International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Signals, Communication and Optimization (EESCO) - 2015
Simulation And Comparison Between Hybrid Active
Power Filter And Shunt Active Power Filter
Prof. D.R.Dobariya
Electrical Engineering Department,
Government Engineering College, Bharuch,
Gujarat, India.
prof.drdobariya@yahoo.com
Abstract The shunt active power filters (SAPFs) and hybrid
active power filter (HAPF) is used for practical solution to solve
the electric power quality, (EPQ) issues. The emerging power-
electronic devices and the new developments in digital signal
processing (DSP), have made possible its practical use. The active
power filters can compensate the nonlinear load current of
electrical systems: harmonics, reactive power, imbalances, etc. In
this paper simulation and comparison between shunt active
power filter and hybrid combination of shunt active power filter
and shunt passive power filter is presented. FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform) analysis and waveforms are presented for both
filters. The superior performance of hybrid active power filter is
also presented.
Keywords APF, EPQ, DSP, ALPC, VSI, CSI, THD,
Harmonics, FFT, HAPF, etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent era, the voltage, current and power ratings with
the switching speeds of electronic devices (IGBTs, GTOs,.)
have increased. There are new possibilities of digital signal
processing (DSP boards) [3]. An innovative idea, active power
filters, is now possible from a practical implementation point
of view. The advantage of digital processing with on-line
filtering makes new horizons. The APF concept is to use a
DC/AC converter to inject currents or voltages harmonic
components to cancel the load harmonic components. The
shunt active power filter to inject into the system the current
harmonics at 180 degree. The role of the passive harmonic
filter is to minimise the cost of the active filter and optimise
the overall performance of the hybrid combination. Besides,
the hysteresis current control strategy can include other targets
to compensate the reactive power or to balance the
asymmetrical load currents.
The first APLC for harmonic compensation was installed
in 1982 [7]. From this date, many high-power devices have
been installed throughout the world, principally in Japan. The
experimental and research advances has improved the APLC
utilities. The target is to compensate flickers and voltage
imbalances in three phase systems, besides the reactive power,
imbalanced currents or load harmonics currents. This
proposed simulation work of shunt active power filter with
hybrid active power filter give clear idea of the power quality
improvement.
978-1-4799-7678-2/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE
Prof. P.A.Upadhyay
Electrical Engineering Department,
Government Engineering College, Bharuch,
Gujarat, India.
parul.purani@yahoo.com
The three main aspects of a hybrid active power filters are:
the type of converter (the scheme, the topology of
converter, and the power electronic device used);
the control technique (estimation of APLC control
reference signals);
the control method used (how the power inverter
follows the control reference, usually through the pulse
width modulation of the switch device trigger signals,
that is, the PWM method);
the connection of passive filter.
First three parameters are same for shunt and hybrid active
power filters. So, the design according to the application of the
control strategy, and the election and implementation of the
control technique are key to the active power filter design. The
estimation of the effect of inserting passive filter is presented
here.
II. ACTIVE POWER FILTERS:
A. Shunt active power filter
The more usual APLC configuration is the shunt or
parallel connection. Fig. 1 shows the basic scheme of the
connection. An IGBT switching device represents the active
power filter block and the other with diode symbol represents
the nonlinear load. The loads with current harmonics can be
compensated by this configuration. A typical example of a
current-source nonlinear load is a rectifier with resistive
branch in dc side.
Fig. 1 shows the basic performance of a shunt active power
filter. The general aim is that the shunt active power filter will
inject into the system a compensation current, iC, to cancel the
harmonic component of the load current, iL[1]. The source
current iS becomes sinusoidal after the compensation.
The current waveform of a nonlinear load, a three-phase
diode rectifier with a highly inductive DC branch, is shown in
Fig. 2. The shunt active power filter connection; this injects a
compensation current, Fig.2c, in parallel with the load. Fig.2d
shows the source current of the system. Before the
compensation is equal to the load current, and after it is
sinusoidal. In this example, the source voltage is sinusoidal.
Fig. 1. Shunt Active Power Filter

Fig. 4. Hybrid Active Power Filters

III. PASSIVE FILTER DESIGN

The LC branches designed to some resonant frequencies to
eliminate harmonics or adjusted as high-pass filter are known
as passive filters. Tuned passive filters are designed to trap
harmonics by adding reactor with XL = Xc at the tuned
frequency (h*f).
Fig. 2. Shunt Active Filter wave forms 1) Necessary data are:

