A 2 Z of English

A 2 Z of Language compiled by Amara Brahma Cumar
A 2 Z OF ENGLISH
Life is a self fulfilling prophesy
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A 2 Z OF ENGLISH
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This work is dedicated to all

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CONTENTS
Title 01
Welcome 02
Dedication 03
Road map 04
Contents 05
Alphabets 06
Vowels & Consonants
Sound origins
Numbers
Words
1 letter words
2 letter words 07
3 letter words
4 letter words
5 letter words
Time 07
Colours, Shapes & Directions 08
Body parts 09
Animals, birds, insects & Aquatics 11
Flowers 30
Vegetables, Fruits & Nuts 35,43,49
Grocery items 52
Profession, Shan words & Silent words 55
Punctuation 57
Affix 63
Prelude
Articles 81
Parts of Speech 82
Tenses 92
Modals 96
Let & Infinities 97
Gerund & Voices 98
Speeches 100
Conversation 101
Job Interviews 102
Group Discussion & P D P 103
Non Verbal Communication 104
Homophones & Tongue Twisters 106
Table of most commonly used tenses and voices 110
Everything is predestined 111
Letter Writing 112
Synonym and Antinomy 115
Our activities 131
To produce more that we consume & To give more than we take

Philosophy
To resist temptations and control the mind Freedom
26 ALPHABETS
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ (Capitals)
abcdefghIjklmnopqrstuvwxyz (Small)
Vowels:
AEIOU (05)
Consonants:
BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ (21)
VOWEL
Sounds in which the mouth is open and the tongue is not touching the top of the
mouth, the teeth.
CONSONANT
Sound made by completely / partially stopping the flow of air being breathed out
through the mouth
GUTTURALS A, E, I, O, Q, R, U, X
Sound from the back of the throat.
PALATALS L, T, W
Sound made by placing the tongue against / near the hard palate of the mouth
LINGUALS C, D, K
Sounds produced using the tongue
DENTALS F, G, J, N
Sound produced with the tongue against the upper front of teeth
LABIALS BMPVY
Sound made by the lips
SUBILANTS S, Sh, Z & Zh

Producing a hissing sound.
ASPIRATE The sound /h/
Combinations: Consonant & Vowel

Vowel & Consonant
Vowel & Vowel
Building words 2, 3, 4 & 5 letters,
Words are built by the combinations of the alphabets. A group of alphabets with
a specific meaning is called as a word. A group of words in a systematic manner
is a sentence. A group of sentences makes a paragraph. A group of
paragraphs with a systematic thought flow makes a speech.
Digits are called as numbers. Numbers are divided into two parts.
Numbers:
1,2,3..Cardinal Countable numbers are called as Cardinal.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Ordinals Position showing numbers are called ordinal.
One letter words

A I
Smallest one letter word is small a & the biggest one letter word is capital
I.
Two letter words

am an as at be by do go he if in is
it in is me my no of on or ox so to
up us we
Three letter words

Ago aim air and ant any are arm ask Ass axe bad
bad bed beg beg bet big bin bit bun but buy can
cap car cot cry cup cut den dig dip dot dry
ear eat egg eye fan far fat fig fly fog fun gap
gem get god gun had hat hen her him hip his hit
hot hot how hut jar jug key kin kit lad lap leg
let lid lip lot mad man map mat men met mud mug
net net not now nun nut off one our out pad pad
pan pen pen pet pet pig pin pit pot pot put ran
ran rat rig rod rub run run sad saw say see she
shy sin sip sit sky sun tap tar ten the tin tip
top try two van war was way wet who why win wit
won you zoo
Four letter words

army area baby back bank baby back ball bank bark bath beat
beef bell bind bite boat bone book call calm came cane care
cart cash cave cell ball beef boat book cane care cash coal
crab chip chin cure date dash dark dear desk dust duck each
echo fate food foot fair fast fear file fine flat flag fire
gang ghee gain head hand home hill hope half hire high inch
itch jail kind lock last loan long lake list chew chin chip
loss lamp moon mark male main next nice neat name nail news
past pork pipe rich rude rock rank rate cool crab rain rose
sale salt sage seat skin seed star curd cure coal cold snow
drill drop duck dull dumb dust earn echo tall tree thin dark
dash date dead dear debt desk drag grill vote wood wind work
wall yard frill year zeal
Five letter words

Agree angel anger angle angry argue below black blind blood brake read
break broom brush chair click cloak clock cloth cloud comet crazy crisp
crush cycle daily dance dream dress eight elder empty equal error feast
fence fever field flame flash flood flush frock gland globe glory greet
guest handy happy hotel house ivory jewel joint judge juice kneel knife
ladle lease limit local occur odour paper pearl pitch plain plane queen
queue quick quite rally renew reply rifle risky roast share shock shore slice
smile sorry speed spoon stove think trail train ulcer under unity usual
voice weave wheat
Time
60 Seconds = 1 Minute
60 Minutes = 1 Hour
24 Hours = 1 Day
7 Days = 1 Week
2 Weeks = 1 Fortnight
2 Fortnights / 4weeks = 1 Month
12 Months / 26 fortnight / 52 Weeks = 1 Year
10 Years = 1 Decade (10)
10 Decades / 100 Years = 1 Century (100)
Day Morning Noon (12) Afternoon Evening Night Mid-night
Anti Meridian (AM) Good Morning < 11:59 AM

Noon Good Afternoon < 04:00 PM
Post Meridian (PM) Good Evening > 04:00 PM
Mid-Night Good Night > 07:00 PM before going.
Minutes (MM) TO hours Minutes reaching hours 06:50 10MM to 7

Minutes PAST Hours (HH) Minutes over hours 06:10 10MM Past 6
15 Minutes = Quarter 30 Minutes = Half
Days
1. Monday 5. Friday
2. Tuesday 6. Saturday
3. Wednesday 7. Sunday
4. Thursday
Yesterday Day before Previous First Full Moon

Today This Day
Tomorrow Day after Next Last New moon
Months
1. January 31 Days 7. July 31 Days
2. February 28 / 29 days 8. August 31 Days
3. March 31 Days 9. September 30 Days
4. April 30 Days 10. October 31 Days
5. May 31 Days 11. November 30 Days
6. June 30 Days 12. December 31 Days
(Leap Year) Once in four years we add a day n the month of February
Zodiac Signs
1. Aires March - April
2. Taurus April - May
3. Gemini May - June
4.
Cancer June - July
5. Leo July - August
6. Virgo August - September
7. Libra September - October
8. Scorpio October - November
9. Sagittarius November - December
10. Capricious December - January
11. Aquarius January - February
12. Pieces February - March
Colours Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange & Red
Shapes Dot, Line, Vertical, Horizontal, Triangle, cone, Square, Rectangle,

Parallelogram, Rhombus, Trapezium, Pentagon, Hexagon,
Septagon, Octagon, nonagon, Decagon, Dodecagon, Polygon and
Circle.
Pyramid, cube, cuboid.

Shapes are defined in two types:
Two dimensional Which has only length and breath (x & y
cordinates)
Three dimensional Which have length, breath and height (x, y &
z axis)
Subtle aspect of things are axis are basically divided into two types
Space and
Time.
Space is divided into 10 directions. Generally we use 8 directions.
They are
North, Ease, West, South (Main)
North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West. (Sub)
Up and Down (Vertical)
Time is divided into three parts:

Past That which is over
Present That which is going on
Future That which is yet to occur
Body Parts Hair, Vertex, Scalp, Occipital, forehead, Ear, Earlobes, Eyes,
eyelids, Eyelashes, Eyebrows, Pupil, cornea, retina, nose, Nostrils,
Cheeks, Jaws, chin, mouth, Teeth, tongue, neck, nape, Adams
apple, shoulder, chest, breasts, elbow, forearm, wrist, palm, fingers
(Thumb index Wednesday ring little), nails, stomach,
abdomen, tummy, navel, waist, hips, buttocks, Thighs, Knee,
ankle, foot, feet, toe (big toes)
RHYMES OF PARTS OF THE BODY

Wash, hands, wash,
Hands Daddy's gone to plough,
If you want your hands washed,
June brings tulips, lilies, roses, Have them washed now.
Fills the children's hands with posies.
Clap hands, clap hands,
Lady-bird, lady-bird, fly from my Till father comes home;
hand, For father's got money
Tell me where my true love stands, But mother's got none.
Uphill or downhill or by the sea sand,
Ladybird, ladybird, fly from my hand. I'll sing you a song,
Though not very long,
Fly, ladybird, fly! Yet I think it as pretty as any,
North, south, east or west; Put your hand in your purse,
Fly to the pretty girl You'll never be worse,
That I love best. And give the poor singer a penny.
Tickle ye, tickle ye in the hand. There was an old woman of Leeds,
If you laugh, you are a man. Who spent all her time in good
If you cry, you are a baby. deeds;
If you dance, you are a lady. She worked for the poor
Till her fingers were sore, Head

This pious old woman of Leeds.
It's raining, it's pouring,
Specks on the fingers, The old man is snoring;
Fortune lingers; He got into bed
Specks on the thumbs, And bumped his head
Fortune comes. And couldn't get up in the morning.
One, two, three, See, see! what shall I see?

Four and five, A horse's head where his tail should
I caught a hare alive; be.
Six, seven, eight,
Nine and ten, Jack and Jill
I let him go again. Went up the hill,
To fetch a pail of water;
Why did you let it go? Jack fell down
Because it bit my finger so. And broke his crown,
Which finger did it bite? And Jill came tumbling after.
The little finger on the right.
There was a little girl, and she had a
Little Jack Horner little curl
Sat in a Corner, Right in the middle of her forehead;
Eating of Christmas pie; When she was good, she was very,
He put in his thumb, very good,
And pulled out a plum, But when she was bad she was
And said what a good boy was I. horrid.
Feet There was a man so wise,

April brings the primrose sweet, He jumped into a bramble bush,
Scatters daisies at our feet. And scratched out both his eyes.
Four white feet, sell him right away; And when he saw his eyes were out,
Three white feet, keep him not a And reason to complain,
day; He jumped into a quickset hedge,
Two white feet, sell him to a friend; And scratched them in again.
One white foot, keep him to the end.
Miscellaneous Body Parts
See, saw, sacaradown,
Which is the way to Boston Town? A mole on your arm,
One foot up the other foot down, Will do you no harm.
That is the way to Boston Town. A mole on your lip,
You're a little too flip.
Said Noble Aaron to Aaron Barron, A mole on the neck,
Oh, dear, my foot you put your chair Money by the peck.
on! A mole on the back,
Said Aaron Barron to Noble Aaron, Money by the sack.
O! you shall put your foot my chair A mole on the ear,
on! Money by the year.
Moses supposes his toeses are roses,

But Moses supposes erroneously; When I was a little boy,
For nobody's toeses are posies of I washed my Mother's dishes.
roses I put my finger in my ear
As Moses supposes his toeses to be. And pulled out little fishes.
My mother called me Good boy,

And bid me pull out more,
I put my finger in my ear, What's amazing to tell!

