times
m3 C{x, y}. The following are equivalent:
use of the so-called Tschirnhaus transformation: let(3)
A be a ring and
alent:
has a unique linear factor (of multiplicity 3) and (f ) 8,
(a) f
r 3
d
d1
(3)
(3)
(a) crk(f ) 1 and (f ) = k,
+ ... +
0f A[x]
f = d x + d1 x
x and if f = x3 then f
/ %x, y 2 &3 = %x3 , x2 y 2 , xy 4 , y 6 &.
(b)
r
r
(b) f xk+1
+ x22 + . . . + x2n , that is, f is of type Ak ,
(c) f g with g {x3 + y 4 , x3 + xy 3 , x3 + y 5 }, that is, f is of type E6 , E7
1
c k+1
a
polynomial
of
degree
d
with
coefficients
in
A.
Assume
that
the
quotient
2
2
(c) f x1 + x2 + . . . + xn .
E8 .
cx yields a polynomial
:= d1 /(dd ) exists in A. Then, substituting(d)
x by
g with g {x3 + y 4 , x3 + xy 3 , x3 + y 5 }.
f
Moreover, f is of type A2012,
) = 0. It is of type Ak offordegree
some2005
2 iff
1 iff crk(f
dk with
no term of degree d 1. In other words, the isomorphism
Carqueville/Murfet
Kajiura/Saito/Takahashi
Applications
Theorem.
"
Q
#
Q
str
i xi X
j zj X dx
dimr (X) = Res
x1 W . . . xn W
Theorem. L(0, W )
Theorem.
x`1 + x1 x22 z12` + z22
x31
x31 + x42 z112 + z22

+ x1 x2
x31
x52
z118
z130
z22
z22
D`+1 A2`1
E6 A11

Db (CQD`+1 )
= Db (CQA2`1 )
Db (CQE )
= Db (CQA )
6
11
E7 A17 D (CQE7 )
= Db (CQA17 )

E8 A29 Db (CQE8 )
= Db (CQA29 )
b
Carqueville/Murfet 2012, Kajiura/Saito/Takahashi 2005, Carqueville/Runkel 2012, Carqueville/Ros Camacho/Runkel 2013
Group
Flavio Montiel Montoya (Phd since October 2014):
Landau-Ginzburg models and matrix factorisations
categorified link invariants (`a la Khovanov-Rozansky)
Group
Gregor Schaumann (postdoc starting October 2015):

fusion categories and tricategories
3d defect TQFT
Group
Gregor Schaumann (postdoc starting October 2015):

fusion categories and tricategories
3d defect TQFT
??? (12 Phds starting October 2015):
Calabi-Yau completions?
2d/4d correspondences?
3d TQFT?
Theorem. (Orbifold equivalence )

Assume X B(, ) has invertible dimr (X). Then:


B ,
= Beq (, I ), (, A) for all B.
!
=Z
=Z

TQFT

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Topological quantum field theory:

symmetries and defects

Basic features of quantum physics

Basic features of quantum physics

Basic features of quantum physics

Basic features of quantum physics

Basic features of quantum physics

Basic features of quantum physics

Basic features of quantum physics

A functor C C 0 maps objects to objects and morphisms to morphisms,

A functor C C 0 maps objects to objects and morphisms to morphisms,

A functor C C 0 maps objects to objects and morphisms to morphisms,

A functor C C 0 maps objects to objects and morphisms to morphisms,

Topological quantum field theory (`

Topological quantum field theory (`

Topological quantum field theory (`

Z(M ) = space of physical states

Topological quantum field theory (`

Z(M ) = space of physical states

Topological quantum field theory (`

Z(M ) = space of physical states

functoriality Z( 0 ) = Z() Z(0 ) captures Ut+t0 = Ut Ut0

Topological quantum field theory (`

Z(M ) = space of physical states

functoriality Z( 0 ) = Z() Z(0 ) captures Ut+t0 = Ut Ut0

Z(M t M 0 ) = Z(M ) C Z(M 0 ) captures many-particle systems

" be a connected open-closed cobordism and f : M

2d closed TQFT: algebraic description

d, the set of critical points of f is a finite set. If neither a

2d closed TQFT: algebraic description

" be a connected open-closed cobordism and f : M

open-closed cobordisms embedded in 3 and are drawn in such a way

2d closed TQFT: algebraic description

open-closed cobordisms embedded in 3 and are drawn in such a way

2d closed TQFT: algebraic description

1. The object !n = (0), i.e.

open-closed cobordisms embedded in 3 and are drawn in such a way

2d closed TQFT: algebraic description

1. The object !n = (0), i.e.

open-closed cobordisms embedded in 3 and are drawn in such a way

These also satisfy the

M complex manifold, Dolbeault cohomology :

M complex manifold, Dolbeault cohomology :

W R = C[x1 , . . . , xn ] isolated singularity, Milnor algebra:

Bord2 (B) is the category with:

Next step: add more structure to bordism category.

4. The critical points of f have pairwise distinct critical values.

Let B be a set. Call elements a, b, c, . . . B boundary conditions.

" be a connected open-closed cobordism and

2d open/closed TQFT: algebraic description

Lazaroiu 2000, Lauda/Pfeiffer 2005, Moore/Segal 2006

2d open/closed TQFT: algebraic description

Lazaroiu 2000, Lauda/Pfeiffer 2005, Moore/Segal 2006

2d open/closed TQFT: algebraic description

a commutative Frobenius algebra H = Z(S 1 ),

Lazaroiu 2000, Lauda/Pfeiffer 2005, Moore/Segal 2006

Lazaroiu 2000, Lauda/Pfeiffer 2005, Moore/Segal 2006

ws that every open-closed cobordism M 2Cobext ["n, m]

2d open/closed TQFT: algebraic description

2d open/closed TQFT: algebraic description

elationsa commutative Frobenius algebra H = Z(S 1 ),

which we sometimes call the open pairing and open copairing,

2d open/closed TQFT: algebraic description