B. Series Active Filter Reactive power to be compensated Q (VA)

Fig. 3 shows the connection diagram of a series active Supply voltage V(Volts)
power filter. The filter is connected to the system through a
coupling transformer. The compensation voltage, VC, is used Supply frequency f(Hz)
to cancel the load voltage harmonics, e.g. diode rectifiers with Harmonic order h
capacitive load in the DC side.
Quality factor Q
C. Hybrid Filter
Fig. 4 shows some types of the hybrid combination of (Vs) 2 h 2
passive and active filters. The main aim of hybrid combination Xc =
is to reduce the cost of the static compensation. The passive Q (h 2 1) (1)
filters are used to cancel the most relevant harmonics of the
load, and the active filter is dedicated to improving the
performance of passive filters or to cancel other harmonics
components. As result, the power of the active filter is 1
reduced, and the passive filter problems (e.g. resonances with
C=
2fX C (2)
the source impedance) are mitigated. In summary, the total
cost decreases without reduction of the efficiency.

XC
XL =
h2 (3)

XL
L=
2f (4)

Fig. 3. Series Active Filter

 h. X L V. CURRENT CONTROL
R=
QL The hysteresis band control is presented in Fig. 6.
(5)

fn
BW =
QL (6)

The detailed designed parameters are given in table 1.

TABLE I. PARAMETER FOR PASSIVE FILTERS

Harmonic order
Component
5 7 11 13
Fig. 6. Hysteresis Current Control
R() 4.7 6.5 10.3 12.0

L(mH) 15.33 20.4 31.5 70.66

C(F) 27.1 23.0 26.6 27.7

IV. POWER ELECTRONICS INVERTERS IN APLC

There are two kinds of power electronics converters are
used in active power filter:
Voltage source inverter (VSI). It is a DC/AC inverter
which uses a capacitor in the DC side as a voltage
source.
Current source inverter (CSI). It is an inverter which
uses an inductance in DC side as a current source.
The corresponding three-phase power circuits are shown in
Fig.5.
The usual converter controlled switching devices are
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The inverter works
without an additional energy source in the DC side. So, the
control of active filter will enable the electrical system to
provide the converter energy losses. The VSI topology cost
effective and is the usual extended configuration.
The comparison shows than the IGBT works with a
switching frequency over the rest (more than 25 kHz) with
low energy losses. This is the main reason for extensive use of
IGBT as switching device. The GTOs are used in some
applications where it is necessary to work with a very high
voltage or current.
Fig. 7. Hysteresis Current Control Waveform
The basic block diagram is shown in Fig.6. When the
measured current crosses a band around the reference current,
the switch devices change its state (it turns ON or OFF) and
the current returns to the band.
The measured currents are compared with the reference
ones; the error signals thus produced are the inputs of a
hysteresis comparator; which becomes the control signal. If
the measured current is greater (a half of the band value) than
the reference, the corresponding switching devices to get a
negative inverter output voltage; this voltage allows to be
decreased the output current, and it goes to the reference
current. On the other hand, if the measured current is less (a
half of the band value) than the reference one, the switch
devices commute to obtain a positive inverter output voltage;
the output current increases, and it goes to the reference
current. As a result, the output current will be in a band around
the reference current.
The implementation of the hysteresis-band control is
economical and is excellent with fast current control.

VI. STRATEGIES FOR LOAD STATIC COMPANSATION

The strategy control is essential to get the desired
compensation aim. The time domain and in the frequency
domain strategies have been proposed by many publishers.
Fig. 5. VSI and CSI Some of these are modified by the Akagi [8] in the pq theory.
 This theory defines the power vector terms in the 0
axes, where - is co-planar to 1-2-3 axes and the 0 axis is
orthogonal to both. In - coordinates, the power terms are the
instantaneous real and imaginary powers, respectively. The
load current or voltage can be expressed in real and imaginary
components. The main aim of pq theory is to obtain a
constant source power after the compensation with active
power filters.
Fig. 9 shows the MATLAB simulink model of shunt active
power filter whereas Fig. 10 shows Load current THD without
shunt active power filter. Fig.11 shows the source current
THD with shunt active power filter and Fig.12 shows current
waveforms with SAPF. Fig.13 shows MATLAB simulink
model of hybrid active power filter and Fig.14 shows source
current THD with hybrid active power filter whereas Fig.15
shows the current waveforms with HAPF.

