International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering 913

ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919

Effectiveness of using Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Concrete

Neela Deshpande
Faculty of Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune. deshpandeneela@yahoo.com
S. S. Kulkarni
Principal, Rajarambapu Institute of technology, Sakharale, Sangli. sushma.kulkarni@ritindia.edu
Nikhil Patil
Student of Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune
ABSTRACT: Concrete industry, uses 12.6 billion tons of raw materials each year, is the largest user of natural resources in
the world. The environmental impact of production of raw ingredients of concrete (such as cement and coarse and fine
aggregates) is considerable. The scale of the problem makes it prudent to investigate other sources of raw materials in order
to reduce the consumption of energy and available natural resources. In this paper an experimental program was undertaken
which contains i) a brief analysis of properties of coarse recycled aggregates and judged its effectiveness in use of concrete.
Concrete mixes were designed with 28 day compressive strength as 25MPa .The concrete mixes were designed using IS
10262:2009 with i) conventionally used coarse aggregates and ii) 100% replacement of coarse recycled aggregate. With
reference to the experimental results, analysis of important properties of both the types of concrete is done and the suitability
of use of recycled concrete aggregate for new concrete is judged.
KEY WORDS: Concrete, Recycled Aggregates, Recycled concrete aggregates
INTRODUCTION
Sustainable construction is a widely used concept now. It Group II- Aggregate obtained mainly from concrete rubble
was introduced due to the growing concern about future of Group III-A mixture of natural aggregates (>80%) and
the planet, and it applies specifically for construction rubble from the other two groups (with upto 10% of group
industry as, this being a huge consumer of natural resource. I). Recycled concrete aggregates differ from the
Concrete is the material of ea. In addition to the 1.6 billion conventional aggregates mainly in two factors:
tons (1.5 billion tones) of cement used worldwide, the a. Recycled concrete aggregates are not derived from
concrete industry is consuming 10 billion tons of sand and any natural source, but are derived from
rock, and 1 billion tons of mixing water annually. In short construction and demolished wastes.
the concrete industry, which uses 12.6 billion tons of raw b. Recycled concrete aggregates (when not tested)
materials each year, is the largest user of natural resources have the aggregate with attached mortar. Recycled
in the world.(1). Its the worlds most widely used concrete aggregates are also mortar parts from the
construction material, but at the same time it is not an concrete which further constitutes and can shape
environmentally friendly material too. On the outsource like aggregates.
when a building is demolished after its use, for repairs or for Here group III can be used for production of all types of
deterioration it generates large amount of C &D, which concrete, whereas restrictions limit the applications of the
conventionally and till today is used for land filling. In other two groups. (5).Fig 1 and Fig 2 show the construction
recent years, the recyclable potential of construction and and demolition waste and Concrete rubble which are the
demolition (C&D) waste has made it a target of interest and main source of Recycled concrete aggregate.
the main focus of waste management policies on
LITERATURE REVIEW
encouraging minimization, reuse, recycling, and valorization
The application of recycled aggregate in construction have
of the waste as opposed to its final disposal in land fills.
started since end of world war-II by demolished concrete
(2,3).The increasing trend of land filling and the scarcity of
pavement as recycled aggregate source in stabilizing the
natural aggregates on other hand encourage the use of waste
base course for the road construction. (Olorusongo,
from the construction sites as a source for aggregate.
F.T.1999).Many studies were carried out and being carried
Recycled Aggregates to know the behavior pattern of aggregates derived from
Recycled aggregate is generally produced by two stages C&D waste. There are many studies that prove that concrete
crushing of demolished concrete, screening and removal of made with these aggregates can have mechanical properties
contaminants such as reinforcement, wood, plastic etc. similar to those of conventional concretes and even high
Concrete made with such aggregates is called as Recycled strength concrete is nowadays possible goal for this
aggregate Concrete. (4) environmentally sound practice. (6, 7).
Properties of recycled aggregate concrete are influenced by
RILEM Committee 121-DRG has published
the quality of the concrete from which the recycled
recommendations for the use of recycled aggregates,
aggregates are generated. In recycled aggregates, mortar
classifying them into three groups.
gets attached to it. The physical and mechanical properties
Group I-Aggregates mainly from masonry rubble of the recycled aggregates relate to the quality and quantity

#020410439 Copyright 2011 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved

 914 Neela Deshpande, S. S. Kulkarni, Nikhil Patil
of mortar adhered to the aggregates. The quality of the
adhered mortar depends on the w/c ratio employed in
original concrete and the quantity of adhered mortar
influences the strength of concrete, size and crushing
procedure adopted (8,9).It is most notable that the finer the
aggregate, the higher the percentage of paste content (9).
Excessive paste content due to high AC of recycled
aggregates will cause poor workability and large slump loss
of concrete. Such poor quality further hinders the strength
development of the resulting concrete. (10)
The strength characteristics of concrete was not affected by
the quality of recycled aggregate at higher water cement
ratio, it was only affected when the water cement ratio is
low. (11, 12)The higher the water cement ratio, the less is
reduction in compressive strength (13, 25).
An experimental study to use fine recycled aggregate as
partial or global replacement of natural fine aggregates in
concrete concluded that compressive strength does not seem
to be affected by the fine aggregate replacement ratio at
least upto 30%.The same study showed that both tensile
splitting and modulus of elasticity is reduced with increase
in the replacement ratio. The abrasion resistance seems to
increase with the replacement of fine natural with fine
recycled concrete aggregate. (14)
The increase absorption of recycled aggregate means that
concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate and natural
sand typically needs 5% more water than the conventional
concrete in order to maintain same workability. If recycled
aggregate is used in dry condition the concretes workability
is greatly reduced due to their absorption capacity. However
some researches do argue that the aggregates can be
saturated before use (15, 16). Many studies demonstrate the
feasibility of the use of crushed concrete as coarse
aggregates, its use being already accounted for in the
regulations of many countries. In Italy, the use of 30%
recycled concrete instead of virgin aggregate is definitively
allowed for producing concretes (C30/37 class) since July
2009(17).
Many of the researchers also suggested some treatment
methods for improved performance of properties of
Recycled concrete aggregates and/or recycled aggregates
concrete. Some notable findings are:
The distinctive difference between the properties of the
RCA and natural aggregates is on water absorption, being
high in the RCA due to the presence of the porous cement
mortar. The presence of cracks and the porous nature of the
old cement mortar affects the bond between the RCA and
cement paste when used in new concrete. (15) The various
techniques which are developed can be expected to
consolidate the adhering mortar layer and reduce the
porosity of RCA, thereby improving the interfacial bond
between RCA and new cement paste in the new concrete.
(19) Amnon Katz, in his study over treatment on recycled
aggregates proposed two methods:
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919
1. Impregnation with a solution of silica fume and
2. Ultrasonic cleaning of recycled aggregate to
remove the loose particles and improve the bond
between the new cement paste and the recycled
aggregate.
The results showed that silica fume improves the properties
of new concrete made from recycled aggregates in two ways
a) By improving the interface between the R-
aggregate and the new cement matrix.
b) By strengthing the structure of the old paste that is
still adhered to the R-Aggregate,which cracked
during the crushing process.10% by weight of
solution of silica fume resulted in increase of 23-
33% and 15% in the compressive strength at ages 7
and 28 days respectively. Ultrasonic cleaning of
recycled aggregates yielded a moderate increase of
7%, with no clear difference between early and late
ages. (20)
Nobuaki Ostsuki et al in their study over interfacial zone
suggested a Double mixing method to improve the ITZ of
normal concrete (Tazawa et al). This method devised to coat
recycled aggregate with mortar of a lower water binder ratio
than the rest of mortar matrix. Improvements in strength,
chloride penetration and carbonation resistance of recycled
aggregate concrete can be achieved by using this double mix
method in case of higher water- binder ratio concrete. (21).
Enough information and awareness is not generated towards
the properties of recycled aggregates and recycled aggregate
concrete in India. In such situation it is very essential to
study the basic properties of recycled aggregates-Fine and
Coarse and properties of concrete with recycled aggregates.
The aim of this paper is to focus on basic important
properties of Recycled concrete aggregates and Recycled
aggregate concrete and compare the same with conventional
concrete typically used and manufactured in Maharashtra,
India. To achieve this, fresh and hardened state properties of
concrete are measured to ensure that fundamental
parameters needed in the design are evaluated (such as
slump, compressive and tensile strength)
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME:
An experimental program was undertaken which consisted
of testing recycled coarse aggregates and fresh and hardened
concrete specimens. The aggregate tests included basic
physical and mechanical tests. The hardened concrete tests
consisted of testing 150 mm x150mm cubes to know the
compressive strength of concrete. A 300 mm concrete
cylindrical specimens at the age of 28 days in accordance
with the relevant BIS standards while, the tensile strength
test was conducted following BIS. Curing and testing of the
concrete specimens were performed as per BIS guidelines
 Effectiveness of using Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Concrete
Materials
Conventional materials- Cement, fine aggregates and Coarse
aggregates were purchased from the local vendors.
a. The main source of recycled concrete aggregate was
demolished parking structure mainly the columns and
foundation which was free from any reinforcement or other
contaminants, and cubes casted and tested in the laboratory.
The local crushing plants were not able to crush the concrete
waste and thus the crushing and sieving had to be done
manually. The concrete rubble remains (Fig 1) were broken
initially manually and then sieving was done using IS
sieves. The process generated, Fine recycled concrete
aggregate, recycled concrete aggregate-10mm and recycled
concrete aggregate-20mm. Fig:2 shows how the concrete
cubes were crushed manually and the Fig:3 shows the heap
of all in one aggregates which were further classified
through sieving.
Fig 1:Concrete Rubble Fig:2 Manual crushing of
Concrete rubble
Fig:3 Crushed All in one aggregates
After sieving the all in one aggregate through IS set of
sieves, following are the aggregates derived
Fig:4 Recycled fine Fig:5 Recycled Coarse
Aggregate Aggregate-20mm
Nomenclature of Materials used
Natural Fine aggregate NFA
1. Cement OPC Birla Super 53 Grade C
2. Conventional Fine Aggregates - CFA
3. Conventional coarse aggregate-20mm - NA-20mm
4. Recycled fine concrete Aggregate - RFCA
5. Recycled Concrete aggregate-10mm RCA-10mm
6. Recycled Concrete Aggregate-20mm- RCA-20mm
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919
915
PROPERRTIES OF MATERIALS
Surface texture and Shape
Recycled Concrete Aggregates have a irregular and granular
structure, due to the adhered mortar which can be a point of
concern as it is a factor which contributes toward higher
water absorption, workability and ultimately the strength
characteristics of the concrete made using RCA.The
structure of RCA mainly depends upon the parent source of
concrete rubble. RCA from poorly compacted concrete are
of irregular shape and the adhered mortar is not dense and
thus exhibits weak bond between the mortar and the
aggregate. While aggregates derived from concrete cubes
yields aggregates with irregular shape and better bond
between mortar and aggregate.
Flakiness and elongation index
Test procedure followed as per IS:2386(Part I)-1963 to find
the flakiness and elongation index of RCA-10 and 20mm,
resulted as, RCA-10mm the flakiness index was 6.9% and
RCA-20mm was 6.2%. The elongation index for RCA-
10mm was 34.5%, for RCA-20mm was 26.8% . Thus, as
per the results obtained, the RCA-10mm and RCA-20mm
can be suitably used for making concrete.
Grading of Aggregate
Minimum voids and Minimum cement content can affect
the term workable. Proper grading of aggregates can
contribute for the same. In the sample selected sieve
analysis was carried out as per IS: 2386(Part I)-1963. The
fineness modulus, which is the indication of coarseness or
fineness of a sample, of NFA and RFCA was found which
yielded the results as 2.748 and 3.983 respectively. The
results indicate that RCFA is much coarser with FM as 3.98
and will not be a suitable material for producing concrete.
RFCA contains more amounts of fine aggregates which
have mortar and cement paste as fine aggregates. The
smaller mortar remains cannot disintegrate easily and thus
contribute towards higher FM. However the remains of
cement contribute towards finer materials. The comparison
of grading of Aggregates for fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate is as shown in the Fig 6 and Fig 7 respectively.
The table 1 shows abstract results of sieve analysis and also
the IS limits for RCA-10mm and RCA-20mm .The results
indicate that RCA-20mm can be considered to be used in
concrete however RCA-10mm has limitation ,thus a mixed
gradation of aggregates is required to be considered for
producing workable concrete with economy.
Table 1 Properties of NFA and RFCA
Property of Aggregate NFA RFCA
Specific Gravity 2.75 2.29
Fineness Modulus 2.748 3.983
Moisture Content 2.83 3.18
Loose Bulk Density 1.48kg/lit 1.43kg/lit
Water Absorption 3.18% 8.52%
Material finer than 75 2.35% 3.60%
 916 Neela Deshpande, S. S. Kulkarni, Nikhil Patil

