Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
History of Bridge
Developm ent
Natural Bridges 700 A.D. Asia
Strength of
Materials
Mathematical
Theories
Roman Arch Bridge
Development of
The Arch Metal
Natural Cement
100Compiled
B.C. Rom ans
by Teklehaimanot 1300 A.D. Renaissance
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
History of Bridge
Developm ent
1800 A.D. 1900 A.D. 2000 A.D.
Truss Bridges
Prestressed
First Cast-Iron Bridge Mechanics of Concrete
Design
Coalbrookdale, England Steel
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two
communities which are
separated by streams,
valley, railroads, etc.
Bosporus Straits Bridge
at Istanbul, Turkey
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
General Bridge Components
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Components of a Girder bridge (Beam Bridge)
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Components of a Suspension Bridge
Anchor Block: Just looking at the figure we can compare it as a dead
man having no function of its own other than its weight.
Suspension girder: It is a girder built into a suspension bridge to
distribute the loads uniformly among the suspenders and thus to
reduce the local deflections under concentrated loads.
Suspenders: a vertical hanger in a suspension bridge by which the road
is carried on the cables
Tower: Towers transfers compression forces to the foundation through
piers.
Saddles: A steel block over the towers of a suspension bridge which
acts as a bearing surface for the cable passing over it.
Cables: Members that take tensile forces and transmit it through
saddles to towers and rest of the forces to anchorage block.
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
Railing
Deck
Girder
Abutment
Pier
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Bases Classifications
Function
Material of Construction
Inner Span Relations
Method of Clearance for navigation
Length of Bridge
Position of the Bridge Floor w/r Super Strur.
Position of the Bridge Floor w/r Flood level
Super Structural Form
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
According to Function
Aqueduct
Viaduct
Pedestrian
Highway
Railway
Road cum railway
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
According to Material of Construction
Timber
Masonry
Steel
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Composite Bridge
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
According To Inner Span Relations
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
According to Method of Clearance for
Navigation
High level
Movable Bridge
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Movable Bridges
They span waterways
Closed bridge to carry traffic
Open to allow marine traffic to travel under
Usually powered by electric motors
In the past they were powered by steam engines
There are three main types:
1.Bascule
2.Vertical lift
3. Swing
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Bascule Bridge or Drawbridge
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Swing Bridges
Mounted on a central pier
The central pier allows the bridge to rotate to the
side
Uncommonly used because the central pier is
located in the area where boats like to travel
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Vertical-lift Bridge
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
TYPES OF Culverts
Pipe Culvert
Box Culvert
Arch Culvert
Slab Culvert
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Pipe Culverts
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Box Culverts
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Arch Culverts
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Slab Culverts
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
GIRDER BRIDGE
Typical span length 30 to
650 ft
Chesapeake
Bay Bridge,Compiled by Teklehaimanot
Virginia
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
TYPES OF BRIDGES ACCORDIGN TO
FORM OR TYPE OF SUPPER STRUCTURE
Beam or Girder Bridge
Truss Bridge
Rigid Frame Bridge
Arch Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
Girders and piers act together
batter post
rigid frame
V shaped
frames
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
TRUSS BRIDGES
What is a Truss?
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Truss Bridge
Truss bridges are a type of
beam bridge made up of many
small beams attached together
in triangular configuration to
support a large amount of
weight and span great
distances.
They function by compression
and tension forces and not by
bending forces.
They are identified according to
the way the chords are
arranged.
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Common types of Truss Bridges
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
How Truss Bridges Work
A truss is an interconnected Trusses must be stable, and
framework of beams designed not able freely in any direction
to hold something up. in order for them to work.
Trusses dont bend, they get The beams have to be placed
pulled apart and pushed carefully in the right angles and
together. in equal distances away from
However once the weight is each other so they can
increased the bridge will stag in distribute the weight equally.
the middle. This is due to the They are usually supported at
individual beams expanding the ends by abutments and
and contracting due to the sometimes in the middle by
weight. piers.