And pulled out fourscore. I have heard that their smell
Chiefly lay in a thing called their
nose!
Hold up your head, And though strange are such tales,
Turn out your toes, On their fingers they'd nails,
Speak when you're spoken to, As well as on each of their toes!
Mend your clothes.
Darby and Joan were dressed in
In a cottage in Fife black,
Lived a man and his wife, Sword and buckle behind their back;
Who, believe me, were comical folk; Foot for foot, and knee for knee,
For, to people's surprise, Turn about Darby's company.
They both saw with their eyes,
And their tongues moved whenever January brings the snow,
they spoke! Makes our feet and fingers glow.
When quite fast asleep,
I've been told that to keep Little Nancy Etticoat
Their eyes open they could not With a white petticoat,
contrive; And a red nose;
They walked on their feet, She has no feet or hands,
And 'twas thought what they eat The longer she stands
Helped, with drinking, to keep them The shorter she grows.
alive!
NAMES OF ANIMALS, GENDER NAMES, YOUNGER ONES AND GROUP
Animal / birds / insects & Group of

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
congregation,
Alligator bull cow hatchling pod (of
young)
Alpaca male female cria herd
Antelope buck doe calf herd
Ape male female baby shrewdness

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
Armadillo male female pup -
Badger boar sow kit, cub cete
Bat male female pup colony
Bear boar sow cub sleuth, sloth
Beaver - - pup, kitten colony
hive, swarm
(in flight),
Bee drone queen, worker larva
bike, drift,
grist
dissimulation
(small birds
hatchling, only), fleet,
Bird cock hen
chick flight, flock,
parcel, pod,
volery
gang, herd,
Bison, Buffalo bull cow calf
obstinacy

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
piglet, shoat, singular,

Boar boar sow
farrow sounder
swarm,
caterpillar,
rabble (group
Butterfly male female larva, pupa,
of caterpillars
chrysalis
is an army)
Camel bull cow calf flock
clutter,
clowder,
litter (young
Cat tomcat queen kitten born to one
female),
kindle
(kittens)
drift, drove,
Cattle bull cow calf
herd, mob
Cheetah male female cub coalition
chick, pullet flock, brood

(young hen), (of hens),
Chicken rooster hen cockrell clutch (of
(young chicks), peep
rooster) (of chicks)
Clam - - larva bed
Cockroach - - nymph intrusion

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
codling,
Codfish - - hake, sprag, school
sprat
Coyote dog bitch pup, whelp pack, rout
herd, sedge,
Crane - - chick
siege
murder,
Crow cock hen chick
muster
Deer buck, stag doe fawn herd, mob
herd (of
plant-
hatchling,
Dinosaur bull cow eaters), pack
juvenile
(of meat-
eaters)
litter (pups
from one
Dog dog bitch pup mother),
pack (wild),
kennel
herd, pod,
Dolphin bull cow pup, calf
school
jack, jennet,
Donkey colt, foal drove, herd
jackass jenny

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
dole, flight,
Dove cock hen squab, chick
piteousness
badelynge,
brace, bunch,
Duck drake duck duckling flock,
paddling,
raft, team
fledgling, aerie,
Eagle - -
eaglet convocation
leptocephalus
Eel - - (larva), elver swarm
(juvenile)
Elephant bull cow calf herd, parade
Elk bull cow calf herd, gang
chick,
Emu mob
hatchling
tercel,
Falcon falcon chick cast
terzel

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
business,
Ferret hob jill kit
fesynes
draft, run,
Fish - - fry, fingerling
school, shoal
Finch cock hen chick charm
Fly - - maggot cloud, swarm
reynard,
Fox dog, dog vixen kit, cub, pup skulk, leash
fox, or tod
tadpole,
polliwog,
Frog - - froglet army, knot
Gerbil buck doe pup horde
herd, corps,
Giraffe bull doe calf
tower, group
Gnat male female larva cloud, horde
Gnu bull cow calf herd

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
doe, herd, tribe,

Goat buck, billy kid, billy
nanny trip
flock, gaggle,
skein (only
while in
Goose gander goose gosling flight),
wedge (flying
in a "V"
formation)
Gorilla male female infant band
Grasshopper male female nymph swarm
Grouse covey
Guinea pig boar sow pup group
Gull cock hen chick colony
Hamster buck doe pup horde
down, husk,
Hare buck doe leveret
warren
aerie, cast,
Hawk tiercel hen eyas
kettle
Hedgehog boar sow piglet, pup array

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
Heron cock hen chick sedge, siege
Hippopotamus bull cow calf herd, bloat
Hornet male female larva nest
drove, herd,
litter (a
group of
Hog boar sow shoat, farrow
young born
to one
mother)
stable,
harras, herd,
foal, colt team
stallion, mare,
Horse (male), filly (working
stud dam
(female) horses),
string or field
(race horses)
cry, mute,
Hound dog bitch pup
pack
clan
(related),
crowd, family
baby, infant, (closely
Human man woman
toddler related),
community,
gang, mob,
tribe, etc.
Hummingbird cock hen chick charm

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
Hyena male female cub clan, cackle
Jay cock hen chick band, party
Jellyfish - - ephyna smack
buck,
doe, flyer, jill, troop, herd,
Kangaroo boomer, joey
roo mob
jack
Koala male female joey n/a
Lark cock hen chick exaltation
leap, prowl
(some say it
Leopard leopard leopardess cub should be a
spot of
leopards)
Lion lion lioness cub pride
Llama - - cria herd

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
Locust - - - host, swarm
colony,
Louse (plural
male female nymph infestation,
lice)
lice
tiding, tribe,
Magpie cock hen chick charm, gulp,
flock, murder
Mallard drake duck duckling flush, sord
Marten richness
Mole male female pup labor
troop,
Monkey male female infant
cartload
Moose bull cow calf herd
lnymph,
Mosquito male female wriggler, swarm
tumbler
pup, pinkie, horde,
Mouse buck doe
kitten mischief

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
barren, pack,
Mule jack hinney foal
span,
Nightingale cock hen chick watch
Opossum jack jill joey -
Ostrich cock hen chick flock
family, raft,
Otter male female whelp, pup
romp
owlet,
Owl - - parliament
fledgling
steer, drove, herd,

Ox cow stot, calf
bull yoke
Oyster - - spat bed
Panda boar sow cub -

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
company,
Parrot cock hen chick
flock
muster,
Peafowl peacock peahen peachick
ostentation
Penguin male female chick rookery
brood (a
family), nye
Pheasant cock hen chick
(a large
group)
drove, herd,
piglet, shoat, litter (of
Pig boar sow
farrow pups),
sounder
squab,
Pigeon cock hen flock, kit
squeaker
Platypus - - puggle -
herd, pod,
Porpoise bull cow calf
school
Prairie dog boar sow pup coterie, town
Pronghorn buck doe fawn herd

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
bevy, covey,
Quail cock hen chick
drift
colony,
kitten, drove, leash,
Rabbit buck doe
bunny, kit nest, trace,
warren
Raccoon boar sow cub nursery, gaze
pup, pinkie, horde,

Rat buck doe
kitten mischief
congress,
Raven - - -
unkindness
Reindeer bull cow calf herd
Rhinoceros bull cow calf crash
larva, pluteus
(free-
swimming
Sand Dollar male female stage), -
juvenile
(young
urchin)
herd, pod,
Seal bull cow pup rookery,
harem

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
larva, pluteus
(free-
swimming
Sea star male female stage), -
juvenile
(young
urchin)
larva, pluteus
(free-
swimming
Sea Urchin male female stage), -
juvenile
(young
urchin)
Serval male female kitten -
school,
Shark bull female pup
shiver
lamb, drift, drove,

buck,
Sheep ewe, dam lambkin, flock,herd,
ram
cosset mob, trip
Skunk - - kit surfeit
Snakelet,
neonate (a
newly-born
snake),
Snake male female bed, nest, pit
hatchling (a
newly-
hatched
snake)
snipe - - wisp
sparrow - - host

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
Spider male female spiderling -
pup, kit,
Squirrel buck doe dray
kitten
Swallow - - - flight
bevy, game,
herd, team,
cygnet,
Swan cob pen wedge (flying
flapper
in a "V"
formation)
swarm (while
Termite male female larva flying),
colony
ambush,
Tiger tiger tigress cub, whelp
streak
Toad male female tadpole knot
Trout fingerling hoover

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
Turkey tom hen poult rafter
Turtle male female hatchling bale
Wallaby jack jill joey mob
Walrus bull cow cub, pup herd, pod
queen
(reproducing
female), worker
Wasp drone larva colony
(non-
reproducing
female)
dog,
buck,
Weasel bitch, doe, Jill kit gang
Jack,
hob
gam, grind,
Whale bull cow calf herd, pod,
school
Wolf dog bitch pup, whelp pack, rout
Wombat jack jill joey mob

Male Female Baby
aquatics Animals
Woodpecker male female chick descent
Wren cock jenny chick flock, herd
Yak bull cow calf herd
queen (egg-
laying female),
Yellow Jacket drone worker (non- larva colony
reproducing
female)
herd,
Zebra stallion mare colt, foal
crossing
Animals and its sounds

bee buzz
bird cheep, chir, chirp, peep, tweet
cat meow, mew, purr
chick cheep
chicken buck buck, chick chick, cluck
cow moo
cricket chirrup
crow caw
cuckoo cuckoo
dog arf, bark, bay, bowwow, howl, roof, ruff, rowf, woof, yap, yip
donkey eeh aah, heehaw
dove coo
duck quack
Elephant Trumpets
fish blub, glub, glug, swish
frog croak, ribit
goose honk
horse neigh, whinny
hummingbird hum
kitten mew
lion growl, roar
mouse eek, squeak
owl who
parrot polly want a cracker, pretty baby
pig grunt, oink
rooster cock-a-doodle-doo, er-er-er-er-er?
sheep baa, bleat
snake hiss
turkey gobble
Rhymes on Animals
There was a little girl who had a little any bread.

curl She whipped them all soundly and
Right in the middle of her forehead; put them to bed.
When she was good, she was very,
very good, There were once two cats of
And when she was bad she was Kilkenny.
horrid. Each thought there was one cat too
many;
There was an old woman So they fought and they fit,
Lived under a hill; And they scratched and they bit,
And if she's not gone, Till, excepting their nails,
She lives there still. And the tips of their tails,
Instead of two cats, there weren't
any.
There was an old woman tossed in a
basket, Thirty days hath September,
Seventeen times as high as the April, June, and November;
moon; February has twenty-eight alone,
But where she was going no mortal All the rest have thirty-one,
could tell, Excepting leap-year, that's the time
For under her arm she carried a When February's days are twenty-
broom. nine.
"Old woman, old woman, old This little pig went to market;
woman," said I, This little pig stayed at home;
"Whither, oh whither, oh whither so This little pig had roast beef;
high?" This little pig had none;
"To sweep the cobwebs from the This little pig said, "Wee, wee!
sky; I can't find my way home."
And I'll be with you by-and-by."
Three blind mice! See how they run!
They all ran after the farmer's wife,
There was an old woman who lived in Who cut off their tails with a carving
a shoe. knife.
She had so many children she didn't Did you ever see such a thing in your
know what to do. life
She gave them some broth without As three blind mice?
Three wise men of Gotham Just then flew by a monstrous crow,

Went to sea in a bowl; As big as a tar barrel,
If the bowl had been stronger Which frightened both the heroes so,
My song had been longer. They quite forgot their quarrel.
To market, to market, to buy a fat Wee Willie Winkie runs through the
pig. town,
Home again, home again, jiggety jig. Upstairs and downstairs, in his
To market, to market, to buy a fat nightgown;
hog, Rapping at the window, crying
Home again, home again, jiggety through the lock,
jog. "Are the children in their beds? Now
To market, to market, to buy a plum it's eight o'clock."
bun,
Home again, home again, market is
done. What are little boys made of, made
of?
Tom, Tom, the piper's son, What are little boys made of?
Stole a pig, and away he run,n "Snaps and snails, and puppy-dogs'
The pig was eat, tails;
And Tom was beat, And that's what little boys are made
And Tom ran crying down the street. of."
Tweedle-dum and Tweedle-dee What are little girls made of, made
Resolved to have a battle, of?
For Tweedle-dum said Tweedle-dee What are little girls made of?
Had spoiled his nice new rattle. "Sugar and spice, and all that's nice;
And that's what little girls are made
of."
Rhymes on animal sounds
Bah, Bah a black sheep, This mischievous raven flew laughing

have you any wool? away,...
Yes merry have I, Bumpety, bumpety, bump!
Three bags full. And vowed he would serve them the
One for my master, same the next day,...
One for my dame, Lumpety, lumpety, lump!
One for my little boy
That lives in the lane. Bow, wow, wow,
Whose dog art thou?
A farmer went trotting upon his grey Little Tom Tinker's dog,
mare, Bow, wow, wow.
Bumpety, bumpety, bump!
With his daughter behind him so rosy This little pig went to market,
and fair, This little pig stayed home,
Lumpety, lumpety, lump! This little pig had roast beef,
This little pig had none,
A raven cried, Croak! and they all And this little pig cried, Wee-wee-
tumbled down,... wee
Bumpety, bumpety, bump! All the way home.
The mare broke her knees and the
farmer his crown,... There was a lady loved a swine,
Lumpety, lumpety, lump! Honey, quoth she,
Pig-hot, wilt thou be mine?
Hoogh, quoth he.
I'll build thee a silver stye, For we have found our mittens.
Honey, quoth she, Put on your mittens, you silly kittens,
And in it thou shall lye. And you shall have some pie.
Hoogh, quoth he. Purr-r, purr-r, purr-r,
Oh, let us have some pie.
Pinned with a silver pin,
Honey, quoth she, The three little kittens put on their
That thou may go out and in. mittens,
Hoogh, quoth he. And soon ate up the pie;
Oh, mother dear, we greatly fear
Wilt thou have me now, That we have soiled our mittens.
Honey, quoth she, What! soiled your mittens, you
Hoogh, hoogh, hoogh, quoth he, naughty kittens!
And went his way. Then they began to sigh,
Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow,
Cat on the roof; bow, wow, says Then they began to sigh.
Towzer;
Don't hurt Puss, for she is a mouser. The three little kittens they washed
their mittens,
Three little kittens they lost their And hung them out to dry;
mittens, Oh! mother dear, do you not hear
And they began to cry, That we have washed our mittens?
Oh, mother dear, we sadly fear What! washed your mittens, then
That we have lost our mittens. you're good kittens,
What! lost your mittens, you naughty But I smell a rat close by.
kittens! Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow,
Then you shall have no pie. We smell a rat close by.
Mee-ow, mee-ow, mee-ow,
No, you shall have no pie. Coo-oo, Coo-oo,
It's as much as a pigeon can do,
The three little kittens they found To maintain two;
their mittens, But the little wren can maintain ten,
And they began to cry, And bring them all up like
Oh, mother dear, see here, see here, gentlemen.
Flowers
Jasmine Camomile Lotus
Oleander Rose Lily
Hibiscus
Allium Alstroemeria Amaryllis
Anemone Anthurium Babts Breath
Banksia Protea Bird of Paradise Bouvardia
Button Pom Calla Lily Caibea Heliconia
Carnation Casablanca Lily Cherry Blossom
Cockscomb Cornflower Daffodil
Daisy Delphinium Dendrobium Orchid
Eremurus Freesia Fuji Mum
Gardenia Genistra Gerbera Daisy
Gladious Gloriosa Lily Heather
Hyacinth Iris Ixia
Kangaroo Paw Larkspur Leptospernum
Liatris Lilac Lisianthus
Mini Carnation Orcidium Orchid Parakeet Heliconia
Phalaenopsis Orchid Phalaenopsis Spray Pin Cushion Protea
Pink Ginger Protea Queen Annes Lace
Ranuculus Rattlesnake Calathium Red Ginger
Scabiosa Snapdragon Solidaster
Standard Mum Star Gazer Lily Star of Bethlehem
Statice Stephanotis Stock
Sunflower Sweet Pea Sweet William
Tritoma Tulip Viburnum
Watsonia Waxflower Yarrow
Vegetables
Gourds Angular, Bottle, Bitter, & Snake
Roots Beet, Alocasia, yam, carrot, ginger, Turnip, onion, garlic,
tomato, cauliflower, cabbage, pumpkin, lentil, Chilli,
cucumber, drumstick, & lady's finger
Green Plantain & Peas
Beans Beans, Gour & cluster
Brinjal White, Brown & Disco
Potato Sweet, Potato
Greens spinach mint curry leaves palak
Fruits
Apple - apple wood custard pineapple
Melon - water musk melon
Lemon - sweet lemon

pomegranate, sapota / Chikku, orange, date fruit, fig
Banana, grapes, guava, jack fruit, mango
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
Vegetable Amount (in
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
Potassium - Vitamin C -
425 mg 12 mg
Artichoke
Phosphorus - Niacin - 1.2
103 mg mg
Magnesium - Pantothenic
One medium
72 mg Acid - .5 mg
cooked with no
Calcium - 54 Folate - 61.2
added salt has
mg mcg
4.2 grams protein
Also contains
and 6.5 grams of
small amounts
fiber.
of selenium,
iron,
manganese,
copper and Vitamin A -
zinc. 212 IU
Contains
some other
vitamins in
small
amounts.
Potassium - Vitamin A -
144 mg 485 IU
Asparagus
Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
48.5 mg 9.7 mg
Calcium - 18 Niacin - .974
mg mg
Half cup (about 4 Sodium - 10 Folate - 131
spears) cooked mg mcg
with no added Contains
salt contains over some other
2 grams of vitamins in
protein and Magnesium - 9 small
almost 1.5 grams mg amounts.
of fiber. Also contains
small amounts
of selenium,
iron,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
Broccoli Half cup cooked Potassium Vitamin A -

