RESEARCH

IN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 7

COMMERCIAL BUILDING

Submitted to:

Arch. Arjay Ty

Submitted by:

Mary Lyn O. Casanova

A commercial building is a building that is used for commercial use. Types can include office
buildings, warehouses, or retail (i.e. convenience stores, 'big box' stores, shopping malls, etc.). In urban
locations, a commercial building often combines functions, such as an office on levels 2-10, with retail on
floor 1. Local authorities commonly maintain strict regulations on commercial zoning, and have the
authority to designate any zoned area as such. A business must be located in a commercial area or area
zoned at least partially for commerce.

It is also a structure whose 50 percent or more of floor space is leased for commercial purposes.

A shopping mall is a modern, chiefly North American, term for a form of shopping precinct or
shopping center, in which one or more buildings form a complex of shops representing merchandisers
with interconnecting walkways that enable customers to walk from unit to unit. A shopping arcade is a
specific form serving the same purpose.

Many early shopping arcades such the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele IIin
Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still trading. However, many smaller arcades have
been demolished, replaced with large centers or "malls", often accessible by vehicle. Technical
innovations such as electric lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century.

From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters and restaurants began to be
added. As a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant
constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather.

COLUMN SPACING

Significant dimension is along the mall as this involves the widths, i.e., frontages, of stores.
Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30 ft., with the last the most flexible.

STORE DEPTHS

Buildings are usually 120 to 140 ft deep, sometimes more to accommodate larger stores.
If there are basements or mezzanines, the depth dimension usually can be reduced 20 to 25
percent.

CLEAR HEIGHTS

These vary from 10 to 14 ft. or more, with 12 Ft. a good average. Above this clear height, there
must be adequate space for air conditioning ducts, recessed lights, structural e system, etc.

PARKING AND TRAFFIC

A ratio of between 5 and 6 car spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. of leasable store area is mandatory.
In the matter of parking layout, car stalls can be set at angles say, 70 to the lanes, which then
requires one-way traffic; or stalls can be at 90 to the lanes, permitting two-way traffic.

SHOP SIZES & LAYOUTS

 12 to 15 ft. wide by 50 to 60 ft. long in large cities ; and 15 to 18 ft. wide by 60 to 80 ft. long in
smaller cities.
These dimensions apply particularly to shops in 100 percent retail districts.
Basements 8 to 9 ft high, in the clear, permit economical stock storage.
Ground floors are preferably approximately 12 ft high. If no mezzanine is included; mezzanines
at least 7 ft6 inch above floor level will accommodate most fixture heights.
Height from mezzanine floor to ceiling may be as low as 6 ft6 in. if used for service space only; 7
ft. is the preferred minimum for public use.

AISLE WIDTHS

Aisle Widths For clerks, min. = 1 ft8 inch.

Desirable 2 ft to 2 ft3 inch
For main public aisles, min .= 4 ft6 inch
Avg.5 ft6 inch to 7 ft;
Usual max., 1 1 ft.
Secondary public aisles, 3 ft to 3 ft6 inch.

The ratio of sales to ancillary space ranges from about 45:55 in small shops and departmental stores to
60:40 in supermarkets.

Planning

Halls are usually designed to give a large-span open space having natural roof lighting, good ventilation
and service connections.

One-floor trading is preferred.

Perimeter stalls and other grouped layouts have service corridors.
Fish, meat and food stalls are sited in zoned areas with more sophisticated ventilation, drainage
and services.

Key considerations:

Access and linkage to car parks, shopping areas, goods delivery and parking bays.
Mix of traders.
Risk of fire (incombustible materials, fire-resistant construction smoke evacuation) and means of
escape. Net areas Gross areas Staff facilities 1015 per cent 2530 per cent Offices 58 per cent

CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS

Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of corridors and
passageways shall be not less than 2.4 m.
All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall be adequately ventilated.
Internal staircase minimum width shall be 2.0m in all group F building.

Pressurization of Staircases (Protected Escape Routes)

Pressurization is a method adopted for protected escape routes against ingress of smoke, especially in
high-rise buildings. In pressurization, air is injected into the staircases, lobbies or corridors, to raise their
pressure slightly above the pressure in adjacent parts of the building. As a result, ingress of smoke or
toxic gases into the escape routes will be prevented. The pressurization of staircases shall be adopted
for high rise buildings and building having mixed occupancy/ multiplexes having covered area more
than 500 m2.