Bulk density, Crushing and Impact values:

Test for bulk density carried out using IS: 2386 (Part III)
1963, resulted in less loose Bulk density of the Recycled
aggregate sample for RFCA and RCA-20mm as compared
to NFA and NA-20mm.The lesser value of loose bulk
density of recycled aggregate is attributed to the adhered
mortar on aggregate which increases the size of the
aggregate and will have better interlocking which in turn
reduces the voids in rodded condition and the higher
porosity than that of natural aggregates. The crushing value
of Recycled aggregate is less due to the adhered mortars on
the surface of aggregate makes the RCA weaker towards
Fig 6 Comparison of Grading of aggregates NFA and RFCA
impact resistance and crushing. It can disintegrate and fall
Table 2 Properties of NCA-20mm and RCA-20mm apart from aggregate with impact. The results in this sample
(Table: 1 ) show higher values for RCA than NA for Impact
Property of NCA-20mm RCA- and crushing .Thus this can restrict the use of RCA only for
Aggregate 20mm low grade applications.
Specific Gravity 2.86 2.50
Elongation Index 34.82% 26.8% PROPORTTION OF MIX FOR CONCRETE
Proportioning of mix
Flakiness Index 14.7% 6.2%
Designing of proportions to make a suitable Concrete is
Loose Bulk Density 1.41kg/lit 1.17kg/lit an interesting task. Behavior of Concrete, in fresh state or
Water Absorption 1.99% 5.61% hardened state depends on many things ranging from
Impact Value 16.22% 32.19% properties of materials used to method of mixing, to method
Crushing Value 21.67% 29.8% of compaction, method of curing etc. In order to compare
results objectively, a control mix made from natural coarse
aggregate is needed to benchmark the results. Concrete
mixes with 28-days target strengths as 25Mpa was
considered. Various mixes which were designed are as
follows:
a. Concrete with Conventional materials (i.e Cement,
Convetional Fine and Coarse aggregates) - Mix 1
b. Concrete with materials: Cement, conventional fine
aggregate, recycled coarse aggregate - Mix 2
c. Concrete with materials: Cement, Recycled fine
aggregate Conventional Coarse aggregates - Mix 3
d. Concrete with materials: Cement, Recycled fine
aggregate, Recycled coarse aggregate - Mix 4
Fig 7 Comparison of Grading of aggregates NA 20mm and All concrete mixes were proportioned for a 75 mm slump.
RA-20mm Admixtures were not used in the different concrete mixes.
Specific gravity and water absorption Table 3 shows a summary of the mix proportions for the
different proportions of materials for target strength. To
Test on respective aggregates with reference to IS: 2386 achieve the same slump, concrete made with recycled
(Part III)-1963 resulted in Specific gravity of NFA and aggregate required about 10% more water than that made
RCFA are 2.75 and 2.29 respectively. Specific gravity for with natural aggregate due to its higher porosity. The Table
NA-20mm and RCA-20mm is 2.86 and 2.85 respectively. 3 shows different materials used and their respective
This indicates that recycled concrete aggregates are lighter proportions.
than that of natural aggregates. The main reason for this is
existence of loose paste in the demolished wastes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The Table 3 below shows the results of testing of the
Due to the adhered mortar to the aggregates the water designed mixes. The design of mixes was done using IS:
absorption increases substantially for the recycled concrete 10262:2009. The designing of mixes were done to arrive at
aggregates. In the present study (conducted using IS: appropriate proportions of materials to be used in Concrete.
2386(Part III)-1963) as compared to NFA, RFCA has an The properties of materials especially the aggregates
5.34% increase in water absorption and for RCA-20mm as contributed majorly towards the proportions. Recycled
3.62% as compared to NA-20mm.Table 1 & 2 Concrete aggregates are aggregates derived from
demolished waste and thus the properties of them are

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ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919
 Effectiveness of using Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Concrete 917

governed by the parent source. Change in cement content is
attributed towards the assumed W/C ratio. The water
quantity and ratio mentioned in the table 3 is arrived after
the required water corrections. Observation shows that there
is good bonding between recycled concrete aggregate and
surrounding cement paste.
This is because of the angularity of the coarse aggregate and
the residual cementation on the surface of recycled
aggregate. Table 3 shows the compressive strength of
different mixes at 3, 7 and 28 days.

