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11/15 Psych 101 Lecture Notes

Chi-square Test: a test for frequency tables with categorical data


o 2 cases:
one-variable case/Goodness-of-fit test
two-variable case/Test of Independence
o not about the mean of the entire data set, but about the
expected frequency
When we are making hypotheses about frequencies, we have to
remember:
o We either reject or retain our null hypothesis
We retain if the test statistic is extreme or more
extreme if the null hypothesis were true
We reject if we are unlikely to obtain a test statistic
as extreme or more extreme if the null hypothesis
were true
Pearsons Chi-Square Test
o Frequency(observed)-f(expected)^2/frequency(expected)
o If we have a series of observations falling into different
categories with given probabilities, we can know
approximately what the sampling distribution of the
following test statistic
o Df=number of cells 1
o We compare the observed vs. expected X^2 statistic
o Same steps as that of a hypothesis test:
Specify null and alternative hypothesis
Draw a random sample: calculate your obtained and
expected frequencies
Usually we expect the same frequency in all
cells
Calculate X^2 value
Compared your calculated X^2 value to the critical
X^2 value (based on our df and alpha) and make a
decision about the null hypothesis
Assumptions and Limitations:
o Should be a random sample from population
o Observations should be independent
o Assumes that frequencies are normally distributed
Can also use the Chi-squared test to see whether 2 categorical
variable are independent or related
o In order to get the expected frequency:
Frequency(expected)=(row sum)(column sum)/total
Then we can use the same formula as stated earlier
to calculate our Chi-square statistic
Things to Note:
o X^2 test are never negative
X^2 test is always positive UNLESS your expected
and observed frequencies coincide perfectly
Remember that the difference between the t and z statistic is
that there is no measure or estimate of population variance with
the t statistic
Effect Sizes and Chi-Square
o Omega for Goodness of Fit (only for one variable)
Varies from 0-1
Small effect: 0.1
Moderate effect: 0.3
Large effect: 0.5
But you will never actually need to calculate omega
in this class

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