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Twilight, the per of incomplete darkness between sunset & full
night & sunrise (dawn). It is caused by reflection of slight from the
higher parts of the atmosphere that are still illuminated after the
sun has become invisible from ordinary heights.
The Encyclopedia Americana 1963
Vol.: 27, p: 228






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18 ) 17 30 17 (
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18

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1- Astronomical twilight is defi-ne as the interval between
sun-rise or sunset and the time when the true position of the
below the horizon , at the sixth center of the sun is 18
magnitude are visi-ble near the zenith and gene-rally there is
no trac on the horizon of the twilight glow .
Smithsonian Meteorological tables , Washingtin , D.C.
1971,P:506
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. 18
2- Astronomical Twilight : When thw sun dropped about 18
below the horizon ; it has been adopted as the point that sepe-
rates completed darkness , from sunset or sunrise , However ,
illu-mination is partically , imper-ceptible when the sun is
below the horizon . only slightly less than 18
Encyclopedia Britannica ,
Vol :22 , P : 430 .

) ( -3

) ( ) ( ) (
. 18
3- Twilight ; When the sun is not too far below the horizon ,
light reflected and scattered by the upper atmosphere reaches
the Earth ; the period during which this illumination occurs is
known as twilight ; and is usually considered to begin (in the
morning ) or end ( in the evening ) when the centre of the sun
below the horizon . is 18

Time Depression of Sun's centre

Sunrise or sunset .. 0 50 ........

Civil .........
..... .... twilight .. .6
Nautical twilight ... 12
Astronomical twilight ........
.18
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) (

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It will be found , in general , that civil twilight marks the
them when ordinary outdoor operations are difficult with out
artificial light , the brightest stars will be visible to the eye .
By the time of nautical twilight the light will have deterio
rated badly ; general outlines will still be visible , although
the horizon probably cannot be distinguish hed , all detailed
operations are impossible , and all the brighter stars can be
seen , Astronomical twilight may be taken as synonym
mouse with darkness .
The Nautical Alma race , 1955 , P: 452 .
 :
: Twilight
Morning Twilight
Evening Twilight

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508 447 428 410 345 325 324 348 424 502 522 524 1
509 447 429 411 346 325 323 347 423 500 522 524 2
509 448 429 411 347 326 323 346 421 459 521 524 3
510 449 430 411 348 326 322 345 420 458 521 525 4
510 449 431 412 349 326 322 344 419 457 521 525 5
511 450 431 412 350 326 322 343 418 456 520 525 6
511 450 432 413 351 327 322 342 417 455 519 525 7
 512 451 432 413 352 327 322 240 415 454 518 526 8
512 452 433 414 352 328 323 339 414 453 518 526 9
513 453 434 414 353 329 322 338 413 452 517 526 10
514 453 434 415 354 329 321 337 412 451 517 526 11
515 454 435 416 355 330 321 336 410 450 516 526 12
516 455 435 416 356 331 321 335 408 448 515 526 13
516 455 436 417 357 332 321 334 407 447 515 526 14
517 456 436 418 357 333 321 333 406 446 514 526 15
517 457 436 419 358 333 321 333 405 445 513 526 16
518 458 437 420 359 334 321 332 403 444 512 526 17
518 459 437 420 400 335 321 331 402 442 511 526 18
519 500 438 421 400 335 321 330 401 441 510 526 19
519 501 439 422 401 335 321 329 400 440 510 526 20
520 502 439 422 402 336 321 329 359 438 509 526 21
520 502 440 423 403 337 321 328 358 437 508 526 22
521 503 440 424 404 338 322 327 357 436 507 252 23
521 503 441 424 404 339 322 326 356 435 506 525 24
522 504 441 425 405 340 322 325 354 434 505 525 25
522 505 442 425 406 340 323 325 353 432 504 525 26
523 506 442 426 407 341 323 324 352 431 504 524 27
523 507 444 427 407 342 324 324 351 429 504 524 28
524 507 444 427 407 343 324 324 350 428 524 29
524 507 446 428 408 343 324 324 349 427 523 30
446 409 343 324 425 523 31