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Examples or Truss Bridges
This is the ASB Bridge
located in Jackson
County, Missouri
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Arch Bridge
has great natural strength. Thousands of
years ago, Romans built arches out of
stone. Today, most arch bridges are made
of steel or concrete.
Ancient Roman
aqueduct Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Segovia, Spain
This type of bridge
was invented by the
Romans. They
realised that a wedge
Locking stone shaped stone called
voussoirs could carry
heavy loads if built in
the shape of an arch
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Main Structure Below the Deck
Line
Masonry Arch
Concrete
Arch Bridge Arch
Inclined Leg Frame
Arch
Rigid Frame Arch
Steel Truss-Arch
Truss-Arch Bridge
Steel Deck Truss
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
A cable stayed bridge is a
bridge with one or more
pillars. They are similar to
suspension bridges but defer in
the way the cables are
connected to the towers. The
two types of cable-stayed
bridges are parallel Parallel Attachment
attachment design and radial Design
attachment design. In a
parallel attachment design the
cables are attached at different
heights along the tower and
are parallel to one another and
in a radial attachment design
the cables are attached at a
single point at the top of the Radial Attachment
tower and on several places on
the road. Design
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Forces in a Cable Stayed
A cable stayed bridge
uses the cable to
hold up the deck
The tension forces in
the cable are
transferred to the
towers where the
tension forces
become compression
forces
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Forces in a Cable Stayed
Lets take a quick look at the forces at one
of the cable points.
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Forces in a Cable Stayed
The Lifting force
holds up the bridge
The higher the angle
that the cable is
attached to the deck,
the more load it can
withstand, but that
would require a
higher tower, so
there has to be some
compromise S.(MScCompiled by Teklehaimanot
in Structural Engineering)
Types of Cable Stayed
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Suspension Bridge
can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way
farther than any other type of bridge!
Most suspension bridges have a truss
system beneath the roadway to resist
bending and twisting.
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
World's Longest Suspension Bridge
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Suspension Bridge Cable
Here is a cross
section picture of
what a main cable
of a suspension
bridge looks like
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DECIDING
BRIDGE TYPE
In general all the factors are related to economy,
safety and aesthetics.
Geometric Conditions of the Site
Subsurface Conditions of the Site
Functional Requirements
Aesthetics
Economics and Ease of Maintenance
Construction and Erection Consideration
Legal Considerations
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Geometric Conditions of the Site
The type of bridge selected will always depend on the
horizontal and vertical alignment of the highway route and on
the clearances above and below the roadway
For Example: if the roadway is on a curve, continuous box
girders and slabs are a good choice because they have a
pleasing appearance, can readily be built on a curve, and
have a relatively high torsion resistance
Relatively high bridges with larger spans over navigable
waterways will require a different bridge type than one with
medium spans crossing a flood plain
The site geometry will also dictate how traffic can be
handled during construction, which is an important safety
issue and must be considered
Compiled byearly in the planning stage
Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Subsurface conditions of the soil
The foundation soils at a site will determine whether abutments
and piers can be founded on spread footings, driven piles, or
drilled shafts
If the subsurface investigation indicates that creep settlement
is going to be a problem, the bridge type selected must be one
that can accommodate differential settlement over time
Drainage conditions on the surface and below ground must be
understood because they influence the magnitude of earth
pressures, movement of embankments, and stability of cuts or
fills
For Example: An inclined leg frame bridge requires strong
foundation material that can resist both horizontal and vertical
thrust. If it is not present, then another bridge type is more
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Subsurface conditions of the soil
The potential for seismic activity at a site should also
be a part of the subsurface investigation. If seismicity
is high, the substructure details will change, affecting
the superstructure loads as well
All of these conditions influence the choice of
substructure components which in turn influence the
choice of superstructure
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Functional Requirements
Bridge must function to carry present and future volumes of
traffic.