Fig. 8. Instantaneous reactive power theory

This theory is based on a coordination transformation, from a

bc (or 123) axes to new 0 axes. In these coordinates,
the reference current compensations are calculated. Other
control formulations are used in the modified pq
(instantaneous reactive power theory) and the dq theory.

VII. INSTANTANEOUS REACTIVE POWER THEORY

The p-q theory or the so called instantaneous reactive
power theory was introduced by H. Akagi, Kanazawa and
Nabae [8]. It suggests an effective strategy to compensate
nonlinear loads by using active power filters. Initially, it was
applied to balanced three-phase, three-wire systems, and then
it was extended to unbalanced three phase four-wire systems.
Fig. 10. Load current THD without shunt active power filter

Fig. 9. Simulink model of shunt active power filter

Fig. 11. Source current THD with shunt active power filter
Fig. 12. Current waveforms with SAPF Fig. 15. Current waveforms with HAPF

TABLE II. HARMONIC CONTENT BEFORE & AFTER PASSIVE FILTER

Harmonic order LOAD With SAPF With
PF HAPF
5 22.55% 2.91% 1.72%

7 11.22% 1.44% 1.41%

THD 29.90% 6.37% 1.31%

VIII. CONCLUSION
From the comparison and simulation results we can
conclude that the hybrid combination of shunt active filter and
shunt passive filter can give better result, which compiles the
IEEE standard 519.

IX. REFERENCES
[1] Simulation of Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner (APLC) for Three
Phase AC/DC Converter by 1 Vaibhav Purwar* and 2 Sanjiv Kr. VSRD-
Fig. 13. Simulink model of hybrid active power filter IJEECE, Vol. 1 (9), 2011, 504-513.
[2] Report on Design and implementation of single phase shunt active
power filter for harmonic mitigation in distribution system by Deepak
C. Bhonsle, The M.S.University of Baroda.
[3] Implementation of a Digital signal processor controlled shunt active
filter by L R Limongi, M C Cavalcanti, F A S Neves, G M S Azevedo.
Electrical power quality and utilisation journal Vol. XII no.2, 2006, pp
no. 5 to 14.
[4] Shunt Active Filter PSIM based Simulation and analysis using p-q
theory by Priyank Rameshbhai Bhavsar and Pinkal J. Patel, Proc. of the
International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE 2011)
Copyright 2011 RG Education Society ISBN: 978-981-08-7931-0,
page no.90-93.
[5] A four-leg unified seriesparallel active filter system for periodic and
non-periodic disturbance compensation Mehmet Ucar, Sule Ozdemir,
Engin Ozdemir Department of Electrical Education, Technical
Education Faculty, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Kampus, Izmit 41380,
Kocaeli, Turkey. Electric Power Systems Research 81 (2011) 1132
1143.
[6] The Design and Implementation of a Shunt Active Power Filter based on
Source Current Measurement by Engin Ozdemir, Mehmet Uca,r Metin
Kesler, Murat Kale, 1 -4244-0743-5/07/$20.00 2007 IEEE pp. 608 to
613.
Fig. 14. Source current THD with hybrid active power filter
[7] Hirofumi Akagi, Yoshihira Kanazawa, Akira Nabae Instantaneous
Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices without
Energy Storage Components- IEEE Trans on Industry Appl, 1984.
[8] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae, "Generalized theory of the
instantaneous reactive power in three phase circuits," in Proc. JIEE
IPEC-Tokyo, 1983.
[9] Active AC Power Filters-in Proc. IEEE/IAS Annu. Meeting, 1976.[1]
Mr. Suresh Kumar K.S &Dr. S. Ashok, FACTS Controllers and
Applications,Nalanda Digital Library at National Institute of
Technology Calicut.,2003.
[10] Joo Afonso, Carlos Couto, Jlio Martins, Active Filters with Control
Based on the p-q Theory, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
Newsletter vol. 47, no 3, Sept. 2000, ISSN: 0746-1240, pp. 5-10.
[11] Rapid Prototyping Applications on Three-Phase PWM Rectifier and
Shunt Active Power Filter Kadir Vardar, Tolga Surgevil, and Eyup
Akpnar Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Kaynaklar Kampusu, 35160 Buca, Izmir,
TURKEY. Pp.258-262.