18

01 440 421 403 337 316 315 340 417 455 515 517 1
02 440 422 404 338 316 314 339 416 453 515 517 2
03 441 422 404 339 317 314 338 414 452 514 517 3
03 442 423 404 340 317 313 337 413 451 514 518 4
04 442 424 405 341 317 313 336 412 450 514 518 5
04 443 424 405 342 317 313 335 411 449 513 518 6
05 443 425 406 343 318 313 334 410 448 512 518 7
05 444 425 406 344 318 313 332 408 447 511 519 8
06 445 426 407 344 319 313 331 407 446 511 519 9
07 446 427 407 345 320 313 329 405 445 510 519 10
07 447 427 408 346 320 313 328 403 444 510 519 11
08 448 428 409 347 321 313 327 401 443 509 519 12
09 448 429 409 348 322 312 326 400 441 508 519 13
10 449 429 410 349 323 312 325 359 440 508 519 14
10 450 429 411 350 324 312 325 358 439 507 519 15
11 451 430 412 351 324 312 324 356 438 506 519 16
11 451 430 413 352 325 312 323 355 437 505 519 17
12 452 431 413 352 326 312 322 354 435 504 519 18
12 453 400 414 353 327 312 321 353 434 503 519 19
13 454 432 415 354 327 312 321 353 433 503 519 20
13 455 433 415 355 328 312 320 351 431 502 519 21
14 455 434 416 356 328 312 319 350 430 501 519 22
14 456 434 417 357 329 313 318 349 429 500 518 23
15 456 345 417 358 330 313 317 347 428 459 518 24
15 457 346 418 359 331 313 317 346 427 458 518 25
16 458 347 418 400 332 314 316 345 425 457 518 26
16 459 348 419 401 333 314 316 344 424 457 517 27
17 500 349 420 402 334 315 316 343 422 456 517 28
17 500 349 420 335 315 315 341 421 517 29
 421 335 315 315 420 516 30
336 418 516 31

) (

88 83 82 85 97 110 109 94 86 83 85 90 1 40
89 84 82 84 92 105 110 99 88 84 84 88 11
89 86 82 82 90 102 111 104 90 85 83 88 21

81 77 76 79 88 95 94 85 79 78 80 83 1 35
82 79 76 78 84 93 96 88 81 78 78 82 11
83 79 76 76 82 90 96 92 83 78 78 81 21
77 73 72 75 82 87 86 80 75 73 75 78 1 30
78 75 72 74 80 86 87 83 76 73 75 78 11
78 75 73 73 77 83 88 84 78 74 74 77 21
70 67 66 67 72 76 76 71 68 67 69 73 1 20
71 68 66 67 70 74 76 73 69 68 68 71 11
72 69 67 67 69 74 76 74 70 68 67 70 21
67 65 64 65 68 70 71 66 64 64 66 68 1 10
68 66 64 64 67 70 71 67 65 65 66 68 11
68 66 64 63 66 69 71 68 66 66 63 67 21
67 64 63 64 66 67 67 65 64 63 66 68 1
67 65 64 63 65 67 68 66 64 63 66 68 11
68 66 64 63 64 67 68 66 64 63 63 67 21



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The tide in the morning and evening when the center of the
sun is geonic trically 10 below the horizon have
accorgingly been conventionally defined as the ban

18

.
U.s. NAVAL OBSERVATORY
WASHINGON, D.C.20390

7 February
1974
Dear sir :
 In reply to your letter of 23 January , encoled is a
copy of our definitions of astronomical , nautical and civil
twilight .

Complete darkness is considered to end in the

morning when the center of the sun is geometrically 18
below the horizon . However . at that time , the illuminations
over a long period of time at your specific geographic
location would be necessary in order to deter-mine the length
of time after the beginning of morning astronomical twilight
when the first visible light appears .

Sincerely
yours ,
R.L.D
R.L Abdul Malik Al- Kulaib
DONCOMBE
Chief , Climatological Division
Director
Nautical P. O Box 17
Almanc Office
Kuwait

Dear Sir ,
We have been asked to erply to your onquiry of
1974 January 23 concerning the depreseion of the sun below
the horizon at the beginning of morning twilight . the
puestions do not admit of preciso answers sinoo the
conditions during twilight depend on the actual , current ,stste
of the atmosphere over a wide aron , Even the overage
 conditions near a given place may vary with the time of year
and will differ from those in other other areas , licnc , I can
do little more than repeat the generally accopted views on
this matter . Mrotly , it is necesuary for the sun to be more
than 18 below the horizon in order that the twilight shall not
affect astronomical observaitions of faint objects . Secondly ,
it is necessary for the Run to be lese than 12 below in order
that an observer shall be to see the horizon sufficiently well
to be able to take astronomical nights for navigation at sea .
Hence the ordinary observer to likely to notice the onset of
twilight at a debreseion of between 18 and 12 . This is in
agreement with your own observations that at a dopreeian of
14 the onset of twilight is just noticeable , but I must
emphasis that I would expect the value to differ from day to
day the sky condition change .

