muiw gRD muie garda forza steaua

?i care a contribuit la dezvoltarea prozei artistice n cadrul literaturii ruse.

Scrieri
1791/1792: Scrisorile unui cltor rus (Pis'ma russkogo pute?estvennika, ?????? ????
???? ???????????????)
1792: Srmana Liza (Bednaia Liza, ?????? ????)
1792: Natalia, fiica boierului (Natalia, boiarskaia do, ???????, ???????? ????)
1802: Marfa, so?ia guvernatorului (Marfa-posadnitsa, ?????-?????????)
1816 - 1826: Istoria statului rus (Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo, ??????? ???
???????? ???????????).
1)Post-War Europe, 1945-49
Human consequences of the War:
-Loss of war: 35-40 million military and civilian deaths.
-Six million Jews perished.
-Male losses led to Europe becoming a continent of women and children .
-Displaced persons: refugees, prisoner of War camp survivors.
- Population transfers /expulsions: over 10 million Germans fled or were expelled fr
om central and eastern Europe countries between 1945-58.
-Purges of collaborators: In France, the puration lgale 1944-49 let to over 700 ex
ecutions, but many more were dealt with the puration sauvage, where resistance le
aders targeted those who had worked for the Germans.
-Denazification: dealt with 22 major Nazi figures and resulted in 10 executions.
-Breakdown of morality: starving people willing to break all moral codes to get
their next meal. Looting and theft were common, black market, lawless revenge on
collaborators; children fathered by German soldiers in occupied countries were
treated badly.
Socio-economic consequences:
-Destruction of urban centers and infrastructure: Bomb and occupation damage to
housing, industry, power, water, railway, bridges. Millions of homeless people w
ere living in the ruins.
-Hunger and chaos across Europe.
-In Germany, over a hundred cities suffered 75% destruction.
-Economic life was broken; cigarettes often replaced money as currency.
Political consequences:
-At the Teheran summit in 1943, private agreement to accept Stalin s demand that t
he USSR take Eastern Poland.
-October 1944: percentages agreement ? Churchill meets Stalin. Britain and USSR w
ould share influence in Hungary and Yugoslavia. Romania and Bulgaria would be un
der USSR control and Britain would control Greece.
At Yalta in February 1945 it was agreed: Germany would be demilitarized, denazif
ied, divided and would have to pay reparations. Democratic elections in liberate
d countries.
The division of Europe:
Roosevelt s successor, Truman was much more abrasive with the USSR for not fulfill
ing the Yalta agreement in Eastern Europe.
- Break down of Grand Alliance:
1.American suspicion:
- Iron Curtain:
- Truman Doctrine (March 1947):
- Marshall Plan (part of the Truman Doctrine).
2. Collapse of cooperation in Germany
Issues on the running of Germany: failure to agree on Germany s future and reparat
ions

- Berlin Blockade (1948):

->Blocking all access by road and rail from the Western zones to West Berlin to
force the USA out of its sector. precursor al decembritilor i al democrailor- revol
uionari. A fost influenat de ideile progresiste ale iluminitilor francezidin sec. a
l XVIII-lea i ale revoluiei franceze. Opera sa principal, Cltorie de la Petersburg la
Moscova (1790, trad. rom.), conine, sub forma unui ir de tablouri ale vieii din Rusi
a feudal, un violent protest mpotriva iobgiei i autocraiei ariste. Cartea a fost inter
zis, iar R. condamnat Ia moarte, pedeapsa fiindu-i apoi comutat n deportare. Respin
gnd politica de reforme a absolutismului luminat , R. a recunoscut necesitatea revol
uiei antiiobgiste. n filozofie, R. a continuat tradiiile materialiste ale lui Lomono
sov; a criticat dogma reli-gioas a nemuririi sufletului. Poemele lui Radicev au co
ntribuit la dezvoltarea versificaiei ruse.
Eminentul revoluionar, scriitor i filozof rus, Alexandr Nikolaevici Radic
ev, s-a nscut la 20 (31) august 1749, dup unele izvoare la Moscova, iar dup altele n
satul Verhnee Ableazovo (astzi raionul Kuznetk, regiunea Penza). Ca i decembritii i
pe urm Gherten, Radicev era legat de mediul moieresc n ceea ce privete originea, edu
caia i starea sa social. El s-a ridicat ns cu hotrre mpotriva acestui mediu i a trec
fermitate de partea intereselor poporului nrobit. El a fost primul dintre cei ma
i buni oameni provenii din rndurile nobilimii care, dup cum spunea Lenin, au contri
buit la trezirea poporului. Radicev i-a petrecut copilria n satul Verhnee Ableazovo.
Primii educatori ai biatului au fost rani iobagi: ddaca Praskovia Klementievna, de
care Radicev i amintete cu mult cldur ntr-unul din capitolele Cltoriei" sale, i u
tr Mamontov, poreclit Suma. Viitorul autor al Cltoriei de la Petersburg la Moscova"
a vzut n jurul su nspimnttoarele tablouri ale smvolniciei moiereti. Moierii nemi
i descrie cartea lui amintesc respingtoarea figur a vecinului de pe atunci al fami
liei Radicev, V. N. Zubov, a crui moie se afla la numai ase verste de Verhnee Ableaz
ovo. Zubov i adusese la sap de lemn ranii si, i hrnea ca pe vite din covei comune i
erecai n lanuri ntr-o nchisoare pe care o construise special.
El a inut un iobag n lanuri mai mult de un an.
Cltorie de la Petersburg la Moscova" reflect att jugul insuportabil al or
->Division of Germany (1949): East (GDR) and West (FDR)
Then other organisations established: