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Abstract
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A fourth order Butterworth active-RC complex filter with tuning circuits for wireless
sensor networks (WSN) is presented in this paper. A method to synthesize an active-RC
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complex filter is proposed. A tuning system for the complex filter is designed, which is
based on tuning the bit number of capacitors bank to compensate RC variations. The
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operational amplifier (OPA) is designed, which the gain bandwidth (GBW) is about
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380MHz, the gain of the DC is 58.1dB, the phase margin is 58 and the power dissipation
of the operational amplifier is about 0.6mW. The complex filter is implemented in BCD
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0.18 um CMOS process. The complex filter has a bandwidth of 2 MHz, and centre
frequency is 2MHz. The results of simulation show that the complex filter image rejection
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ratio is -48.2dB, pass-band gain is 0.379dB, the power consumption is about 4.98mW.
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operational amplifier
1. Introduction
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Wireless sensor networks have become more popular in some areas such as data
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collection, data sampling and so on. Because wireless sensor networks are used to monitor
a given field of interest for changes in the environment, so they are very useful for
military, environmental and scientific applications [1-3]. Wireless sensor networks consist
of lager amounts of wireless sensor nodes, so there are a lot of noises in the wireless
sensor networks, therefore, strong adaptability, comprehensive sensing coverage and high
fault tolerance are the important performance indicators. In order to make wireless sensor
networks have the performance indicators, the integrated filters are necessary for the
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WSN [4-6].
An active-RC complex filter not only can suppress the image noise, but also has
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excellent performances, such as linearity, dynamic range, and low power consumption
under low voltage supply. Therefore, the active-RC complex filter is widely used in the
modern wireless sensor networks [7].
This paper introduces a method of how an active-RC low pass filter synthesized to an
active-RC complex filter. In order to ensure the center frequency of complex filter is
2MHz, the tuning system is designed, which is composed of analog circuits and digital
circuits. Operational amplifier is an importance active device in complex filter, and OPA
directly impacts on the performances of the complex filter, Therefore, a low power
consumption, wide gain bandwidth of operational amplifier is designed for complex filter.
The complex filter is implemented in BCD 0.18um CMOS process, the results of
simulation show that the complex filter has a good performance.
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LPF
Mixer
I(t)
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RF BPF
VGA
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LNA AD
LPF Converter
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Q(t)
fil O Mixer
Synthesizer
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VGA
Complex Filter
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As shown in Figure 2, when the RF signals pass through the RF BPF and low
noise amplifier, the positive and negative sidebands of the useful signals and image
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noise are yielded. Through the quadrature down-conversion, the signals become
positive sideband signals. In order to reject the image noise, the complex filter is
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necessary.
Mixer
I(t)
90o
RF
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Q(t) Complex
Filter
Mixer
Complex Filter
Signal Image Noise Image Noise Signal Image Noise Signal
Signal
WLO WLO
H(jW) H(jW-jWIF)
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A
W WIF W
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Figure 3. Low Pass Filter to Complex Filter
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As shown in Figure 3, a frequency-shifting technology shifts the midpoint
frequency of prototype low pass filter to the center frequency WI F along the
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direction of the frequency axis. As a result, the frequency response is symmetrical
with respect to the center frequency WI F . The transfer function of the prototype low
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WA
H LPF ( s )
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(1)
s WB
Through the frequency-shifting technology, the transfer function of complex filter
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WA
H CF ( s ) (2)
( s jWIF ) WB
Figure 4 shows that the complex filter is designed by returning the Vout of low
pass filter with a coefficient j (WIF / WA ) to the input of the low pass filter. As the
shown in Figure 4, the transfer function is expressed as:
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WA W
Vout ( ) (Vin j IF Vout ) (3)
s WB WA
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WA
Vout Vin (4)
( s jWIF ) WB
Vin WA Vout
s WB
Vin WA Vout
( s jWIF ) WB
WIF
j
WA
As the shown in Figure 5the transfer function of the first order complex filter
can be expressed as:
WIF WA
VI out (VIin VQout ) ( ) (5)
WA s WB
WIF WA
VQout (VQin VI out ) ( ) (6)
WA s WB
From equations (5) and (6), the transfer function of the first order complex filter
H CF ( jw) can be calculated as:
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VI out jVQout WA
H CF ( s ) (7)
VIin jVQin s jWIF WB
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1 1 1
Where, WA , WB , WIF . (8)
R AC P RB C P RIF C P
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VIin Cp
VIout VIout
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WA
VIin RA RB
s WB
VIin
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VIout
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RA
WIF
eb eV
WA
RIF
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WIF
WA
VQin RA VQout
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VQin VQout
VQin WA VQout
RA RB
s WB Cp
Comparing equations (4) and (7), the first order complex filter can be designed by
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WA21 WA21
H CF 21 ( s ) (10)
( s j1WIF ) WB 21 ( s j2WIF ) WB 21
Where, 1WIF and 2WIF are the shifting-frequencies.