with no added 228 mg 1083 IU
salt contains 2.3 Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
grams protein 46 mg 58 mg
and 2.3 grams Calcium - 36 Niacin - .45
fiber. mg mg
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
Sodium - 28 Pantothenic
mg Acid - .4 mg
Magnesium - Folate - 39
18.7 mg mcg
Contains
some other
vitamins in
small
Iron - .65 mg amounts.
Vitamin K - 110
mcg
Also contains
small amounts
of selenium,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
177 mg 19,152 IU
Carrots
Sodium - 51.5 Vitamin C -
mg 1.8 mg
Calcium - 24 Niacin - .4
mg mg
Half cup cooked Phosphorus - Folate - 11
with no added 23.4 mg mcg
salt contains .85 Magnesium - Pantothenic
grams protein 10 mg Acid - .2 mg
and 2.6 grams Vitamin B6 -
fiber. Iron - .48 mg .2 mg
Also contains
Contains
small amounts
some other
of selenium,
vitamins in
manganese,
small
copper and
amounts.
zinc.
Half cup cooked Potassium - 88 Vitamin C -
with no added mg 27.5 mg
Cauliflower
salt contains 1.1 Phosphorus - Vitamin A -
grams protein 19.8 mg 1.5 IU
and 1.7 grams Calcium - 9.9 Pantothenic
fiber. mg Acid - .3 mg
Contains
some other
vitamins in
Sodium - 9.3 small
mg amounts.
Magnesium -
5.6 mg
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
Also contains
small amounts
of selenium,
iron,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
191.7 mg 4.8 mg
Corn
Phosphorus - Vitamin A -
79.3 mg 167 IU
Magnesium - Niacin - 1.2
24.6 mg mg
Sodium - 13 Folate - 27.3
mg mcg
One ear, cooked Pantothenic
with no salt Calcium - 1.5 Acid - .68
contains 2.6 mg mg
grams protein Contains
and 2.1 grams some other
fiber. vitamins in
selenium - .6 small
mg amounts.
Iron - .5 mg
Zinc - .4 mg
Also contains
small amounts
of manganese
and copper.
74.9 mg 2.6 mg
Cucumber
Phosphorus - Vitamin A -
1.4 mg 111.8 IU
Contains
some other
Half a cup of vitamins in
sliced cucumber Magnesium - small
with skins 5.7 mg amounts.
contains .36 Sodium - 1 mg
grams protein Calcium - 7.3
and .42 grams mg
fiber. Also contains
small amounts
of selenium,
iron,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
One small raw
131 mg 467.7i u
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
Green pepper contains Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
Pepper .66 grams protein 14 mg 66 mg
and 1.3 grams Magnesium - Niacin - .4
fiber. 7.4mg mg
Calcium - 6.7 Folate - 6.8
mg mcg
Contains
some other
vitamins in
Sodium - 1.48 small
mg amounts.
Also contains
small amounts
of selenium,
iron,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
296.4 mg 9,620 IU
Kale
36.4 mg 53.3 mg
Magnesium - Niacin - .6
23.4 mg mg
One cup of
Calcium - 32 Folate - 17
cooked kale with
mg mcg
no added salt
Contains
contains 2.5
some other
grams protein
vitamins in
and 2.6 grams
Sodium - 29.9 small
fiber.
mg amounts.
Iron - 1.2 mg
Manganese - .5
mg
Selenium - 1.2
mg
Vitamin K -
1062 mcg Also
contains small
amounts of
copper and
zinc.
One cup of Potassium - Pantothenic
Lima cooked large lima 955 mg Acid - .8 mg
Beans beans with no Phosphorus - Niacin - .8
added salt 208.7 mg mg
contains 14.7 Magnesium - Folate - 156
8.8 mg mcg
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
grams protein Contains
and 13.2 grams some other
fiber. vitamins in
Calcium - 32 small
mg amounts.
Selenium - 8.5
mg
Iron - 4.5 mg
Sodium - 3.8
mg
Zinc - 1.8 mg
Manganese - .8
mg
copper - .44
mg
Potassium - Vitamin D -
129.5 mg 26.6 IU
Mushroom
36.4 mg mg
Magnesium - Vitamin C -
3.5 mg .8 mg
Selenium - 3 Pantothenic
mg Acid - .5 mg
Half a cup of raw
Contains
mushrooms
some other
contains 1.0
vitamins in
grams of protein
Calcium - 1.8 small
and .42 grams of
mg amounts.
fiber.
Sodium - 1.4
mg
Iron - .36 mg
Also contains
small amounts
of manganese,
copper and
zinc.
One small onion Potassium - Vitamin C -
cooked without 110 mg 4.5 mg
Onions
salt contains .8 Phosphorus - Folate - 9
grams protein 23.1 mg mcg
and 1.3 grams of Contains
fiber. some other
vitamins in
Calcium - 14 small
mg amounts.
Magnesium - 7
mg
Sodium - 2.1
mg
Selenium - .42
mg
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
Also contains
small amounts
of iron,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
433.6 mg 955.2iu
Peas
187.2 mg 22.72 mg
Magnesium - Niacin - 3.23
62.4 mg mg
Calcium - 43.2 Folate -
mg 100.8 mcg
Vitamin B1
One cup of boiled Sodium - 4.8 (thiamine) -
peas with no salt mg .41 mg
added contains Selenium - 3.0 Vitamin B6 -
8.58 grams of mg .35 mg
protein and 8.8 Contains
grams of fiber. some other
vitamins in
small
Iron - 2.5 mg amounts.
Zinc - 1.9 mg
Manganese - .8
mg
Also contains
small amount
of copper.
610 mg 20 mg
Potatoes
78 mg mg
Magnesium - Pantothenic
39 mg Acid - .9 mg
Calcium - 7.8 Vitamin B6 -
mg .5 mg
One medium
Sodium - 7.8 Folate - 14
baked potato
mg mcg
without salt
Contains
contains 3.0
some other
grams of protein
vitamins in
and 2.3 grams of
small
fiber.
Selenium - .46
mg
Zinc - .45 mg
Also contains
small amounts
of manganese
and copper.
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
167.4 mg 2014.5 mg
Spinach
14.7 mg 8.43 mg
Magnesium Folate - 58.2
23.7 mg mcg
Contains
some other
vitamins in
One cup of raw Calcium - 29.7 small
spinach contains mg amounts.
.86 grams of Sodium - 23.7
protein and .81 mg
grams of fiber. Iron - .81 mg
Selenium - .3
mg
- Vitamin K -
145 mcg
Also contains
small amounts
of manganese,
copper and
zinc.
Squash, 345.6 mg 516.6 mg
Summer Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
7.2 mg 9.9 mg
Magnesium Niacin - .92
43.2 mg mg
Calcium - 48.6 Folate - 36
One cup of sliced mg mcg
summer squash, Contains
baked with no some other
added salt vitamins in
contains 1.65 Sodium - 1.8 small
grams of protein mg amounts.
and 2.5 grams of Iron - .65 mg
fiber. Manganese -
.38 mg
Selenium - .36
mg
Zinc - .7 mg
Also contains
small amount
of copper.
One cup of cubed Potassium - Vitamin A -
Squash, winter squash, 181.3 mg 17.5 mg
Winter baked with no Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
added salt 21.7 mg 5.4 mg
contains 1.02 Magnesium - Niacin - 1.25
17.0 mg mg
Minerals Vitamins
Contained Contained
(in descending
descending
order)
order)
grams of protein Calcium - 32.5 Folate - 57.4
and 2.07 grams mg mcg
of fiber. Pantothenic
Sodium - 27.9 Acid - .55
mg mg
Contains
some other
vitamins in
small
Selenium - .46
mg
Also contains
small amounts
of manganese,
copper and
zinc.
Sweet 273 mg 24,877 mg
Potatoes Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
29.5 mg 28.0 mg
Pantothenic
Magnesium - Acid - .74
13.5 mg mg
Calcium - 6.2 Niacin - .69
mg mg
One medium
Sodium - 11.0 Folate - 26.2
sweet potato
mg mcg
baked in its skin
Contains
contains 1.96
some other
grams of protein
vitamins in
and 3.42 grams
small
of fiber.
Selenium - .5
mg
Manganese - .6
mg
Zinc - .3 mg
Also contains
small amount
of copper.
Minerals Vitamins
Fruits Amount
Contained Contained
One medium Potassium - Vitamin A -
apple with skin 158 mg 73 IU
Apple
contains almost 4 Calcium - 9.5 Vitamin C -
mg 9 mg
Minerals Vitamins
Fruits Amount
Contained Contained
grams of dietary Folate
fiber. (important
during
Phosphorus - pregnancy) -
9.5 mg 4 mcg
Magnesium - 7 Vitamin E -
mg .66 IU
Selenium - .4
mg
Also contains
small amounts
of iron,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
1204 mg 1230 IU
Avocado
82.4 mg 15.9 mg
Vitamin B1
Magnesium - (thiamine) -
78.4 mg .2 mg
Vitamin B2
Calcium - 22 (riboflavin) -
mg .25 mg
Sodium - 20 Niacin - 3.9
One medium mg mg
avocado contains Folate -
4 grams of Iron - 2 mg 124.6 mg
protein and 10 Also contains
grams of fiber. small amounts
of selenium,
manganese, Pantothenic
copper and Acid - 1.95
zinc. mg
Vitamin B6 -
.56 mg
Contains
some other
vitamins in
small
amounts.
banana contains 467 mg 95 IU
Banana
1 gram of protein Magnesium - Vitamin C -
and 3 grams of 43 mg 11 mg
dietary fiber. Folate
(important
during
27 mg 22.5 mcg
Vitamin B6 -
Calcium - 7 mg .7mcg
Selenium - 1.3 Niacin - .6
mg mg
Minerals Vitamins
Fruits Amount
Contained Contained
Pantothenic
Acid - .31
Iron - .4 mg mg
Also contains
trace amounts
of zinc,
manganese Vitamin E-
and copper. .67 IU
Potassium - Vitamin A-
282 mg 237 IU
Blackberries
Calcium - 46 Vitamin C-
mg 30 mg
Phosphorus - Vitamin E-
30 mg 1.5 IU
One cup
Magnesium - Folate - 49
blackberries
28 mg mcg
contains 1 gram
Manganese -
of protein and
1.9 mg
over 7 grams of
Iron - .8 mg
dietary fiber.
Selenium - .9
mg
Zinc - .4 mg
Also contains a
trace amount
of copper.
213 mg 2225 IU
Cantaloupe
12 mg 29 mg
Folate
One medium (important
wedge (slice) of during
cantaloupe Calcium - 7.6 pregnancy) -
contains .6 grams mg 12 mcg
of protein and .55 Magnesium - Niacin - .4
grams of dietary 7.6 mg mg
fiber. Also contains
trace amounts
of iron,
manganese,
copper and
zinc.
One cup of Potassium - Vitamin A -
grapes contains 176 mg 92 IU
Grapes
one gram of Calcium - 13 Vitamin C -
protein and 1.6 mg 3.7 mg
grams of dietary Folate
fiber. (important
during
Phosphorus - 9 pregnancy) -
mg 3.6 mcg
Magnesium - Vitamin B6 -
4.6 mg .1 mg
Iron - .4 mg
Minerals Vitamins
Fruits Amount
Contained Contained
Selenium - .3
mg
Also contains
trace amounts
of zinc,
manganese
and copper.
588 mg 310 IU
Kiwi
71 mg 174 mg
Folate
(important
during
One cup of kiwi
Magnesium - pregnancy) -
contains 1.75
53 mg 67 mcg
grams protein
Calcium - 46 Vitamin B2 -
and over 6 grams
mg .09 mg
of dietary fiber.
Selenium - 1.1 Niacin - .9
mg mg
Vitamin B6 -
Iron - .72 mg .16 mg
Vitamin E - 3
Zinc - .3 mg IU
Copper - .3 mg
Potassium - 80 Vitamin A -
mg 2 IU
Lemon One lemon
Calcium - Vitamin C -
without peel
15mg 4 mg
contains .64
Phosphorus -
grams protein
9.2 mg
and 1.6 grams of
Magnesium -
dietary fiber.
4.6 mg
Iron - .35 mg
Also contains trace amounts of
selenium, zinc, manganese and
copper.
Potassium - 68 Vitamin A -
mg 6.7 IU
Lime
Calcium - 22 Vitamin C -
mg 19 mg
Folate
(important
during
One lime without
peel contains .4
12 mg 5.5 mcg
grams of protein
Magnesium - 4
and 1.8 grams of
mg
dietary fiber.
Iron - .4 mg
Also contains
trace amounts
of selenium,
zinc,
manganese
and copper.
Minerals Vitamins
Fruits Amount
Contained Contained
323 mg 8060 IU
Mango
Calcium - 20.7 Vitamin C -
mg 57.34 mg
Folate
(important
during
One mango Phosphorus - pregnancy) -
without peel 22.8 mg 29 mcg
contains 1.0 Magnesium - Vitamin B2 -
grams of protein 18.6 mg 0.12 mg
and 3 grams of Niacin - 1.2
dietary fiber. Iron - .26 mg mg
Also contains
trace amounts
of selenium,
copper, zinc Vitamin B6 -
manganese. .28 mg
Vitamin E -
3.51 IU
237 mg 269 IU
Orange
Calcium - 52 Vitamin C -
mg 70 mg
Folate
(important
during
one medium
18 mg 40 mcg
orange contains 1
Vitamin B1
gram of protein
Magnesium - (thiamine) -
and 3 grams of
13 mg .1 mg
dietary fiber.
Pantothenic
Selenium - .65 Acid - .33
mg mg
Also contains
trace amounts
of iron, zinc,
manganese
and copper.
peach (with skin) 193 mg 524 IU
Peach contains 1 gram Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
dietary fiber. 12 mg 19 mg
Folate
(important
during
6.9 mg 5.5 mcg
Niacin - .97
Calcium - 5 mg mg
Selenium - .4
mg
Minerals Vitamins
Fruits Amount
Contained Contained
Also contains
trace amounts
of iron, zinc,
manganese
and copper.
239 mg 39 IU
Strawberry
27 mg 82 mg
Folate
(important
during
Calcium - 20 pregnancy) -
I cup whole
mg 25.5 mcg
strawberries
Magnesium -
contains 3 grams
14 mg
of dietary fiber.
Selenium - 1
mg
Iron - .55 mg
manganese -
.42 mg Also
contains trace
amounts of zinc
and copper.
396.7 mg 2364 IU
Tomato Phosphorus - Vitamin C -
62.7 mg 25 mg
Folate
(important
during
One medium 22.8 mg 46 mcg
tomato contains Calcium - 31.9 Niacin - .94
1.05 grams of mg mg
protein and 1.35 Sodium - 11.4 Vitamin B6 -
grams of fiber. mg .1 mg
Iron - .51 mg
Selenium - .8
mg
Also contains
small amounts
of manganese,
copper and
zinc.
I medium wedge Potassium - Vitamin A -
(slice) of 332 mg 1050 IU
Watermelon
watermelon Magnesium - Vitamin C -
contains 1 gram 31.5 mg 27 mg
of protein and 1 Phosphorus - Niacin - .57
gram of dietary 26 mg mg
fiber. Calcium - 23 Vitamin B1 -
mg .23 mg
Vitamin B6 -
Iron - .5 mg .4 mg
Minerals Vitamins
Fruits Amount
Contained Contained
Folate
(important
during
Selenium - .3 pregnancy) -
mg 6.33 mcg
Also contains
small amounts
of manganese,
copper and
zinc.
Protein/Fiber Minerals Vitamins

Nut/Seed
(raw, unsalted) (in descending order) (in descending order)
Potassium 206 mg Folate 8.2 mcg

Almonds Phosphorus 134 mg Vitamin E 7.3 mg
1 ounce (24 Calcium 70 mg Vitamin A 2.8 IU
whole nuts) Sodium 0.2 mg Niacin 1.1 mg
raw contains 6
Magnesium 77 mg
grams protein
and 3.35 Selenium 1.2 mcg
grams of Iron 1.2 mg
dietary fiber. Zinc 0.95 mg
Manganese 0.7 mg
Also contains a small amount of copper.
Phosphorus 205.3 mg Folate 6.24 mcg
Brazil Nuts Potassium 186.8 mg Vitamin E 1.6 mg
Magnesium 106.6 mg Vitamin C 1.0 mg
Contains some other
1 ounce (6-8 vitamins in small
whole nuts) amounts.
Selenium 543.5 mcg
raw contains 4
Calcium 45.4 mg
grams of
protein and 2.1 Zinc 1.15 mg
grams of fiber. Iron 0.69 mg
Also contains small amounts of

manganese and copper.
Potassium 187 mg Vitamin K 9.7 mcg

Phosphorus 168 mg Folate 7.0 mcg
Cashews Contains some other
vitamins in small
1 ounce whole Magnesium 82.8 mg amounts.
nuts raw
Calcium 10.5 mg
contains 5.17
Sodium 3.4 mg
grams of
protein and Iron 1.9 mg
0.94 grams of Zinc 1.64 mg
fiber. Selenium 5.6 mcg

Ten (10) Potassium 497 mg Vitamin A 20.1 IU

Nut/Seed
roasted Phosphorus 90 mg Vitamin C 21.8 mg
Chestnuts
kernels with Calcium 24.4 mg Niacin 1.12 mg
no salt added Magnesium 27.7 mg Pantothenic Acid .46 mg
contains 2.7 Sodium 1.7 mg Folate 58.8 mcg
grams protein
Iron .76 mg Vitamin K K 6.55 mcg
and 4.3 grams
fiber. (Note: Contains some other
chestnuts vitamins in small amounts.
must be Selenium 1.0 mcg
boiled or Manganese 1.0 mg
roasted before Zinc
eating due to
the high levels Also contains small amounts of copper
of tannic and zinc.
acid.)
Potassium 95.2 mg Vitamin A 2.8 IU
Hazelnuts Phosphorus 40.6 mg Vitamin C .9 mg
Magnesium 22.8 mg Folate 15.8 mcg
Ten (10) nuts Calcium 16 mg Vitamin K 2 mcg
raw contain 2
Contains some other
grams protein
vitamins in small amounts.
and 1.4 grams Iron .66 mg
fiber.
selenium, manganese, copper and zinc.
Potassium 104.3 mg Folate 3.1 mcg

Macadamias Contains some other
vitamins in small amounts.
10-12 kernels Phosphorus 53.3 mg
(1 ounce) raw Magnesium 36.9 mg
contains 2.24 Calcium 24 mg
grams protein Sodium 1.4 mg
and 2.44 Iron 1.0 mg
grams fiber.
selenium, manganese, copper and zinc.

Pecans Phosphorus 78.5 mg Folate 6.23 mcg
1 ounce (20 Contains some other

halves) raw vitamins in small amounts.
Magnesium 34.3 mg
contains 2.6
Calcium 19.8 mg
grams protein
and 2.7 grams Zinc 1.3 mg
fiber. Iron .7 mg
Manganese 1.3 mg
Selenium 1.0 mcg
Also contains a small amount of copper.
One ounce raw Potassium 200 mg Niacin 3.4 mg
peanuts Phosphorus 107 mg Vitamin E 2.4 mg

Nut/Seed
contains 7.31 Magnesium 47.6 mg Folate 68.0 mcg
peanuts
grams protein
and 2.4 grams Contains some other
fiber. vitamins in small amounts.
Calcium 26 mg
Sodium 5.1 mg
Iron 1.3 mg
Selenium 2.0 mcg

manganese, copper and zinc.
Potassium 169 mg Vitamin E 2.6 mg

Pine Nuts / Phosphorus 163 mg Niacin 1.2 mg
Pignolias Magnesium 71.2mg Folate 19 mcg
1 ounce dried Calcium 4.5 mg Vitamin A 8.2 IU
nuts contains Manganese 2.4 mg Vitamin K 15.3 mcg
3.9 grams
protein and Contains some other
1.0 gram vitamins in small amounts.
Zinc 1.8 mg
fiber. Iron 1.6 mg
selenium and copper.