ARRANGEMENT OF EXITS

Exits shall be so located that the travel distance on the floor shall not exceed the distance of 30m. in case
of all mercantile building.

NOTE: For fully sprinkled building, the travel distance may be increased by 50 percent of the values
specified

EXTERNAL STAIRS

External stairs, when provided shall comply the following:

External stairs shall always be kept in sound operable conditions.

Ail external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground.
The external stairs shall be constructed of noncombustible materials,
No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle greater than 45 from the
horizontal.
External stairs shall have straight flight not less than 1250 mm wide with 250 mm treads and
risers not more than 190 mm.
The number of risers shall be limited to 15 per flight.
Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000 mm and not exceeding 1200 mm. There shall be
provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm.
The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building not exceeding 9
m in height.
A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1500 mm in diameter and shall be designed to give
adequate headroom.

HORIZONTAL EXITS

For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an area equivalent to 0.3 m2 per person
to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors,

The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever projection
and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings.

a) For floors above 24 m and Up to 39 m - One refuge area on the floor immediately above 24 m.
b) For floors above 39 m One refuge area on the floor immediately above 39 m and so on after
every 15 m. Refuge area provided in excess of the requirements shall be counted towards FAR.
Where there is a difference in level between connected areas for horizontal exits, ramps, not more
than 1 in 10 m slope shall be provided; steps shall not be used. Doors in horizontal exits shall be
openable at all times from both sides
TURNING SPACE

Most wheelchairs require a space 1.4 m square to turn around. This determines the minimum size of lift
cars and circulation spaces in rooms.

LIFE SAFETY

General Exit Requirements

An exit may be a doorway; corridor passageway(s) to an internal staircase, or external staircase or

horizontal landing.
Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits.
Every exit, exit access or exit discharge shall be continuously maintained free of all obstructions.
Exits shall be clearly visible and the route to reach the exits shall be clearly marked and signs
posted to guide the occupants of the floor concerned.
Fire doors with 2 h fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape route.
Fire doors with 2 h fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape route

SANITARY INSTALLATIONS

Sanitary facilities for customers in shops and shopping malls having a net sales area more than 1000 m2
and assuming equal numbers of male and female customers.

The ratio of fittings in male and female toilets shall be 3:5, for example, 1 WC and 2Urinals for male: 5
WC.s for female which is in accordance to the NEAs COPEH.

Urinals

Individually wall-hung urinal units shall be at least 300mm wide and the lip of the collection area
shall project from the wall by at least 300mm.
A urinal should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall, partition, vanity or
other obstruction, or closer than 900mm centre-to-centre between adjacent fixtures.
There should be at least a 900mm clearance in front of the urinal to any wall, fixture or door.
Urinals should be separated by modesty boards of not less than 300mm x 1800mm (Height) to act
as a visual barrier between urinals.

Wash Basins

Wash basins should be substantial in size. The basins should have a minimum size of 500mm in length
and 400mm in width.

Water Closets (WCs)

A WC should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre to any side wall, partition, vanity or
other obstruction.
There should be at least a 900mm clearance in front of the WC to any wall, fixture or door.
 supply a predetermined quantity of not more than 4.5 litres of water per flush after each use.
(a) Mechanical Ventilation
Where mechanical means are used for ventilation, there should be cross ventilation and the air
exchange rate should have a minimum of 15 air changes per hour.
The exhaust air should be discharged to the exterior of the building at a position at least 2 m
above the pavement level and at least 5 m from any window or fresh air intake.
(b) Natural Ventilation
For natural ventilation, suitable fresh air inlet grilles shall be provided to ensure an air exchange
rate of 5 air changes per hour.
Examples of good materials for toilets:
(a) Floor
Non-slip ceramic tiles, natural stone, homogeneous tiles, terrazzo.
(b) Wall
Ceramic tiles, natural stone, homogeneous tiles, stainless steel, enamelled steel panels, glass
block, aluminium panels, phenolic cladding.
(c) Ceiling
Mineral fibre board, fibrous plaster board, Aluminium panels or strips

AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

PLANNING DESIGN CRITERIA (Fundamental Requirements)

The object of installing ventilation and air conditioning facilities in buildings shall be to provide
conditions under which people can live in comfort, work safely and efficiently.
Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and optimizing following
factors in the building:
a) Air purity and filtration
b) Air movement
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Relative humidity
e) Noise and vibration
f) Energy efficiency, and
g) Fire safety.