The H CF 22 ( s) can be expressed as:
WA22 WA22
H CF 22 ( s ) (11)
( s j 1WIF ) WB 22 ( s j 2WIF ) WB 22
Cp Cp Cp Cp
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VIin1 RA RB
VIout1 VIin2 RA
RB VIout2VIin R RB VIout4
VIout3 VIin4 RA
A RB
3
VIin1 Iin1 VIin Iin2
VIin3 Iin3
VIout4
2 VIin Iin4
4
A
RA Iin1 VIout1 RA Iin2 VIout2 Iin3
VIout3 Iin4
RA RA
Qin1 RIF VIout1 Qin2
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RIF VIout2 Qin3 RIF VIout3 Qin4 RIF VIout4
s I ly.
Qin1 VIout1 Qin2 VIout2 Qin3 VIout3 Qin4 VIout4
Qin1 VQout1 Qin2 VQout2 Qin3 VQout3 Qin4 VQout4
Qin1 VQout1 Qin2 VQout2 Qin3 VQout3 Qin4 VQout4
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VQin1 RA VQout1 VQin RA VQout2VQin RA VQout3VQin RA VQout4
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VQin Qin1
1 VQin2 Qin2 VQin3 Qin3 VQin4 Qin4 VQout4
RA Qin1 RB VQout1 RA Qin2 RBVQout2 RA Qin3 RBVQout3 RA Qin4 RB
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Cp Cp Cp Cp
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H CF 21 ( s ) H CF 22 ( s)
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WA21 WA21
H CF 21 ( s )
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( s j1WIF ) WB 21 ( s j2WIF ) WB 21
(12)
WA221
( s jWIF )2 2WB 21 ( s jWIF ) (1 12 )WIF
2
WB221
The prototype fourth order Butterworth low pass filter is expressed as:
H LPF 4 ( s ) H LPF 21 ( s ) H LPF 22 ( s )
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Where, H LPF 21 ( s) and H LPF 21 ( s) are prototype second order Butterworth low
pass filters. Thus, the H LPF 21 ( s) can be expressed as:
a10
H LPF 21 ( s) (14)
b12 s 2 b11s b10
a10
b12
H ( LPF CF )21 ( s) (15)
b b
( s jWIF )2 11 ( s jWIF ) 10
b12 b12
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b11
1 2 (WB221 2
) / WIF 1
A
b12
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s I ly.
1 1 1 12
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2 1 1 12
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a10 1 b11
CP CP
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b12 2 b12
eb eV
1 1
RIF 1 , RIF 2 (17)
1WIF CP 2WIF CP
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1 1
RA22 , RB 22
a20 1 b21
CP CP
b22 2 b22
1 1
RIF 3 , RIF 4 (18)
1WIF CP 2WIF CP
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M6 M3 M4 M8 M14 M15
Voutp
Voutp Voutn
Vip M1 M2 Vin M12 M13
Ib VCM
Voutn
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M10 M7 M5 M9 M11
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Figure 7. Schematic of Operational Amplifier
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The simulation results of different process corners are shown in Table 1. As the
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shown in Table 1, the minimum GWB of operational amplifier is 335MHz, which is
greater than 100WC , the maximum power consumption is 0.63mW, the minimum gain
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is 56.2dB, and the minimum phase margin is 57 . These parameters make sure the
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tt ss ff
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phase 58 57 59
Power Block
VDD_A VDD_D
SW0~SW4
Analog Block Digital Block Complex
filter
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SW0~SW4
A
Figure 8. Block Diagram of the Tuning System
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The analog block is shown in Figure 9. In order to reduce mismatches, the
reference resistance Rref should be chosen as the same kind of the resistance of the
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complex filter, and the capacitors of tuning system should also be the same as the
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capacitors of complex filter.