Pistachios Phosphorus 137.5 mg Folate 14.2 mcg
Contains some other
1 ounce (49 vitamins in small amounts.
kernels) dry Magnesium 34.0 mg
roasted Calcium 31.2 mg
contains 6.0 Sodium 2.8 mg
grams protein Iron 1.2 mg
and 3.0 grams Selenium 2.6 mcg
fiber.
manganese, copper and zinc.

Pumpkin Seeds
Magnesium 74.3 mg Folate 2.6 mcg
Contains some other
1 ounce of vitamins in small amounts.
roasted Phosphorus 26.1 mg
pumpkin or Calcium 15.6 mg
squash seeds Sodium 5.1 mg
without salt Zinc 2.9 mg
contains 5.3 Iron 0.9 mg
mg protein
and no fiber.

Nut/Seed
Phosphorus 327.4 mg Vitamin A 6.5 IU

Sunflower Seeds Potassium 241 mg Folate 67.2 mcg
Magnesium 36.6 mg Vitamin E 6.0 mg
1 ounce dry Contains some other
roasted vitamins in small amounts.
sunflower Calcium 19.8 mg
seeds contains Zinc 1.5 mg
5.5 mg protein Iron 1.0 mg
and 3.1 mg Selenium 22.5 mcg
fiber.
Potassium 125 mg Folate 27.8 mcg

Walnuts 1 ounce (14 Contains some other
halves) vitamins in small amounts
Phosphorus 98.0 mg
English
Magnesium 44.8 mg
walnuts
Calcium 27.8 mg
contains 4.3
mg protein Manganese 1.0 mg
and 1.9 mg Zinc .9 mg
fiber. Iron .8 mg
Selenium 1.4 mcg
Also contains small amounts of copper.
Grocery
Anise Asafoetida
Barley Black-Pepper Butter
Camphor Cardamom Chese
Chillies Cinnamon Clove Coconut
Coriander Corn Cumin
Dates Dhaniya Dry Ginger Dry Peas
Fenugreek Flour
Grams Red Bengal Black
Green Horse
Gallnut Garlic Gingili Ground-nut
Honey
Jaggery
Maize Millet Mustard
Panner Pickles Pulses
Ragi Rice Rose-water
Saffron Sago Salt Spices
Sugar Sugar-Candy Suji Tamarind Turmeric

Vermicelli Wheat
Professions
Accountant Actor Actress Advocate Agriculturist Artist Assistant
Astrologer Astronauts
Baker Barber Beautician Binder Bishop Blacksmiths Bookseller Broker
Businessman Butcher
Carpenter Chef Chief Clerk Compositor Conductor Contractor Cook
Coolie Cosmonauts
Dealer Dentist Dhobi Director Distributor Doctor Driver
dyer
Electrician Engineer Executives
Farmer Father
Goldsmith
Headmaster Headmistress
Laborer Lecturer
Managers Mason Merchant
Nurse
Office-assistant
Pastor Pattern-Maker Plumber Police-man Pope Postman Priest
Principal Professor Promoters Proof-reader
Receptionist
Steno store-keeper surgeon
Tailor Teacher Trader
Waiter warden
Shan Phonetically
Action Addition Association Auction
Caution Competition Composition Consultation Conversation Division
Examination Foundation Function Globalization
Intention Intervention Junction Multiplication Nutrition
Plantation Position Precaution Quotation
Relation Repetition Rotation Station Subtraction
Vacation Verification Vocation
Division Expression Intermission Occasion Permission Possession

Supervision Television Transmission Vision
Beautician Electrician Magician Musician Physician Technician
Silent Words
There are a lot of silent letters in English. This is because although the
pronunciation of some words has changed over the last two or three hundred
years the spelling has stayed the same.
There aren't many hard and fast rules, it's more a matter of learning which
letters are silent in certain combinations of letters. Here are some of the most
common silent letters.
In the following examples, all silent letters are given in brackets.
Silent 'b'
The 'b' is silent in the combination 'mb' at the end of a word.
For example: bom(b), clim(b), com(b), crum(b), lam(b), lim(b), plum(b)er,
num(b), thum(b)
The 'b' is silent in the combination 'bt'.
For example: de(b)t, dou(b)t, su(b)tle
But not in some words, e.g. obtain, unobtrusive
The plum(b)er's thum(b) got cau(gh)t in his com(b) as he clim(b)ed the
ladder.
Silent 'd'
The 'd' is silent in the combination 'dg'.
For example: ba(d)ge, e(d)ge, han(d)kerchief, he(d)ge, han(d)some, ple(d)ge,
san(d)wich we(d)ge We(d)nesday
I have san(d)wiches every We(d)nesday and ir(o)n my wais(t)coats in the
ev(e)ning.
Silent e
For Example: ev(e)ry, ev(e)ning, diff(e)rent, sev(e)ral, int(e)resting, veg(e)table,
lit(e)rature, temp(e)rature, p(e)rhaps
He described sev(e)ral diff(e)rent veg(e)tables on his plate.
I didn't find that very int(e)resting, It certainly wasn't lit(e)rature.
P(e)rhaps his body temp(e)rature was too hi(gh).
Silent g
For Example: si(g)n, forei(g)n, champa(g)ne
There was no si(g)n of the French champa(g)ne.
Silent gh
The gh becomes silent when it is followed by t
hi(gh), ri(gh)t, ni(gh)t, mi(gh)t, si(gh)t brou(gh)t, thou(gh)t, cau(gh)t, ou(gh)t,
dau(gh)ter wei(gh), nei(gh)bour, strai(gh)t
The hi(gh) and mi(gh)ty were not in si(gh)t that night.
I cau(gh)t some sa(l)mon and brou(gh)t them strai(gh)t to my dau(gh)ter.
My nei(gh)bour asked me how much I wei(gh)ed.
Silent h
Generally the h is silent when there is a vowel next to it.
For Example: (h)onest, (h)our, (h)onour, (h)eir
"I'll be back in an (h)our," said the (h)eiress. But it was not an (h)onest or
an (h)onourable ans(w)er.
The 'h' is silent at the end of word when it follows a vowel.
For example: cheeta(h) Sara(h) messia(h) savana(h)
The 'h' is silent between two vowels.
For example: anni(h)ilate ve(h)ement ve(h)icle
The 'h' is silent after the letter 'r'.
For example: r(h)yme r(h)ubarb r(h)ythm
The 'h' is silent after the letters 'ex'
For example: ex(h)austing, ex(h)ibition, ex(h)ort
But not in some words, e.g. exhale, exhume
Silent 'k'
The 'k' is silent in the combination 'kn'.
For example: (k)nack (k)nee (k)new (k)nickers (k)nife (k)night (k)nitting
(k)nob (k)nock (k)not (k)now (k)nuckle
Did you know she has a (k)nife in her (k)nickers which could damage your
(k)nuckles or your (k)nees?
Silent l
For Example: sa(l)mon, ca(l)m, wou(l)d, cou(l)d, shou(l)d, wa(l)k, ta(l)k, ha(l)f
He cou(l)d wa(l)k for ha(l)f a mile and ta(l)k ca(l)mly about sa(l)monella
poisoning for an (h)our and a half.
Silent 'n'
The 'n' is silent in the combination 'mn' at the end of a word.
For example: Autum(n) dam(n) gover(n)ment hym(n) colum(n) condem(n)

solem(n)
He (w)rote a dam(n)ing report about the gover(n)ment's handling of the
sa(l)monella crisis.
Silent 'p'
The 'p' is silent in the combination 'ps' at the beginning of a word.
For example: (p)neumatic (p)neumonia (p)salm (p)syche (p)sychiatry
(p)sychology (p)sychotherapy
The (p)sychiatrist recommended (p)sychotherapy.
cu(p)board
"There's no med(i)cine in your cu(p)board will help you," she said. "Save
that for (p)neumonia."
Silent s
For Example: i(s)land, i(s)les
Ireland is an i(s)and. The British I(s)les are not part of Ireland.
Silent t
t becomes silent in the combination of ten
For Example: lis(t)en, fas(t)en, of(t)en,
Fas(t)en you sea(t) belts.
whis(t)le, cas(t)le, Chris(t)mas
How of(t)en do I have to say that? I can see you're not lis(t)ening when
you're whis(t)ling.
Silent w
ans(w)er, (w)rite, (w)rong, (w)ring, (w)rinkle, (w)rist, (w)retched, (w)restler
I feel (w)retched," said the (w)restler.
"My (w)rist is all (w)rinkled. I can't (w)rite and who wou(l)d want to
wrest(l)e with me now?"
PUNCTUATIONS
Sentences start with a Capital, So as to make our sentences better.

We use a full stop to mark the end. It closes every sentence penned.
The comma is for short pauses and breaks, And also for lists the writer makes.
Dashes like these are for thoughts by the way.

They give extra information (so do brackets, we may say).
These two dots are a colon: colons pause to compare.

They also do this: list, explain and prepare.
The semicolon makes a break; its followed by a clause.

It does the work of words that link; its also a short pause.
An apostrophe shows the owner of anyones thing,

and its also useful for shortenings.
Im so glad! Hes so mad! Were having such a lark!

To show strong feelings use an exclamation mark!
A question mark follows who? Whom? Whose?

Which? What? When? Where? Why and How
Do you? Can I? Shall we? Give us your answer now!
Quotation marks enclose what is said, Which is why theyre sometimes called
Speech marks instead.
Apostrophe, Inverted comma / Single Quotation mark

Quotations / Double quotes / Double inverted commas
Astrisk *
Semicolon ;
Colon :
Slash / Oblique / Backward Slash /
Forward slash \
Comma ,
Full stop / period .
Dash -
Hyphen _
Ellipses
Question / Interrogation ?
Exclamation !
Parentheses ( )
Flower brackets { }
Square Brackets [ ]
COMMA
1. In a Series Three or more items connected by a coordinating conjunction

words Jones, Smith, and Jackson presented an intriguing report.
Phrases The novel is available in print, on audio tape, and on video cassette
Clauses The lawyer argued that the weather was bad, that the car had poor
brakes, and that the other driver was speeding.
Incorrect: Jones, and Smith presented an intriguing report.

Jones, and Smith, and Jackson presented an intriguing report.
Confusing: He appealed to the administrators, the deans and the advisors.
The smooth gray of the beech stem, the silky texture of the birch and the rugged
pine capture the eye immediately.
2. Between Coordinate Adjectives Equal adjectives with no coordinating

conjunction
Incorrect: She bought a red, fuzzy coat. (Tests work: red and fuzzy /
fuzzy, red)
Incorrect: The professor gave a hard, final examination. (Tests do not
work: hard and final / final, hard)
Incorrect: This is a long, short story. (Tests do not work: long and short /
short, long)
3. Before FANBOYS between Independent Clauses in Compound Sentences
The war lasted for two years, but very few people supported it.
Incorrect: The war lasted for two years, but never gathered much support.
The war lasted for two years but, very few people supported it.
Acceptable: The shooting stopped and peace followed. (very short clauses no
comma needed)
4. Nonessential Adjective Clauses / Nonessential participial phrases
Mary Jones, who spoke at the meeting today, opposed the merger.
Mary Jones, speaking at the meeting today, opposed the merger.
Mary Jones, frightened by a mouse, bought a cat.
Incorrect: The woman, who spoke at the meeting today, opposed the merger.
The woman, speaking at the meeting today, opposed the merger.
The woman, frightened by a mouse, bought a cat.
5. Introductory Elements
A Long prepositional phrase or succession of prepositional phrases
In the solitude of that snowy December night, we became good
friends.
At the end of the road on the west side of the train station, an
elderly couple sold produce each summer.
Optional: On that night (,) we became friends.