REFERENCE/S:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall

http://www.slideshare.net/RamanpreetKaur14/shopping-mall-47253910
 RESEARCH
IN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 7

AQUATIC CENTER

Submitted to:

Arch. Arjay Ty

Submitted by:

Mary Lyn O. Casanova

AQUATIC CENTER

- a complex with facilities for water sports, including swimming pools

Pool Requirements:

ALL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP COMPETITIONS MUST BE HELD IN POOLS THAT

COMPLY WITH THE FOLLOWING:

Length 50.0 metres between the Automatic Officiating Equipment touch Panels, except for the
World Swimming Championships 95 m), shall be 25.0 meters between the automatic Officiating
Equipment touch panels at the starting end and the wall or touch Panels at the turning end.
Masters World Championships and Olympic Games are exempt from this set of requirements.
Utilize this list in addition to the requirements for each individual sports facility for Olympic
Games and World Championships, listed below.

DIVING

SPRINGBOARD

Three 3m springboards mounted on a concrete platform. Four 1m springboards located on side opposite
to tower structure. Ideally, mounted on concrete stands. All springboards should use Durafirm short stands
and be situated a minimum of 2.2m apart.

PLATFORMS

10m, 7.5m, 5m and 3m platforms. 5m and 10m shall be 3 metres wide. 5m shall not be situated below the
10m. 3m and 7m may be stacked. Ideally, 7.5m and 3m should be a width of 2.5m however; it may be 2m
and 1.5m respectively. Water agitation system required. Recommended Ruff-tex platform non-slip
surface.

INSTANT ON AND OFF LIGHTING

Indirect lighting to avoid potential blind spots for judges.

MAIN TANK DEPTH

5m with straight walls

MAIN TANK DESCRIPTION

Separate dive tank is optimum standard; second option is L-shaped 50m pool; third option is 77m
bulkhead separated; fourth is 52m bulkhead separated.

MAIN TANK FITTINGS

0.6 metres springboard; 2X removable deck towers; constructed to allow for 1m and 3m overhead
spotting rigs; bubble sparger

MAIN TANK LENGTH

25m

MAIN TANK OTHER (E.G. GUTTERS, ETC.)

Gutters to prevent spill over to deck

MAIN TANK REMARKS

Allows for maximum use of facility for hosting opportunities and to be a top class-training site.
Recommend that any recreational aquatic attractions (e.g. slides, wave pools, splash pads etc.) be
completely isolated from the competitive facilities.

MAIN TANK WIDTH

25m

POOL DECK DESCRIPTION

7.5m wide deck space on three sides. Space for judges chairs and judging risers, data handling and
ceremonies as well as coach and athlete seating. Space for mats/ stretching. Eight-person hot tub in close
proximity to diving platforms. Constant supply of running hot water for two on-deck showers.

SWIMMING

Federation International de la Natation (FINA, International Swimming Federation) sets widely

recognized standards for competition pools:
 25 m (~82 feet) or
50 m (~164 feet) long and at least 1.35 m (~4.4 feet) deep.
An Olympic sized swimming pool is a pool that meets FINAs additional standards for the
Olympic Games and for world championship events.
TEMPERATURE & LIGHTING

Competition pools are generally indoors and heated to enable their use all year round, and to
more easily comply with the regulations regarding temperature, lighting, and Automatic
Officiating Equipment and equipment.
The water must be kept at 2528C (77-82.4F) and the lighting level at greater than 1500 lux.
POOL DESIGN

A pool may be referred to as fast or slow, depending on its physical layout. Some design considerations
allow the reduction of swimming resistance making the pool faster: namely, proper pool depth,
elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use
of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic and illumination designs.