I trust these comments will be of assistance to you .

Your
faithfully ,

:





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5 26 5 04 4 42 4 55 4 33 4 30 4 55 4 33 5 13 5 36 5 41 2
5 27 5 05 4 43 5 33 4 56 4 33 4 30 4 54 4 32 5 12 5 35 5 41 3
5 28 5 05 4 44 5 23 4 57 4 34 4 30 4 53 4 30 5 11 5 35 5 41 4
5 28 5 06 4 45 5 23 4 58 4 34 4 30 4 52 4 29 5 10 5 34 5 42 5
5 29 5 07 4 45 5 23 4 59 4 35 4 30 4 50 4 28 5 08 5 34 5 42 6
5 29 5 08 4 46 5 33 4 59 4 35 4 30 4 49 4 27 5 07 5 33 5 42 7
5 30 5 09 4 47 5 34 5 00 4 36 4 29 4 48 4 25 5 06 5 33 5 42 8
5 31 5 10 4 47 5 35 5 01 4 36 4 29 4 47 4 24 5 05 5 32 5 42 9
5 31 5 10 4 48 5 36 5 02 4 37 4 29 4 46 4 23 5 04 5 31 5 42 10
5 32 5 11 4 49 5 37 5 03 4 38 4 28 4 45 4 21 5 03 5 30 5 42 11
5 33 5 11 4 49 5 38 5 03 4 39 4 28 4 44 4 20 5 01 5 29 5 42 12
5 33 5 12 4 50 5 38 5 04 4 39 4 28 4 44 4 19 5 00 5 29 5 41 13
5 34 5 13 4 50 5 39 5 05 4 40 4 28 4 43 4 17 4 59 5 28 5 41 14
5 34 5 14 4 51 5 39 5 06 4 41 4 28 4 42 4 16 4 57 5 27 5 41 15
5 35 5 15 4 51 5 30 5 07 4 42 4 28 4 42 4 15 4 55 5 27 5 41 16
5 35 5 16 4 52 5 31 5 08 4 42 4 28 4 41 4 14 4 54 5 26 5 41 17
5 36 5 16 4 53 5 32 5 09 4 43 4 28 4 40 4 12 4 53 5 25 5 41 18
5 36 5 17 4 53 5 33 5 10 4 43 4 28 4 39 4 11 4 51 5 24 5 41 19
5 37 5 17 4 53 5 33 5 11 4 43 4 28 4 39 4 09 4 50 5 23 5 41 20
5 37 5 18 4 54 5 33 5 12 4 44 4 28 4 38 4 08 4 49 5 22 5 41 21
5 37 5 19 4 55 5 34 5 13 4 45 4 29 4 37 4 06 4 48 5 21 5 41 22
5 38 5 19 4 55 5 35 5 13 4 46 4 29 4 36 4 05 4 46 5 20 5 40 23
5 38 5 20 4 56 5 36 5 14 4 47 4 29 4 35 4 04 4 45 5 19 5 40 24
5 39 5 21 4 57 5 37 5 15 4 48 4 29 4 34 4 03 4 44 5 18 5 39 25
5 39 5 21 4 58 5 37 5 16 4 49 4 30 4 34 4 02 4 43 5 17 5 39 26
5 40 5 33 4 58 4 38 5 17 4 50 4 30 4 34 4 01 4 41 5 15 5 39 27
5 40 5 23 4 59 4 38 5 17 4 50 4 30 4 33 4 59 4 40 5 14 5 39 28
5 40 5 23 5 00 4 39 5 18 4 51 4 31 4 33 4 58 4 39 5 38 29
5 40 5 24 5 01 4 39 5 19 4 52 4 31 4 33 4 57 4 38 5 38 30
5 40 5 02 5 20 4 53 4 32 4 36 5 37 31

77 73 72 75 82 87 86 80 75 73 75 78 1

1.17 1.13 1.12 1.15 1.22 1.27 1 26 1 20 1 15 1 13 1 15 1 18 10

78 75 72 74 80 86 87 83 76 72 75 78 11
20
1.18 1.15 1.12 1.14 1.20 1.27 1.27 1.23 1.16 1.12 1.15 1.18

78 75 72 73 77 83 88 84 78 74 74 77 21

1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.24 1.18 1.14 1.14 1.17 30

: 6.49 ) 30 (
10.15 1983 /2 / 7

5.34 .