In December (,) we became friends.
B. Participial phrases
Speaking at the meeting today, the woman opposed the merger.
Stretching, the cat slowly opened her eyes.
Terrified, the mouse ran behind the cupboard.
C Gerunds as objects of prepositions

Upon entering the room, the police heard a gun shot.
Incorrect: Entering the room, was dangerous. (Gerund
as subject, not object of preposition)
D Adverbial infinitives
To buy that car, you must pay a $500.00 deposit.
(Test: In order to buy that car, you must pay . . .)
Incorrect: You must pay a $500.00 deposit, to buy that car.
(Adverbial infinitive at end of sentence no comma)

To buy that car, is my dream. (Test won't work infinitive is
nominal)
E. Adverbial clauses
When he reached the stoplight, Jones turned left.
Incorrect: Jones turned left, when he reached the stoplight. (adverbial
clause is at end of sentence no comma)
F Mild interjections (well, yes, no, why, etc.)

No, she never returned the car.
Well, I am not sure how I feel about that.
6. To separate Interrupters
A. Parenthetical expressions and transitions (in my opinion, unfortunately,
moreover, of course, unfortunately, as a matter of fact, indeed, for example, etc.)
The meeting was, in my opinion, very productive.
The committee members, however, lacked initiative.
However, the committee members lacked initiative.
B. Appositives (renamers)
Professor Jones, my history instructor, dismissed the class early.
Test: switch positions - My history instructor, Professor Jones,
dismissed the class.
Incorrect: My daughter, Jane, is taller than her sisters.
(Appositive is essential since there is more than one daughter)
C Direct Address
Joe, please hand me the newspaper.

You will see, ladies and gentlemen, that I have nothing up my
sleeve.
7. Nonessential Examples
Introduced by such as, especially, particularly
Jones likes to read about dogs, especially Welsh Corgis, in his spare time.
Service professions, such as social work and teaching, offer many non-monetary
rewards.
Incorrect: Dogs, such as Welsh Corgis, are expensive. (Essential)
8. Expressions of Contrast
I want chocolate, not vanilla.
His wife, not his brother, needs the money more.
9. Dates and Addresses

The house at 100 West 67th Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, was sold today.
My son was born on January 5, 1976, in Chicago, Illinois.
Incorrect: She lives at 100 West 67th Street, in Baltimore, Maryland.
It was on January 5, that my son was born.
10. Before Confirmatory Questions

You will be at the party, won't you?
11. Name followed by Jr., Sr., Ph.D., M.D.

Mary Jones, Ph.D., will lecture on insect fragmentation today at 4 p.m.
12. To clarify otherwise Misreadable Word Groups

It is unfortunate, to be sure.
Inside, the cat was purring.
The question to ask yourself is, is this trip necessary?
If you cook, Jones will wash the dishes.
Underneath, the papers were scorched.
When Smith had finished, the potatoes and corn were all gone, and left
untouched were the beets and carrots.
A few weeks before, I had seen him in a medieval play.
Use a SEMICOLON
1. Between independent clauses not joined by coordinating conjunctions(for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, so)
Example He promised to reform; a few days later he forgot everything.
2. Between independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb

Example He promised to reform; however, a few days later he forgot
everything.
3. Between items in a series containing internal punctuation
Example Captain Zero, a television star; Harriet Smith, who writes fiction;
and Mel Stevens, a world-famous psychiatrist, meet for an hour every Thursday
to discuss the geopolitical situation.
4. Between independent clauses containing internal punctuation even when the

clauses are joined by coordinating conjunctions.
Example To engender self-confidence, we must help others; but to procure
love, we must please them.
Use a COLON
1. Before formally introducing a list (*An independent clause must precede the
colon.)Examples
I ordered the following supplies: potatoes, sugar, flour, eggs, and
coffee.
I ordered these supplies: potatoes, sugar, flour, eggs, and coffee.
Theories which try to explain the secrets of fire walking fall into
three categories: physical, psychological, and religious.
Incorrect I ordered: potatoes, sugar, flour, eggs, and coffee.
On a long ocean voyage be sure to take along: plenty of books, a
deck of cards, a chess set, and a warm blanket.
2. Between two independent clauses when the second explains or expands the
first
Examples The leaders made the final decision: the (The) earthquake victims
would receive food and medical supplies.
The sign was all too clear: "Do not swim in this area."
Here is our honest opinion: we (We) think you are a genius.
3. Before a formal appositive (*An independent clause must precede the colon)
Example The reaction of the audience signified one overwhelming feeling:
anger.
Incorrect The reaction of the audience signified: anger.
4. Between hour and minute / chapter and verse (Bible)

Examples At 4:01 p.m. the doors will be opened to the public.
You will find those words in Genesis 1: 14-17.
Use an APOSTROPHE
1. To show ownership (to form the possessive case of nouns)Examples One boy
owns some hats the boys hats
Two boys own some hats two boys hats
One man owns some hats the mans hats
Two men own some hats the mens hats
2. To show joint ownership with nouns

Example Nan and Ted own the same dogs Nan and Teds dogs
3. To show individual ownership with nouns

Example Nan and Ted each own different dogs Nans and Teds dogs
4. To show ownership with indefinite pronouns

Examples anybody's hats everybody's hats each's hats
NOTE: Do not use an apostrophe to form the possessive case of the
personal possessive pronoun its.
Example Do use an apostrophe with its to mean it is or it has.
Its my dream to write a book on Inglish
5. To form the plural of letters, numbers, and signs, and of words referred to as
words
Examples Cows are grazing in the field.
How many ands are in the second paragraph?
Remember to cross all of the ts.
Use PARENTHESES
1. To enclose interrupting elements that add information or identification

Examples
The NRA (National Rifle Association) has a strong lobby in Washington.
I walked right up to him (no one was with him at the time) and told him
what we had decided.
2. To enclose figures or letters when used for enumeration within a sentence

Example
Each essay will be judged on the basis of (a) its length, (b) its artistic merit,
and (c) its originality.
Use a DASH
To set off parenthetical matter

Example
Harveys latest purchase a condominium on the beach pleases him greatly.
NOTE: UNLIKE PARENTHESES, WHICH MINIMIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE

PARENTHETICAL MATERIAL, DASHES EMPHASIZE PARENTHETICAL MATERIAL.
Notice the different emphasis in each sentence.
The human mind is, as Luther said, a factory busy with making idols.
The human mind is (as Luther said) a factory busy with making idols.
The human mind is - as Luther said - a factory busy with making idols.
Use ITALICS (underlining)
1. For words, letters, and figures referred to as such

Examples The word unbreakable has three morphemes.
The most frequently used vowel is e.
2. For foreign, technical (including mathematical expressions), or unusual words

and phrases.
Examples The short story began in media res.
An interrobang is a combination of a question mark and
exclamation point.
The definition of cool constantly evolves as the word is used by
different generations.
3. For titles of books, newspapers, magazines, journals, plays, movies, radio

programs, TV programs, long musical works, long poems, works of art, names
ships and airplanes
Examples F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby chronicles the 1920's in
America.
Newsweek recently ran an article on killer bees.
Use QUOTATION MARKS
1. To enclose titles of minor works: articles, essays, poems, songs, chapters of

books, short stories, episodes of radio/TV programs.
Examples The front page of newspaper sported an article titled Trapped
Couple Lived Thirteen Days on Cookies.
Who wrote The Star Spangled Banner?
2. To enclose words used ironically or where the term so-called could be

inserted.
Examples He's one of the fiftysomething crowd.
The five-year-old prepared a "gourmet" breakfast for his mother on
Mother's Day.
3. To enclose a direct quotation: a person's exact words

Example He said, You have won the lottery.
NOTE: Do not use quotation marks to enclose indirect quotations.
Incorrect He said that I had won the lottery.

Correct He said that I had won the lottery.
NOTES FOR DIRECT QUOTATIONS:
1. Start the quotation with a capital letter.

2. Place commas and periods INSIDE the quotation marks.
3. Place semicolons and colons OUTSIDE the quotation marks.
4. Place question marks and exclamation marks INSIDE the quotation marks if
the quotation itself is a question or an exclamation.
5. Place question marks and exclamation marks OUTSIDE the quotation marks if
the quotation itself is NOT a question or exclamation.
USE SINGLE QUOTATION MARKS to enclose a quotation inside another quotation.

Example "Please stop saying, I love you, he begged.
"I have just heard Amazing Grace," she said.
If the quotation within another quotation is a question or an exclamation, place

appropriate punctuation next to the item concerned.
Examples Question quotation inside statement quotation
He said, "You asked, 'Do you love me?'"
Statement quotation inside question quotation
He asked, "Did you say, 'I love you'?"
Question quotation inside question quotation
He asked, "Did you ask, 'Do you love me?'"
Exclamation quotation inside question quotation
or
Question quotation inside exclamation quotation
He asked, "Did you exclaim, 'I love you!'?"
He exclaimed, "I hated your asking, 'Do you love me?'!"
AFFIX
An affix is a bound morpheme1 that is joined before, after, or within a root2 or
stem3.
1
A bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is
always attached to some other morpheme. Example the s in dogs.
2
carries the principle portion of meaning of the words in which it functions
3
A stem is the root or roots of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to
which inflectional affixes are added.
We have basically nine types of affixes

1. Circumfix made up of two separate parts which surround and attach to a
root.
2. Derivational one word is formed (derived) from another. Joyfulness
3. Infix inserted within a stem. bloomin
4. Inflectional expresses a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem's

(grammatical category), does not change the word class of its stem, produces
a predictable, nonidiosyncratic change of meaning.
a. Aspect
b. Case
c. Modality
d. Number
e. Person
f. Tense
g. Voice
5. Prefix joined before a root or stem. Unselfish
6. Separable can be detached from its stem and located elsewhere in a
construction.
7. Simulfix a change or replacement of vowels or consonants (usually
vowels) which changes the meaning of a word. Eat ---Ate
8. Suffix attached to the end of a stem or root. Walked
9. Suprafix a suprasegmental is superimposed on one or more syllables of
the root or stem, signalling a particular morphosyntactic operation (A
morphosyntactic operation is an ordered, dynamic relation between one
linguistic form and another) . `Produce, n. Produce, v
Relationship to
Affix Example
root or stem
Occurs in the
prefix front of a root or unhappy
stem
Occurs at the end
suffix happiness
of a root or stem
bumili 'buy'
Occurs inside of a
infix (Tagalog,
root or stem
Philippines)
Occurs in two kabaddangan
parts on both 'help' (Tuwali
circumfix
outer edges of a Ifugao,
root or stem Philippines)
Replaces one or
more phonemes man + plural >
simulfix
in the root or men
stem
Superimposed on
one or more stress in the
suprafix syllables in the words 'produce, n.
root or stem as a and pro'duce, v.
suprasegmental
The most crucial requirement in this system is a basic understanding of the most
prominent prefixes, roots and suffixes in the English language. There are many
resources for obtaining support information, on the Internet and in books, but
below is a short list of some of the predominant prefixes, roots and suffixes:
Prefixes Roots Suffixes

ab - away vis, vid - to see -tion, -ion, -sion - n. condition
ad - to, toward ject - push -al - adj., relating to
con, com, co - with, together press- press -e - makes a noun or verb
de - down, from cis, cid - cut, kill -ive - adj., relating to
ex, e - out of, from pend, pens - hang -able, -ible - able to, can
in, im - in or not fac, fici, fec - make, do -ia - n. condition, disorder
micro - small lat- carry -ly - adverb
mono - one mit, mis- send, do -ology -study
multi - many nav, naut - sail, boat -ary, -ory - place
ob - to, toward ten,tend,tain - hold
pre,pro - before, near ped, pod, pus - foot
re - back, again cept, ceiv - take
rupt - break
A list of commonly used prefixes and suffixes and a small tabular column
of the same
PREFIXES
in, into,: in, il, im, ir , en, intro infiltrate. illuminate, import, irrigate, enlist,
introduce
*inside, within: intro, intra, endo introspection, intravenous, endogenous
to, toward, ob: ad, ac, ag, at adjust, accommodate, aggression, attract,
observe
*forth, forward: pro proclaim
beside, by: para parallel, paraphrase
*between, among: inter, dia intervene, dialogue
*outside: extra, extro, epi- extraterrestrial, extrovert, epidermis
with, at the same time: com, con, cor, syn, sym company, contemporary,
correlate, synchronize, symphony
*after: post postwar, posterior
*before: pre, ante, pro precede, antebellum, prologue
down: de descend
*under, beneath: sub subway
*above, over: super superior, supersensitive
*back, backward: re, retro retreat, retroactive
around, about: circum, peri circumference, perimeter
through, throughout: per perennial
*across: trans, dia- transport, transatlantic, diameter
beyond: ultra, extra ultrasonic, ultraconservative, extraordinary, extrapolate
apart: se secular, separate
from, away from: ab, abs absolve, abstain
off, away: dis, di- dismiss, divert
*out, out of: ex, ec exit, expel, exorcist, eccentric
*not: un, in, il, im, ir, dis, non, a unpleasant, indecisive, illogical, impolite,
irrelevant, disapprove, nonviolent, atypical;
*reversal: un, de, dis, counter unsettle, deregulate, disarm, countermand
*one, single, alone: mono, mon, uni- monorail, monocular, uniform
*two, twice: di, bi, bin- dioxide, bicycle, binocular
*three: tri triangle, tricycle
*four: tetr, quadr tetrahedron, quadrangle
*five: pent, quintus pentathlon, quintuplet
*six: hexa, hex, sex hexagon, sextet
seven: help, sept, septem heptagon, September
*eight: oct octet, October
*nine: nove November, novena
*ten, tenth: centi, cent- century, cent
*thousand, thousandth: milli, kilo millimeter, kilometer, kilogram
*many, much: poly, multi polygon, polyester, multitude
first: prot proton, protagonist