Table 3: Proportion of mixes and strength details

Mix proportions Target Split tensile

Slump Average Compressive
ID (M25) strength strength At 28 Density
mm Strength N/mm2
Kg/cu.m N/mm2 days N/mm2
7
3 Days 28 Days Kg/m3
Days
C 390.97
CFA731.56
CA-20mm
Mix 1 1193.27 31.6 70 18.15 25.49 36.41 2.10
2660.74
Water 195.67
Lit
W/C 0.5
C 383.16
CFA737.587
CA-20mm
Mix 2 1004.234 31.6 70 13.82 21.15 31.21 1.64 2571.85
Water 230.967
Lit
W/C 0.6
C- 383.16
RFA-648.74
CA-20mm-
Mix 3 31.6 60 16.29 28.38 38.08 - 2415.8
1154.42
Water-211.35
W/C- 0.55
C-348.27
RFCA-676.19
RCA-20mm
Mix 4 31.6 70 6.57 16.82 19.38 1.29 2340.93
1029.55
Water 358
W//c 1.02

The results in table 3 shows that M25 grade of concrete can
be made using Recycled aggregates. However 100%
replacement of conventional coarse and fine aggregates by
Recycled coarse-20mm and fine aggregates could not meet
the Concrete grade requirements. There is an approximate
decrease of 6.12 % of compressive strength than the target
strength.100% replacement by RCA-20mm resulted in
approximately the same target strength, but 14.28%
decrease in compressive strength as compared to concrete
with conventional materials. However this decrease can be
attributed towards less cement content which is a result of
increase in w/c ratio. The lesser value of slump in recycled
coarse and fine aggregate concrete is attributed towards
higher water absorption of this aggregates.100%
replacement of RFA in concrete increased the compressive
strength of concrete by 20%. The design of the mix however
has less amount of RFA in concrete as compared to other
mixes. The water requirement in this mix is more than other
mixes and is the result due to more water absorption of the
Recycled fine aggregates. An appropriate design of mixes
using Recycled fine aggregate can achieve the target
strength. All the mixes have an average of 70mm slump.
However as mentioned appropriate W/C ratio need to be
adopted for satisfactory workability.

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ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919
 918 Neela Deshpande, S. S. Kulkarni, Nikhil Patil
Beside water, the texture and angular shape of RA are also
recognized as a factor for lower workability of RAC
(Ridzual et. Al., 2001). The identified that irregularity of
RA surface contributed to lower workability of RAC
(Batayaneh, M., Marie, I., Asi, I, 2006).Increase of water
absorption is a factor which is a result of increase amount of
mortar adhered to the aggregate. Increase in replacement of
recycled aggregates contributed towards more water
demand. It is believed that if admixtures were used to
increase workability, while maintaining the same amount of
water in the two concretes, then the recycled concrete would
have had higher strength than observed.
Two important observations were noted during mixing of
concrete.
a. During mixing of concrete manually some of the
Recycled concrete aggregates which were just mortar
remains were disintegrating.
b. During Compacting manually, using a tamping rod,
some of the mortar remain which was a part of recycled
concrete aggregate were getting disintegrated.
These two observations contribute towards better packing
properties in concrete and further decrease in pores. This is
a factor which contributes towards increase of compressive
strength. Meanwhile, the more angular shape of RA and its
rougher surface texture are what contribute to a better
interfacial bond and thus higher compressive strength in
recycled aggregate concrete (Ridzual et. al., 2001). An
angular shape and rough texture in RA leads to better bonds
and a higher strength value of concrete. RAC can also have
a higher compressive strength when RA is oven dried, due
to the interfacial bond between cement paste and aggregate
particles (Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., Lam, L., Kou, S. C.,
2004).(26). Density of concrete is another important factor.
The results above indicate that all the concrete mixes with
recycled aggregate have less density as compared to
Concrete with conventional materials. However the
reduction in density for Recycled concrete is 12% as
compared to the conventional concrete. The split tensile
strength of concrete with Conventional materials is better
with a increase of 22% as compared to Concrete with 100%
replacement of conventional aggregates by RCA-20mm.The
split tensile strength of concrete with 100% replacement by
RFCA and RFA shows less results as compared to Mix-1
and Mix -2.
CONCLUSION
1. 28 days compressive strength of concrete with
various percentage replacements by Recycled
concrete aggregates can be achieved, even though the
compressive strength of concrete with Recycled
Concrete aggregate is less than that of Concrete with
Conventional aggregates.
2. The physical and Mechanical properties of Recycled
Concrete aggregates are important factors governing
the strength characteristics of the concrete. And the
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919
properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregates are
governed by the Parent source.
3. Due to higher water absorption of recycled
aggregates, more is the water requirement for
appropriate workability. The adjustments in water
content can be done during designing which increases
the water demand, however appropriate percentage of
admixture can be used to increase the workability.
4. Compressive strength of Concrete with aggregates
RFCA and RFA shows a decrease in compressive
strength and thus cannot be recommended. However
further studies with use of admixtures can make the
concrete effective for lower grade applications.
5. Using Recycled fine aggregates in concrete can prove
to be better however in less quantity and can be
recommended for lower grade applications.
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