Michael Yamin, Max Donnelly, Kenzo Lord

Mrs. Laliberte, Mrs. Cervi

American Literature 1600, AP US History

23 January 2017

Works Cited

Primary Sources:

"Letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt." American Decades Primary Sources, edited by

in Context. Web.
Cynthia Rose, vol. 4: 1930-1939, Gale, 2004, pp. 657-660. U.S. History

10 Nov. 2016.

This source is a primary source, as it is a letter written by Albert Einstein to President

Roosevelt. On August 3rd, 1939, renowned physicist Albert Einstein wrote a letter to

United States president Franklin Roosevelt concerning the use of uranium in weapons of

mass destruction. Einstein relays the information he has heard from other sources

regarding information about the nazis beginning working on splitting the atom and setting

off a nuclear chain reaction using uranium. Einstein not only warns Roosevelt to be

cautious of this matter, he gives highly suggested recommendations, such as starting to

create a usable supply of uranium of their own, and using government funds to help speed

up the process of research directed towards the act of fission. He ends the letter by giving

information that the nazis have stopped selling uranium from controlled mines, and the

high likelihood of their efforts soon possibly becoming a reality.

 This letter was found through gale databases. Gale is a leading publisher of educational

information, and is a highly respected source for finding only legitimate and reliable

information. This letter is extremely useful as it provides insight into the very beginning

of the idea of a weapon of mass destruction and the need for efforts towards creating one

to combat the axis powers. It also was written by Albert Einstein to the President of the

United States, both highly respected and important figures, representing the importance

this letter must involve. The letter was biased in the fact that Albert Einstein wrote the

letter to raise awareness and to bring ideas to combating the nazis and axis powers,

clearly showing his side towards the war as he not only gave warning, he gave advice as

well. I will use this source to lead into the necessity of a nuclear program, as this letter

solely led into the concern about the issue.

I will also use the introductory context of the letter, regarding information about Leo

Szilard and his help in convincing Einstein to send the letter in the first place. It will be

the base of my portion of research; the rest of my project will build off of the letter.

Letters from Hibakusha - NH Hiroshima" Letters from Hibakusha - NHK Hiroshima. NHK,

n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2016.

The source is made up of many letter received by the Japanese news broadcaster, NHK;

which therefore makes this a primary source. Each letter accounts another story of a

survivor who was in or nearby Hiroshima at the time of the dropping of the first bomb
 (Little Boy) on the city and what they remember afterwards.

Although the source is biased as almost all the survivors who wrote letters state that they

hope another atomic bomb will ever be dropped or write a solemn one about the event,

the recounting a of each survivor give a description and created a picture of what they

individually saw and how it affect them. The destruction based on data is only somewhat

useful to understand what happened in Hiroshima. With personal accounts and

visualization of the after effects, one is more able to grasp the effects of the first atomic

bomb drop.

The letters will be used as the evidence of the effect on the atomic bomb on Japan. Since

the bomb that was planned to hit Nagasaki missed, there is more information (as seen

by the letters) on the physical and emotional damages that befell the people of Hiroshima

as well as the destruction of the city. While life of Japanese citizens changed forever

after the dropping of bombs, it could be considered that the changes to their lives was due

to the end of the war rather than the direct effect of the Bomb, which many did not know

the extents of. That is why the letters from victims from Hiroshima represent the effects

of the bomb on Japan most thoroughly.

President Roosevelt's Response to Dr. Einstein. Digital image. Atomic Archive. N.p., n.d. Web.

15 Nov. 2016.
This source is a primary source due to being a direct image of the letter written by

President Roosevelt to Dr. Albert Einstein. This image shows President Roosevelt's

response to the letter sent to him by Albert Einstein on August 3rd, 1939, and this letter

was sent in return on October 19th, 1939. Roosevelt addresses the concerns stated by

Einstein regarding the likelihood of the nazi powers inquisition into creating a weapon of

mass destruction using uranium and new knowledge of splitting atoms. The president

thanks Einstein for the information he has provided, and goes on to say how they will be

using his suggestions. The letter states that he has assigned men from the Army and Navy

to investigate the possibilities of using uranium, and he is happy to see that a Dr. Sachs

has agreed to help, and that he, Roosevelt, believes the approach he has taken is the most

practical and effective.

The atomic archive is a reliable source for a number of reasons: it was created for the use

of students, teachers, and the public to better understand science, in which this letter has a

direct connection. This source also has ties to the National Science Foundation, National

Science Digital Library, and Nuclear Pathways. The letter is also extremely useful in

understanding the first steps taken towards such a major project. It is direct proof of how

little attention this concept was given, especially comparing to what the project became.

The letter is not biased, as President Roosevelt doesnt seem to take a stance, he just

simply stating information and thanking Einstein for the information shared. The

objective of the letter was to inform Albert Einstein that the US government heard his

advice and were going to take action.

 Finally, I will be using this letter as a midpoint of my argument. It will be the evidence I

use to support that another piece I use, the letter from Einstein to Roosevelt, actually had

an impact and led to the beginning of focused research, the earliest stages of the

development of the atomic bomb. This piece will be the key centerpiece in transitioning

from words and ideas to increasing action.

Roosevelt, Franklin D. "Letter from Franklin Roosevelt to J. Robert Oppenheimer, June 29,

1943."Gale U.S. History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2015. U.S. History in Context. Web.

28 Oct. 2016.

The source is a letter from Franklin Roosevelt who was the president of the United States

in 1943, sent to J. Robert Oppenheimer who was the head of the Manhattan project,

regarding the Nuclear tests in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Oppenheimer was the head

theoretical physicist in developing the nuclear bomb. The letter initially references the

past meetings Roosevelt had with Dr. Vannevar Bush who was the electrical engineer

who worked in the government during WW2, and also news of the supervision General

Leslie Groves. Then the article goes on to discuss of the safety of the matter in dealing

with the nuclear devices, and how he is happy with the work of what they are doing. The

letter next goes on to say how the scientists and workers involved must take even further

precautions in keeping their work or discoveries in secrecy. The article finally discusses
 of how the scientists and the nation must be prepared for the plans of the enemy in such

peculiar circumstances.

The source comes from gale database. The letter originates from the subtopic of U.S.

History in Context. Gale is an educational publishing company based in Farmington Hills

MI. U.S. History in Context specifically covers most studied events, issues and current

information. The source also provides a complete overview of these resources. Gale is

respected and known for its credible and reliable sources and information.

This source specifically was useful in my research because the letter provided a baseline

for what was occurring during the beginning of the experimentation process of

developing the nuclear bomb. The source demonstrated the strange conditions the

workers were under and gave me a general idea to the American ideology surrounding

the nuclear bomb. I will use this source to implement the background and conditions

during the time of the experiments, and also the president's involvement in the process.

This source will shape my argument by showing the intense condition during the building

of the bomb that were prompted by the necessity to build the nuclear weapon.

Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons." Recueil Des Cours, Collected Courses,

Volume 321 (2007) (n.d.): 184-89. Office of the Historian. United State Department of

State. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

The document is a primary source and it is the actual Non-Proliferation Treaty that was
 written in 1968 and forced in 1970. The treaty creates two distinct groups: NWS (nuclear

weapon states) and NWS (non-nuclear weapon states). The treaty then created

restrictions between NWS and NEWS's, restrictions on creating nuclear weapons, support

for creating nuclear power, and rules how to secede from the treaty and join it.

Since the source is merely the treaty itself it is not biased. However the countries who

created it most likely had the interests of their country in mind while creating it making

the document possibly unfair. The overall message of the treaty is that it is anti nuclear

weapon but pro nuclear power. The treaty is still in effect after being extended

indefinitely in 1991 and is therefore still relevant.

In relation with the project, the treaty will serve as the effect the atomic bomb had on the

whole world. The treaty is the materializations of the fear of many countries about mass

world destruction. The restrictions it put on countries reflects such fearful ideology.

"Truman, Harry S." World War II Reference Library. Ed. Barbara C. Bigelow, et al. Vol. 4:

Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2000. 117-128. U.S. History in Context. Web. 28 Oct.

2016.

The source is an excerpt from President Harry S. Trumans memoirs surrounding the time

period of the 1940s during the manhattan project. The source first goes on to describe

how Truman had heard little about the power of the nuclear bomb, however now that the

U.S. was in possession of it, the weapon would revolutionize the war. Next the author
explains how he had received news from the secretary of war (Henry Stimson in july of

1945) of the results of the testing of the bomb in New Mexico of how the bomb was

something of extraordinary power. He goes on to describe how they knew so little of the

effects of the bomb and how most of the people working on the nuclear bomb, had little

knowledge of the project they were involved in. The author also explains the decisions he

made in the bombing of japan and how he wanted to give japan a clear chance to

surrender. The except then discusses the key people involved in the experimentation in

the manhattan district(of the uranium atom and harnessing the energy). These people

were Dr. Oppenheimer(physicist), General Groves, Dr. Compton(scientist), Dr.

Lawrence(scientist), Dr. Enrico Fermi, and Einstein. Finally the source ends by

discussing the conversations Truman had with Churchill and that they came to a

resolution to use the bomb if it would benefit them(America) in war, all leading up to the

bombing of Japan, in Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. This source is reliable because like the

previous source, it was derived from the gale database.

The memoir can be found in the subtopic U.S. History in Context. Gale is an educational

publishing company based in Farmington Hills MI. U.S. History in Context specifically

covers most studied events, issues and current information. The company became part of

cengage learning in 2007 which is an educational content, technology, for the k-12,

higher education, library and professional companies across the world. Gale is highly

respected and trustworthy as a result and is most notably recognized for its databases.

The source is useful because it not only goes into depth on the operations of the
 manhattan district and the people involved, however also analyzes the communications,

decisions, and multiple events surrounding the manhattan project during Truman's

presidency. The ideas described are useful to the project because they will help in

supporting the argument to the necessity for the manhattan project, specifically through

the use of the events explained in the passage. The source is biased along the lines of

being centralized to mainly american operations and not foreign operations that triggered

the initial decision for the project.

I will use this in the explaining of the project during the building process and also the

rationale for the actions of America during the time period. The explanation will be

enhances from this source in providing context to the events of the building and also

contributing multiple people who were influential to planning and testing.

Secondary Sources:

"Manhattan Project Scientists Detonate the First Atomic Bomb: July 16, 1945." Global Events:

Milestone Events Throughout History, edited by Jennifer Stock, vol. 6: North America,

Gale, 2014. World History in Context. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

This document is a secondary source due to the information involved being just facts,

coming from the knowledge of other sources. Readers are informed of the Manhattan

Project and what was happening around the time period. The document starts with

background information of WWII, and ends at the conclusion of the war. However it also
goes through the timeline of changes in the development program made by the allied

powers, and information regarding the choice and reasoning behind the bombing itself.

The document is extremely detailed in all three major sections; Background, The Event,

and Global Effect. Names and dates are present with every event, and would be very easy

for an outside reader to understand what the Manhattan Project was, along with what was

going on before, during, and after (because of it).

Gale databases, the source of the document, is a very reliable and dependable source. As

stated in one of the previous sources, Gale is a leading publisher of educational

information, and is highly respected source for finding only legitimate and reliable

information. This is an all-purpose source to anyone looking into the Manhattan Project,

making it very useful. Not only does it cover multiple topics within a topic, the topics are

covered with high amounts of individual information and detail. When looking at the

document, one can find information regarding the Manhattan Project almost regardless of

subtopic with satisfying results. Another benefit of the document is the unbiased

approach. The outlook instead is purely factual information with data to help support it,

without leaning to one side or another. The objective is to provide information to the

reader of how the whole project came together, rather than a single piece of the project,

while still giving a strong understanding of each part.

Within my argument, this document/source will be crucial in the sequence of events

leading up to the beginning of the Manhattan Project. I will be focusing on the

 information about how the project started as a low budget minimal involvement in the

Advisory Committee on Uranium, and end my use of the document around the end of the

much more involved S-1 Project, which would eventually become the Manhattan Project.

It will shape my argument by showing how fast the project evolved into a full scale

operation will multiple countries working together bringing some of the top minds in the

world together to bring down a world threat.

Outline History of Nuclear Energy." History of Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association.

World Nuclear Association, Mar. 2014. Web. 20 Nov. 2016.

This source is a compilation of achievements about using nuclear fission for energy by

many countries including the United States, Russia, France, and more written as an

informational panel. It is a secondary source as it was written by a person who was not

involved in the creation of the first nuclear bomb nor someone who was directly affected

by the bomb.