*half: hemi, semi hemisphere, semicircle
*bad, badly: mal, mis malpractice, malignant, misfit, miserable
*wrong: mis misspell, mistake
*good, well: bene benefactor, benign
common, like: homo homogeneous, homogenized
like, same: syn synonymous, synonyms
Prefix Meaning Examples
a- also an- not, without atheist, anaemic
a- to, towards aside, aback
in the process of, in a-hunting, aglow

a particular state
a- of anew
completely abashed
ab- also abs- away, from abdicate, abstract
ad- also a-, ac-, movement to, advance, adulterate, adjunct,

af-, ag- al-, change into, ascend, affiliate, affirm, aggravate,
an-, ap-, at- addition or increase alleviate, annotate, apprehend,
as-, at- arrive, assemble, attend
ante- before, preceding antecedent, ante-room
anti- also ant- opposing, against, anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax,

the opposite Antarctic
be- all over, all around bespatter, beset
completely bewitch, bemuse
having, covered bejewelled

with
affect with (added befog

to nouns)
cause to be (added becalm

to adjectives)
com- also co-, with, jointly, combat, codriver, collude, confide,

col-, con-, completely corrode
cor-
contra- against, opposite contraceptive
counter- opposition, opposite counter-attack, counteract

direction
de- down, away descend, despair, depend, deduct
completely denude, denigrate
removal, reversal de-ice, decamp
dia- also di- through, across diagonal
dis- also di- negation, removal, disadvantage, dismount, disbud,

expulsion disbar
en- also em- put into or on engulf, enmesh
bring into the enlighten, embitter

condition of
intensification entangle, enrage
ex- also e-, ef- out exit, exclude, expand
upward exalt, extol
completely excruciate, exasperate
previous ex-wife
extra- outside, beyond extracurricular
hemi- half hemisphere
hyper- beyond, more than, hypersonic, hyperactive

more than normal
hypo- under hypodermic, hypothermia
in- also il-, im- not, without infertile, inappropriate, impossible
also il-, im-, in, into, towards, influence, influx, imbibe

ir- inside
infra- below infrared, infrastructure
inter- between, among interact, interchange
intra- inside, within intramural, intravenous
non- absence, negation non-smoker, non-alcoholic
ob- also oc-, of-, blocking, against, obstruct, occult, offend, oppose
op- concealing
out- surpassing, outperform

exceeding
external, away from outbuilding, outboard
over- excessively, overconfident, overburdened,

completely overjoyed
upper, outer, over, overcoat, overcast

above
peri- round, about perimeter
post- after in time or postpone

order
pre- before in time, pre-adolescent, prelude,

place, order or precondition
importance
pro- favouring, in pro-African

support of
acting for proconsul
motion forwards or propulsion

away
before in time, place prologue

or order
re- again repaint, reappraise, reawake
semi- half, partly semicircle, semi-conscious
sub- also suc-, at a lower position submarine, subsoil

suf-, sug-,
sup-, sur-, lower in rank sub-lieutenant
sus-
nearly, sub-tropical
approximately
syn- also sym- in union, acting synchronize, symmetry

together
trans- across, beyond transnational, transatlantic
into a different state translate
ultra- beyond ultraviolet, ultrasonic
extreme ultramicroscopic
un- not unacceptable, unreal, unhappy,

unmanned
reversal or unplug, unmask

cancellation of
action or state
under- beneath, below underarm, undercarriage
lower in rank undersecretary
not enough underdeveloped
SUFFIXES
*One who: ant,ar, ent, er, ess, or student, servant, beggar, superintendent,
teacher, waitress, actor
One who is: ard, ee- employee, drunkard, payee
*One who practices: ist scientist, anarchist
Place for or with: arium, ary, orium, ory aquarium, solarium, library,
auditorium, laboratory
*Art or skill of: ship salesmanship, showmanship
State or quality of being: ance, atioin, dom, ence, hood, ion, ism, ity, ment,
ness, ship, sion, th, tion, ty, ure tolerance, repentance, starvation, freedom,
violence, childhood, champion, heroism, necessity, amusement, happiness,
friendship, tension, length, attention, loyalty, failure
Doctrine of: ism Marxism, capitalism
*Study of: ology psychology, biology
*Small: let, cle, cule, ette, - booklet, particle,,molecule, dinette, rivulet
*More than one: s, a, es, e cats, data, buildings, boxes, alumni
Relating to: ial, al, ian, ic, ical commercial, natural, urban, artificial, comical
Inclined to: tive, acious, ant, ative, ent, ish, ive combative, voracious,
vigilant, demonstrative, competent, childish, instructive
Can be: able, ible readable, lovable, visible
*Full of: ful, ous, ulent, y careful, thoughtful, wondrous, turbulent, wordy
*Without: less careless, thoughtless
That which was: en, ed mistaken, baked, stolen
In what manner: ily, ly steadily, speedily, slowly
*To what extent: ly extremely, scarcely
*To make: en weaken, activate, strengthen, terrify, popularize
*To change tense or time: ed, ed, ing marched, talked, taken, singing
Suffix Meaning Example
capable of (adjective portable able to be carried, legible
able, ible
suffix) able to be read
cardiac pertaining to the heart,

ac, ic like, pertaining to
aquatic pertaining to the water
audacious full of daring, avaricious

acious, icious full of
full of greed
maniacal insane, portal doorway,
al pertaining to
logical pertaining to logic
eloquent pertaining to fluid, effective
ant, ent full of speech, suppliant pleader, verdant
green
dictionary book connected with

ary like, connected with
words, honorary
consecrate to make holy mitigate to

ate to make (verb suffix)
make less severe
that which is (noun exasperation irritation irritation

ation
suffix) annoyance
democracy government ruled by

state of being (noun people
cy
suffix)
obstinacy stubbornness
mutineer person who rebels
person who (noun
eer, er, or teacher person who teaches censor
suffix)
person who deletes improper
remarks
becoming (adjective evanescent tending to vanish

escent
suffix) pubescent arriving at puberty
making, doing
fic terrific arousing great fear
(adjective suffix)
magnify enlarge
fy to make (verb suffix)
petrify turn to stone
producing, bearing pestiferous carrying disease

iferous
(adjective suffix) vociferous having a loud voice
pertaining to, capable

il, ile civil polite
of(adjective suffix)
doctrine, belief (noun

ism monotheism belief in one god
suffix)
dealer, doer (noun

ist realist one who is realistic
suffix)
state of being (noun

ity sagacity wisdom
suffix)
quantitative concerned with number

ive like (adjective suffix)
or volume
harmonize make harmonious

ize, ise to make (verb suffix)
enfranchise make free
resembling, like ovoid like an egg anthropoid

oid
(adjective suffix) resembling a human being
full of (adjective
ose verbose full of words
suffix)
condition (noun psychosis diseased mental condition

osis
suffix) hypnosis condition of induced sleep
full of (adjective nauseous full of nausea ludicrous

ous
suffix) foolish
fortitude state of strength certitude

tude state of (noun suffix)
state of sureness
A COMPLETTE TABULAR COLUMN OF PREFIX AND SUFFIX

Root, Prefix or Suffix Meaning Examples
a, ac, ad, af, ag, al, to, toward, near, in addition to aside ,accompany ,adjust ,aggression ,allocate, annihilate ,affix ,associate,
an, ap, as, at ,by attend, adverb
a, an not, without apolitical, atheist, anarchy, anonymous, apathy, aphasia, anemia
ab, abs away from, off absolve, abrupt, absent
act, ag: do, act, drive active, react, agent, active, agitate
am, ami love, like amorous, amiable, amicable
Ambul to walk ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist
Anim mind, life, spirit, anger animal, animate, animosity
ann, annu, enni yearly annual, annual, annuity, anniversary, perrenial
Ante before anterior, anteroom, antebellum, antedate, antecedent antediluvian
antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antichrist, antinomies, antifreeze,
anti, ant against, opposite
antipathy
auc, aug, aut to originate, to increase augment , author, augment, auction
aud, audi, aur to hear audience, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, auricular
auto self automobile, automatic, automotive, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune
-acy, -cy Noun: state or quality privacy, nfancy, adequacy, intimacy, supremacy
Noun: activity, or result of
-age courage, suffrage, shrinkage, tonnage
action
-al Noun: action, result of action referral, disavowal, disposal, festival
-an Noun: person artisan, guardian, historian, magician
Noun: action, state, quality or
-ance, -ence resistance, independence, extravagance, fraudulence
process
-ancy, -ency Noun: state, quality or capacity vacancy, agency, truancy, latency
Noun: an agent, something that

-ant, -ent disinfectant, dependent, fragrant
performs the action
-ate Noun: state, office, fuction candidate, electorate, delegate
-ation Noun: action, resulting state specialization, aggravation, alternation
-ate Verb: cause to be graduate, ameliorate, amputate, colligate
-able, -ible Adjective: worth, ability solvable, incredible
-al, -ial, -ical Adjective: quality, relation structural, territorial, categorical
Adjective: kind of agent,
-ant, -ent, -ient important, dependent, convenient
indication
Adjective: resembling, related
-ar, -ary spectacular, unitary
to
-ate Adjective: kind of state inviolate
bene good, well, gentle benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit
bi, bine two biped, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual
bio, bi life biography, biology

bibli, biblio book bibliophile, bibliography
brev short abbreviate, brevity, brief
cad, cap, cas, ceiv, receive, deceive, capable, capacious, captive, accident, capture, occasion,
to take, to seize, to hold
cept, capt, cid, cip concept
cat, cata, cath down, with catalogue, category, catheter
ceas, cede, ceed,
to go, to yield succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession
cess
cent hundred centennial, century, centipede
centr center eccentricity, centrifugal, concentric
chron time chronology, chronic, chronicle chronometer, anachronism
cide, cis to kill, to cut fratricide, suicide, incision, excision, circumcision
circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference,
circum around
circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory
clam, claim shout acclaim, clamor, proclaim, exclaim
clin lean, bend decline, aclinic, inclination
include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive,
clud, clus claus to close, shut
conclude
cohesiveness, cognate, collaborate, convene, commitment, compress,
co, cog, col, con,
with, together contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, convenient, concatenate,
com, cor
conjoin, combine, correct
com, con fully complete, compel, conscious, condense, confess, comfirm
cogn, gnos know to know recognize cognizant diagnose agnostic
contra, counter against, opposite contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal
corp body corporate, corpse, corpulent, incorporate
cour, cur, curr, curs run, course occur, excursion, discourse, courier, course
cort correct escort, cortage
cre, cresc, cret,
grow create, crescent, accretion, increase
crease
credo, credible, credence, credit, credential, incredible, credulity,
cred to believe
incredulous
cycl circle, wheel bicycle, cyclical, cycle, encliclical
from, down, away, to do the detach, deploy, derange, decrease, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate,
de
opposite, against deice
dec ten decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate
dec, dign suitable decent decorate dignity
dei, div God divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify
demo people democracy, demagogue, epidemic
di two divide, diverge, diglycerides
dia through, across, between diameter, diagonal, dialogue dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic
dic, dict, dit say, speak predict, verdict, malediction, dictionary, dictate, dictum, diction, indict
dit give
away, not, negative, opposite dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, divide, disconnect, dysfunction,
dis, dys, dif
of, separate disproportion, disrespect, distemper, distrust, distaste, disarray, dyslexia
doc, doct teach, prove docile, doctor, doctrine, document