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VDD
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Vref_1
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Vout_cap
Vout_com
Digital Block
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Vref_2
start
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SW0~SW4
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4 3 2 1 0 Complex
16C b4 2 C b3 2 C b2 2 C b1 2 C b0 2 C
filter
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In order to cover 20% variation of the capacitors and resistances, the C fix should
be obtain as
AS the shown in Figure 10, when the start signal is beginning, the SW4 ~ SW0 is
10000, if Vout _ cap Vref 2 , it proves that the output voltage of capacitor bank is large
and the value of the capacitor bank is small, thus, in the next clock, the SW4 ~ SW0
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is 11000, and if Vout _ cap Vref 2 , it proves that the voltage of capacitor bank is small
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and the value of the capacitor bank is large, in the next clock, the SW4 ~ SW0 is
01000. The process will repeat until the completion of the tuning. The digital logic
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control block is shown in Figure 10.
SW4_CAP
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SW3_CF
SW4_CF
SW2_CF
SW1_CF
SW0_CF
LL
SW3_CAP
SW2_CAP
SW1_CAP
SW0_CAP
reset
start
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Q
Q
latch
latch
latch
latch
latch
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en
en
en
en
en
D
D
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J set Q
J set Q
J set Q
J set Q
J set Q
K clr Q
K clr Q
K clr Q
K clr Q
clr
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K
clk
eb eV
en
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Vout_com
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Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
clr clr clr clr clr clr clr clr
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A
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Figure 11. Simulation of the Complex Filter
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The Figure 11 shows that the center frequency is 2MHz, the pass-band gain is
about 0.379dB, the pass-band is between 1MHz and 3MHz, the gain at the 1MHz is
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about -2.95dB, and the gain at the 3MHz is about -3.8dB. The power consumption
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of the complex filter is about 4.98mW and the image rejection ratio of the complex
filter is more than -48.2 dB.
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After tuning and before tuning waveforms are shown in Figure 12. From the
simulation waveforms can be obtained that center frequency of complex filter has
been adjusted to 2MHz.
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Bandwidth 2 MHz
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Gain @ 1MHz -2.95dB
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Gain @ 3MHz -3.8dB
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Image Rejection Ration -48.2dB
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Power consumption 4.98mW
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7. Conclusion
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This paper proposes an active-RC complex filter for wireless sensor networks, which is
implemented in BCD 0.18um CMOS process. A method to synthesize an active-RC
complex filter is introduced. In order to adjust the RC time constant, the tuning
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and the power consumption is about 0.6mW. The results of simulation show that the
center frequency of the complex filter is 2MHz, the bandwidth is 2MHz, the image
rejection ration is -48.2dB, and the power consumption is about 4.98mW.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Tianjin Science and Technology Project
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(13ZCZDGX04100)
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References
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[5] S. Cao, L. Fu-Le, L. Wei-Tao and J. Han-Jun, A configurable active-RC filter for half duplex
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Integrated Circuit Technology (ICDICT). (2012), Nov, 1-3, Xian.
[6] K.D. Ding, L. Yongming, W. Zhihua and T. Seeteck. An Active-RC Complex Filter with Mixed Signal
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[7] C. Upathamkekool, A. Jiraseree-Amornkn and J. Mahattanakul, A low-voltage low-power complex
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[8] W. Chuanchuan and L. Zhiqun. A 2MHz CMOS Gm-c complex filter with on-chip automatic tuning
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[9] Soliman, A. Eman, Mahmoud, Soliman A. New CMOS fully differential current conveyor and its
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1271, Pairs.
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Authors
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Feng Wei, He received his Engineer Master degree from Henan
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fil O University of Science and Technology, China, in 2005. Currently, he
is working toward the Ph.D. degree in Nankai University. The main
research directions: analog integrated circuit design.
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