The source is not biased as there are no words that show bias as it is mostly events that

occurred over 40 years ago, with some background to the event. The data is reliable

because the site has had many books published and the members that support the site are

uranium miners and electrical companies.

The sites information will be used in the project to show the benefits of the nuclear
 bomb and how it influenced countries to harness nuclear fission for civil use.

"The Manhattan Project." AMNH. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2016.

The source is an overview of the Manhattan project, specifically Albert Einsteins

contributions and input on the project, and the science behind the the discovery of the

bomb. The source fist goes on to describe the origins of the bomb. The author/s explain

how in 1939 in Berlin scientists had made the discovery of splitting a uranium atom and

the power of the reaction that occurred when fission or splitting was performed. The

article next describes how Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt about

his concerns with the bomb and the germans. Also explaining the necessity for further

testing on plutonium if it could go through fission in the bomb. Then that because of this

letter, in December 1941, the project was launched in America. The author then analyzed

the security threat presented by Einstein. This was demonstrated when U.S Army

Intelligence Office denied Einstein security clearance to work on the project, and

restricting further communications. The source finally goes on to explain the importance

of the common misconceptions involving Einstein. Many believe that Einstein helped

build the bomb, however the article confirms that this statement is false, he simply

warned the United States of the possible threats and problems surrounding the bomb. And

finally the author states that Einstein regrets making the decision he did, in that it killed

many people who did not need to be killed, nor did einstein predict that actions of FDR.
The source is reliable for multiple reasons. The first reason is because it was written by a

member from The American Museum of Natural History, which specializes in all of the

events that took place in American history provided by experts of the topics. The source

is also reliable because it allows for the reader to email the author on any suggestions or

questions involving the subject at hand. Additionally the source provides further readings

that are related to the topic in order for the audience to fully comprehend the work. The

source is biased in that it only discusses the point of view of Einstein in the project and

not of the United States, specifically of the event of the scientists security clearance

issue. This source is useful because it helps me have a better understanding of Einstein

specifically and his contribution to the project.

I will use this work in my argument and topic to help reflect on the origins of the intel of

the bomb, and also show complexity of the topic, by addressing the misconceptions

regarding Albert Einstein. This will shape my argument by providing some general

information to the project of where the knowledge of the bomb came from and the

complexity of the issue involving einstein to demonstrate the importance of the time

period.
Additional Sources:

Albert Einstein. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

This photo is a picture of the physicist Albert Einstein. We used a portrait photo on him

within our website to express his importance to the project's origin.

British Foreign Secretary Michael Stewart (third from the right) signing the Treaty on Nuclear

Non-Proliferation. Digital image. Britannica. AP/IAEA, n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2016.

Calutron Manhattan Project. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017.

The image is a picture of the calutron, a device used to separate uranium isotopes from

uranium ore. The picture was used in our project in order to provide an image of what the

machinery looked like in the building of the bombs.

Einstein and Briggs. Digital image. Getty Images, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2017.

Once again a photo of to important figures within the process of the project, Albert

Einstein and Lyman Briggs. We used this picture to show the leading scientists working

together.

Einstein and Szilard. Digital image. Pinterest, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2017.

This is a photo of Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard. This photo is extremely important

because it was when they were writing a letter to the US president, kicking off the

process of the project.

Enrico Fermi. Digital image. Biography.com, 2 Apr. 2014. Web. 4 Jan. 2017

Another scientist involved, this is a photo of Enrico Fermi. He was used on our

homepage to expand the amount of scientists that viewers could see that were involved.

Enrico Fermi. Digital image. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

A scientist who was part of the Manhattan Project.

"Eugene B. Sledge Quotes (Author of With the Old Breed)." Eugene B. Sledge Quotes (Author of

With the Old Breed). Good Reads, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.

Franklin Roosevelt. Digital image. Google Sites. Slaplit, n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2017.

President of the United States who organized the creation of the Manhattan Project.

Group Shot of Scientists. Digital image. Voices of the Manhattan Project. Atomic Heritage

Foundation, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

This is a group photo of many of the scientists that worked on the Manhattan project. We

used this photo to show a few of the many minds behind the creation of a nuclear bomb.

Groves and Oppenheimer. Digital image. Atomic Heritage Foundation, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2017.
 This is a photo of General Leslie Groves and Robert Oppenheimer. These two had some

of the most important roles in the project, therefore justifying our necessity to include

them.