MAIN TANK DEPTH

Depth: 2.0 meters (minimum). Although 2m is the minimum depth, 2.5 m is preferable.

MAIN TANK DESCRIPTION

Up to 2,000 people in pool area.

Warm-up Pool Length 25 m. Minimum. Could be several groups of 8-10 swimmers warming up
at once. Space required for lap swimming, pattern practice, highlight practice, etc.
WARM-UP POOL WIDTH

At least 6 lanes.

WARM-UP POOL OTHER

A warm-up/cool-down pool is required for all National competitions. The warm-up pool is separate from
the competition pool.
MAIN TANK FITTINGS

Lane Ropes shall extend the full length of the course, secured at each end wall to anchor brackets
recessed into the end walls. The anchor shall be positioned so that the floats at each end wall of
the pool shall be on the surface of the water.
When a bulkhead serves as an end wall, it must extend the full width of the course and present a
solid smooth, non-slippery stable vertical surface on which touch pads may be mounted
extending not less than 0.8m below and 0.3m above the surface of the water, and must be free of
hazardous openings above or below the waterline which may be penetrated by a swimmers
hands, feet, toes or fingers.
A bulkhead must be of a design that provides for the free movement of officials along its length
without such movement creating any appreciable current or water turbulence.
All the competition pools with overflow gutter on four sides have to be supplied, on one of the
short sides of the pool, with a headwall, 30 cm high above the water level. Such wall is formed by
a continuous footboard, with stainless steel structure and covered by a robust anti-slip ABS
grating.
MAIN TANK WIDTH

Lanes shall be at least 2.5 meters wide, with two spaces of at least 0.2 meter outside of the first
and last lanes.
The distance between the center points of each lane shall be 2.5 meters.
GOLD STANDARD:

10 lanes or 25m with a minimum .2m buffer for outside lanes for outside lane rope.

National: Minimum standard is 20.5m, 8 lanes is acceptable with a minimum .2m buffer for outside lanes
for outside lane rope.

POOL DECK DESCRIPTION

Total area 1,040 square meters. 10m clearances on change room side, 6m at each end and 2.5m
along opposite side.
Deck Space is required behind each end for officials and athletes. This includes turn judges and
timers, 4-6 athletes per lane.
Typically pool sides are demarked for coaching and club use (sometimes with a table) and the
other side reserved for officials tables, athlete staging and entry, VIP staging and entry, medal
ceremonies and other functions.
Deck surface: Deck surfaces should be non-slip and easy to clean.
FIELD OF PLAY

The distance between the respective goal lines shall be 30.0 meters for games played by men and 25.0
meters for games played by women. The width of the field of play shall be 20.0 metres. The depth of the
water shall be nowhere less then 1.8 metres, preferably 2.0 metres.

SYNCHRO

MAIN TANK DIMENSIONS

For the figure section of the competition two areas each 10.0 meters long by 3.0 meters wide are
to be provided.
Each area is to be close to a wall of the pool with the 10.0 meters long side parallel to and not
greater than 1.5 meters from the pool wall.
One of these areas is to be 3.0 meters minimum depth and the other area is to be of 2.5 meters
minimum depth.
FIELD OF PLAY

Delimit in width and length the field of play in the Solo and the Duet with two lanes (maximum width 16
mt length 25)

FIELD OF PLAY

For Routine section of competition a minimum area of 12 meters by 25 meters is required, within
an area of which 12 meters by 12c meters must have a minimum depth of 3.0 meters. The depth
of the reaming area shall be 2.0 meters minimum.
Where the water depth is more than 2.0 meters, the depth at the pool wall may be 2.0 meters and
then sloped down to reach a general depth at 1.2 meters maximum from the pool wall.
If there are no lane markings on the floor of the pool must be marked with contrasting lines in one
direction, following the length of the pool.
The water must be sufficiently clear at the bottom of the pool to be visible.
WATER TEMPERATURE

No less than 27 plus 1 minus centigrade.

MAIN TANK DESCRIPTION

To accommodate up to 600 participants in pool area not including stands or spectator area
MAIN TANK FITTINGS

Underwater speakers required. Underwater lights desirable.