Decisions must be made on the number of lanes of traffic,
inclusion of sidewalks and/or bike paths, whether width of
the bridge deck should include medians, drainage of the
surface waters, snow removal, and future wearing surface.
For Example: In the case of stream and flood plain
crossings, the bridge must continue to function during
periods of high water and not impose a severe constriction or
obstruction to the flow of water or debris.
Satisfaction of these functional requirements will recommend
some bridge types over others.
For Example: if future widening and replacement of bridge
decks is a concern, multiple girder bridge types are preferred
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Aesthetics
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Construction and Erection Considerations
The length of the time required to construct a bridge is
important and will vary with the bridge type.
Generally, larger the prefabricated or pre-cast members
shorter the construction time. However, the larger the
members, the more difficult they are to transport and lift
into place.
The availability of skilled labor and specified materials
will also influence the choice of a particular bridge type.
For Example: if there are no pre-cast plants for pre-
stressed girders within easy transport but there is a steel
fabrication plant nearby that could make the steel
structure more economical.
The only way to determine
Compiled bywhich bridge type is more
Teklehaimanot
economical is to bid S.(MSc
alternative designs.
in Structural Engineering)
Legal Considerations
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Legal Considerations
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS
Meaning of bridge specifications.
Need of bridge specifications.
History
Development
Lack of specification and usage of proper codes and safety
factors -------reason of failure of a structure (bridge)
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
BRIDGE SPECIFICATION
Basically the word specification stands in general
for a collection of work description upon which
there is a mutual agreement of the most
experienced group of people based upon their
practical and theoretical knowledge
Bridge specification:
Applying the above mentioned definition, context
to bridge makes it self explanatory.
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
HISTORY AND NEED OF
BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Development
First practical step was taken after the collapse of a locomotive bridge on 29th
September 1876 across Ashtabula Creek at Ashtabula.
1914 American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) was formed
1921 committee on Bridges and Allied Structures was organized..
The first edition of standard specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental
Structures was published in 1931 by AASHO.
In 1963 AASHO became AASHTO (American Association for State Highway
and Transportation Officials)
In the beginning the design philosophy utilized in the standard specification
was working stress design (allowable stress design). In the 1970s variation in
the uncertainties of loads were considered and load factor design was
introduced as an alternative method.
In 1986 the subcommittee on Bridges and structures initiated study of the
load and resistance factor design (LRFD) .
The subcommittee authorized a comprehensive rewrite of the entire standard
specification to accompany the conversion to LRFD. The result is the first
edition of the AASHTO (1994) LRFD Bridge Design Specification.
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Development
Our Standards are based mainly on the American Association of
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Des
Specifications, 2nd edition, 1998, with modifications to Ethiopian
requirements and applicable laws of the Federal Democratic Repu
Ethiopia.
As a supplement to these Standards for structures not mentione
(such as prestressed bridges, large bridges, certain steel bridges,
bridges, aluminum bridges, etc.), the AASHTO LRFD Specification
edition 1998 or later editions may be used but only together w
Chapter 3: Load R equirem ents in these Specifications.
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
ROLE OF A BRIDGE ENGINEER
The role of an engineer can be broadly
classified in two major working environments.
Consultancy Environment
Contractor Environment
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S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Consultancy Environment
Meeting the demand of clients
Not compromising on quality control at the same
time while remaining economical.
Must work properly on factors such as environment
of the location, traffic growth rate, population
growth rate etc before designing.
Design should be flexible to the practical
considerations.
Following the proper design specifications.
Proper Management both off site and on site.
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)
Contractor Environment
On site decision making keeping in mind factors such as
cultural & environmental factors etc
Quality assurance to the consultants there by working up to
the needs of clients
Be economical to the contracting firm along with not making
a compromise on quality.
Proper time management and scheduling of works without
undue delays.
Beneficial use of labors at various important locations of
bridge.
Compiled by Teklehaimanot
S.(MSc in Structural Engineering)