Hanford B-Reactor Area. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017.

The picture provided is an image of the hanford b reactor site in hanford washington.

This image was used in our project to give a visual to what a plant would look like to

build a weapon of such power.

Houston, Jeanne Wakatsuki., and James D. Houston. Farewell to Manzanar. Austin: Holt,

Rinehart and Winston, 2000. Print.

A book that recalls the struggles of a Japanese citizens in regard to their experience with

the atomic bombing in Hiroshima.

Kim Jong Un. Digital image. Biography.com. Biography, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2016.

Communist leader of North Korea. Kim Jong Un is also responsible for the nuclear

threats towards the rest of the world.

Leo Szilard. Digital image. Atomic Archive, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

Another scientist part of the Manhattan Project.

Leslie Groves. Digital image. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

 This is a photo of Leslie Groves. We used this picture because he was the leader of one of

the early pre-manhattan project stages, making him very important.

"Let's Look at the Displays." Let's Look at the Displays. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum,

n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2016.

This site includes pictures of many items from the Atomic Bombing in Hiroshima. The

site also has recounts from survivors of the Atomic Bombing in Hiroshima.

Lyman Briggs. Digital image. Atomic Heritage Foundation, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

Another scientist part of the Manhattan Project.

Morimoto, Junko. An Image from Junko Morimoto's book showing the horrors of the atomic

bomb blast on the citizens of the city affected by the blast. Digital image. ABC. ABC, n.d.

Web. 20 Dec. 2016.

Nagdy, Mohamed, and Max Roser. "Nuclear Weapons." Our World In Data. Oxford Martin

School, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2016.

Nuclear Bomb Fat Man. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017.

The image is a picture of the nuclear bomb known as the fat man. The image was used

in our project to give a face to the nuclear bomb, a weapon of mass destruction.
"The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 1968." Office of the Historian. U.S. Department

of State, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2016.

Picture of the actual Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. This is important as it is the

document that banned research into nuclear weapons. However, it did support nations

who wanted to pursue commercial nuclear power.

Participation in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d.

Web. 1 Jan. 2017.

A map of the world showing which nations joined in the NNPT in 2010. This is

important as it shows how the whole world came together and recognized the threat that

nuclear weapons posed on world wide peace.

President Truman. Digital image. Atomic Heritage Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2017.

President of the United States who made the final decision to drop both nuclear bombs

on Japan.

Real Footage - Atomic Bomb- Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Dir. Brenden M. Youtube.com. Google,

6 Aug. 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.

Video of the droppings of the both nuclear bombs on Japan.

Robert Oppenheimer. Digital image. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

 Another picture of Robert Oppenheimer, a scientist part of the Manhattan project.

Shigeo, Hayashi. Gutted Hiroshima Prefecture Industrial Hall and surrounding city destroyed to

rubble. Digital image. NBC News. U.S. Army, n.d. Web. 25 Dec. 2016.

Picture of Hiroshima after the nuclear bomb exploded over the city. The city was in ruins

and shows the destructive power of the bomb.

Smith, Michael. Sgt. George on the left with fellow comrades. Digital image. Business Insiders.

Business Insider Inc., n.d. Web. 25 Dec. 2016.

A picture of American soldiers stationed on the Japanese island of Okinawa during

WWII. Gives a face to those who were fighting the war to visitors of the website.

Truman and Roosevelt. Digital image. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, n.d. Web. 4 Jan.

2017.

Picutre of former president Theodore Roosevelt and his vice president Harry Truman.

Gives a face to the people who made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bombs.

U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector: 1949-2008. Digital image. Agmrc. Iowa State University,

n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2017.

This graph shows how much nuclear energy started to be used more going from a new

source of energy to the fourth largest energy source in 2010.

Vannevar Bush. Digital image. Alchetron. Alchetron, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2017.

This is a photo of Vannevar Bush, a leading scientist in the Manhattan Project. His

picture was used to represent one of the major minds that helped lead this process.

Vannevar Bush. Digital image. Atomic Heritage Foundation, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2017.

This is another photo of Vannevar Bush, a leading scientist in the Manhattan Project. His

picture was used to represent one of the major minds that helped lead this process. We

used a different picture of him in a different portion of the website to represent the same

purpose.