MAIN TANK LENGTH

50 m pools divided by a bulkhead or 2 separate 25m pools.

MAIN TANK OTHER (E.G. GUTTERS, ETC.)

Needs deck area at end of competition pool. Unobstructed by diving boards or starting blocks. Boards and
blocks need to be portable/ removable. Confirm dimensions

MAIN TANK WIDTH

20-25m

POOL DECK DESCRIPTION

Space for judges tables, athlete staging and entry, VIP staging and entry, medal ceremonies, etc. Judging
occurs from both sides of pool deck space needs to allow for this. Manual scoring tables set up on deck,
width should allow for this. (4-8m on 2 sides) Podium for awards on deck would be an asset. On deck
bleachers for competitors.

WARM-UP POOL DEPTH REQUIRE DEEP, BUT COULD USE MAIN TANK.

WARM-UP POOL LENGTH

25 m. Minimum. Could be several groups of 8-10 swimmers warming up at once. Space required for lap
swimming, pattern practice, highlight practice, etc. Dangerous if crowded.

WARM-UP POOL WIDTH

At least 6 lanes. Refer to FINA Handbook

 WATER POLO

FIELD OF PLAY

The distance between the respective goal lines shall be 30.0 meters for games played by men and
25.0 meters for games played by women.
The width of the field of play shall be 20.0 meters.
The depth of the water shall be nowhere less then 1.8 meters, preferably 2.0 meters.
Exception may be allowed if Water polo Canada is controlling the match.
WATER TEMPERATURE

The water temperature shall not be less then 26 celseus 1 minus 1 Centigrade

LIGHT INTENSITY

Shall not be less then 600 lux.

Water Polo for Olympic games and World Championships Light Intensity shall not be less then
1500 lux.
WATER

For Olympic games, World Championships and FINA events fresh water shall be used.

MAIN TANK DEPTH

Minimum 2m

MAIN TANK DESCRIPTION

To accommodate up to 600 participants in pool area not including stands or spectator area.

MAIN TANK FITTINGS

Need to specify location of anchors for marker ropes (width and length). Require 1m, then 25(A) m tank,
then 1m. Depending on type of net purchased, may need station anchors in deck surface at the back of the
net.
OTHER DESCRIPTION

Need sufficient space to install a temporary referee catwalk for competitions.

POOL DECK DESCRIPTION

Space for judges tables, athlete staging and entry, VIP staging and entry, medal ceremonies, etc. Require
space on deck for player benches/ coach chairs, etc.

MUST HAVE FOR AN EXCEPTIONAL AQUATIC CENTER FACILITY

Lap Lanes: Large percentages of the population want to be able to come in and get a swim.
Shallow and deep water: If a facility only has shallow or deep water, it can be limited in the
offerings it can provide in terms of programming.
Leisure pool space: Some want to simply relax in a pool or hot tub, or even study in a warm,
calm space without many distractions.
Instructional space: Consideration must be given to the types of classes a department might want
to program and the facility requirements for them. For example, Seris mentioned that different
space needs exist from classes like lifeguarding to water fitness to competitive practices.
Standard and creative aquatic programming: Programming should meet the needs of students
while also looking to inspire increased use of the center.
Storage space: A facility with enough storage space to clear a deck of all equipment not in use
looks cleaner and less cluttered.
Excellent air quality: Poor air quality will lead to issues with equipment and health of the
patrons and staff.
Facility requirements for competitions: Consideration must be given to the facility requirements
for the various governing bodies which you would seek to attract to your facility for events. This
includes everything from pool depth to a timing system.
Conscientious and motivated staff: An excellent facility can easily fall into disrepair and neglect
unless the management and staff remain committed to maintaining a facility through aggressive
preventive maintenance and regular maintenance.
Aggressive risk management training: If operators can prevent, anticipate and train for, and
respond efficiently and effectively to those occurrences, [then] loss, damage and injury can be
minimized in many circumstances.
Outdoor pool: If climate and weather permit, spending time outdoors in or around a pool
continues to be a very popular activity for students.
REFERENCE/S:

http://www.aquaticscanadaaquatiques.com/pool-requirements/

http://campusrecmag.com/must-haves-for-an-exceptional-aquatics-center/