dog, dox thought, idea dogma, orthodox, paradox
produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct,
duc, duct to lead, pull
reduce, induce
-dom Noun: place, state of being wisdom
ecto outside, external ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm
endo inside, withing endotoxin, endoscope, endogenous

equi equal equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equitable, equation, equator
emit, expulsion, exhale, exit, express, exclusive, enervate, expel ,exceed,
e, ex, ef, es, ec out, away, from, fully
explosion
en, em put into, make enamor, empower
epi upon, beside, over epilogue
ev, et time, age medieval, eternal
external, extrinsic, exterior extraordinary, extrabiblical extracurricular,
exter, extra outside of, beyond
extrapolate, extraneous
Noun: person or thing that does
-er, -or porter, collector
something
-ed Verb: past tense attained
-en Verb: to cause to become moisten
-er, -or Verb: action ponder, clamor
-ed Adjective: having the quality of terraced
-en Adjective: material silken
-er Adjective: comparative brighter
-est Adjective: superlative strongest
fa, fess speak fable, fabulous, fame, famous, confess, profess
fac, fact, fec, fic,
make do, do difficult, fashion, feasible, feature, factory, fact, effect
fas, fea
femto quadrillionth femtosecond
fer bear, carry fertile, infer, refer
fic, feign, fain, fit,
shape, make, fashion fiction, faint, feign
feat
fid belief, faith confide, diffident, fidelity
fig shape, form figurem, effigy, figure, figment
flect, flex to bend flexible, reflection, deflect, circumflex
flict strike affliction, conflict, inflict
flu, fluct, flux flow effluence, influence, effluvium, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx, fluid
for, fore before forecast, fortune, foresee
form shape format, formulate
fort strength effort, forte, fortifiable
fract, frag, frai break frail, fracture, fragment
fuge flee subterfuge, refuge, centrifuge
fuse pour
Noun: an amount or quanity
-ful mouthful
that fills
Adjective: having, giving,
-ful fanciful
marked by
Adverb: in a manner of, marked
-fold fourfold
by
-fy make
gen, gin to give birth, kind generate, generally, gingerly, indigenous
geo earth geography
giga billion gigabyte, gigaflop
gor to gather, to bring together category, categorize
grad, gress, gree to gather, to bring together grade, degree, progress
polygraph, grammar, biography, graphite, telegram, autograph, lithograph,
graph, gram, graf to write, draw
historiography, graphic
hale brathe
her, hes to stick adhere, hesitate

hetero other heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne
hex, ses, sex six hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets
homo same homogenized, homosexual, homonym, homophone
hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate,
hyper over, above
hyperkinetic
illegible, irresolute, inaction, inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent,
in, im, il, ir not
impregnable, impossible, imposter
in, im, (il) in, into, on, near, toward instead, import
infra beneath infrared, infrastructure
inter between, among international, intercept, interject, intermission, internal, intermittent,
intro into, within interoffice, introvert, introspection, introduce
it go
-ian, an Noun: related to, one that is pedestrian, human
-ia Noun: names, diseases phobia
-iatry Noun: art of healing psychiatry
Noun: related to the arts and
-ic, ics arithmetic, economics
sciences
-ice Noun: act malice
Noun: material made for,
-ing flooring, swimming, building
activity, result of an activity
-ion Noun: condition or action abduction
Noun: doctrine, belief, action or
-ism formalism
conduct
-ist Noun: person or member podiatrist
-ite Noun: state or quality graphite
-ity, ty Noun: state or quality lucidity, novelty
-ive Noun: condition native
-ify Verb: cause specify
-ing Verb: present participle depicting
-ize Verb: cause fantasize
-ic Adjective: quality, relation generic
Adjective: having the qualities
-ile projectile
of
-ing Adjective: activity cohering
Adjective: having the character
-ish newish
of
-ive, -ative, -itive Adjective: having the quality of festive, cooperative, sensitive
jac, ject to throw reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate
judice judge
jug, junct, just to join junction, adjust, conjugal
labor work
lex, leag, leg law legal, college, league
lect, leg, lig choose, gather, select, read collect, legible, eligible
lide strike
loc place, area location, locally
say, speech, word, reason,
log logic
study
luc, lum, lust: light translucent, illuminate, illustrate
lude play
-less Adjective: without, missing motiveless
-ly Adverb: in the manner of fluently

malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent,malfunction,
mal bad, badly
malfeasance, maleficent
man, manu hand, make, do manage, management
main bide
metr admeasure
mega great, million megaphone, megaton, megaflop, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis
mem recall, remember memory, commemorate
ment mind mental, mention
min little, small minute, minor, minuscule
meso middle mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere
meta beyond, change metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation
micro millionth microgram, microvolt
mill, kilo thousand millennium, kilobyte, kiloton
milli thousandth millisecond, milligram, millivolt
misconduct, misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake,
mis wrong, bad, badly
misogynist
mit, miss to send transmit, permit, missile, missionary, remit, admit, missive, mission
mob, mov, mot move motion, remove, mobile
mono one monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist,
morph shape polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous
multi many multitude, multipartite, multiply, multipurpose
-ment Noun: condition or result document
nano billionth nanosecond, nanobucks
nasc, nat, gnant, nai to be born nascent, native, pregnant, naive

nom, nym name nominate, synonym
non nine nonagon
non not nonferrous, nonsense, nonabrasive, nondescript
nov new novice, novelty
-ness Noun: state, condition, quality kindness
oct eight octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave
ob, oc, of, op toward, against, in the way oppose, occur, offer, obtain
omni all omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient
oper work operate, opus
over excessive, above overwork, overall, overwork
-or Noun: condition or activity valor
-ory Noun: place for, serves for territory
-ous, -eous, -ose, - Adjective: having the quality of,
adventurous, courageous, verbose, fractious
ious relating to
pair, pare arrange
pat, pass, path feel, suffer patient, passion, sympathy, pathology
para beside paradox, paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute
ped, pod foot impede, pedestal, podium, pedestrian
pel, puls drive, push repel, pulse
pend, pond, pens to hang, weigh suspend, append
per through, intensive persecute, permit, perspire, perforate, persuade
peri around periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal
phan, phas, phen,
show, make visible phantom, fantasy
fan, phant, fant
phe speak

phil love philosopher
phon sound telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone
phot light photograph, photosynthesis, photon
pico trillionth picofarad, picocurie
pict paint, show, draw picture, depict
pli, ply fold reply, implicate, ply
plore weep
poly many polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous
pon, pos put, place postpone, position, posture
port to carry porter, portable, report, transportation, deport, import, export
post after, behind postpone, postdate
pre, pur before precede
prim, prin first
pro for, foward propel
psych mind psychology
pute think
quat, quad four quadrangle, quadruplets
quint, penta five quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter
quip ship
quir, quis, quest,
seek, ask query, inquire, exquisite, quest
quer
re back, again report, realign, retract, revise, regain
retro backwards retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive
rupt break rupture, corrupt, interrupt
sanct holy sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct
sci, scio to know conscious, science
scrib, script to write inscription, prescribe, proscribe, manuscript, conscript, scribble, scribe
se apart, move away from secede
sect, sec cut intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section
sent, sens feel, think sentiment, sensation
semi half semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle
sept seven septet, septennial
serve keep
sequ, secut, sue follow sequence, consecutive, ensue
sist to withstand, make up insist
soci to join, companions sociable, society
sol alone solitary, isolate
solv, solu, solut loosen, explain solve, absolute, soluble
spect, spec, spi,
to look, see inspect, spectator, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle
spic,
sper hope
spir breath, soul respiration, inspire
stand, stant, stab,
stat, stan, sti, sta, stand stature, establish, stance
st, stead
strain, strict, string,
bind, pull constrict, restrain, stringent, prestige
stige
stru, struct, stroy,
build destroy, misconstrue, obstruct
stry

sub, suc, suf, sup, under, below, from, secretly, sustain, survive, support, suffice, succeed, submerge, submarine,
sur, sus instead of substandard, subnormal, subvert
super, supra over, above superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, superimpose, supercede
syn, sym together, at the same time sympathy, synthesis, synchronous, syndicate
-ship Noun: status, condition relationship
-ster person
tact, tang, tig, ting touch tactile, tactilely, tangible, contiguous, contingent
tain, ten, tent, tin hold, keep, have retain, continue, content, tenacious
tect, teg cover detect, protect, tegular, tegument
tele distance, from afar television, telephone, telegraph, telemetry
tend, tens, tend stretch contend, extensive
tera trillion terabyte, teraflop
term end, boundary, limit exterminate, terminal
terr earth territory, terrain
test see, witness attest, testify
tire draw, pull
theo, the God theology, theist, polytheist
therm heat thermometer, thermal
tor, tors, tort twist torsion, torment, contort
attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract,
tract, trai, treat to drag, draw , pull
intractable
trans across, beyond, change transform, transoceanic, transmit, transport, transducer
tri three tripod, triangle, trinity, trilateral
tribute give
un not, against, opposite unceasing
uni one uniform, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimousone, unite, unison
unti before
Noun: act, condition, process,
-ure exposure, conjecture
function
vac empty vacant, vacuum
vade go
veh, vect to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement
ven, vent come convene, invent, prevent
ver true verify
verb, verv word verify, veracity, verbalize, verve
convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert,
vert, vers to turn, change
introvert
vi way
vid, vie, vis see visible, video, review, indivisible
vit, viv life vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize, revive
voc, voke call vocal, revoke
volv, volt, vol roll, turn revolve, revolt, evolution
with against
Adverb: in a direction or
-ward homeward
manner
Adverb: in the manner of, with
-wise timewise
regard to
Noun: state, condition, result of
-y society, victory
an activity
-y Adjective: marked by, having hungry
SMS Short Cuts:

1dRfl - wonderful L8 - late
2 - to/too/two L8r - later
2dA - today LMK - let me know
2moro - tomorrow M8 - mate
2nite - tonite MOF - matter of fact
3dom - freedom MT - empty
4 - for MTE - my thoughts exactly
4get - forget NAGI - not a good idea
4N - foreign Ne - any
ADN - any day now Ne1 - anyone
AFAIK - as far as I know No1 - no one
AFAIR - as far as I recall nrg - energy
ASAP - as soon as possible OIC - Oh I see
ATM - at the moment OK - okay
B - be ONNA - oh no, not again!
B4 - before OTT- over the top
B4N - bye for now PCM - please call me
BB - bye-bye Pls - please
Bf -boyfriend Ppl - people
BG - big grin PTL - praise the Lord
BION - believe it or not R - are
BK - big kiss Re - regarding
BTDT - been there, done that RUOK - are you okay?
BTW - by the way Spk - speak
By - busy Sry - sorry
C - see/sea SWAK - sealed with a kiss
CB - call back THX - thanks
CUL - see you later TTYL - talk to you later
CWYL - chat with you later TXT - text
DUZ - does U - you
DUZNT - doesn't U@ - you at? (where are you?)
F2F - free to talk? UOK - you okay?
G2G - got to go UR - your/you're
Gf - girlfried Usu - usually
Gr8 - great W8 - wait
Grr - angry W84M - wait for me
H2 - how to W/ - with
HUH - have you heard? Wan2 - want to
IC - I see wn - when
ICCL - I couldn't care less WMF - works for me
IK - I know XLNT - excellent
ILU (or ILY) - I love you Y - why
in4ml - informal YM - you mean
KISS - keep it simple, stupid YR - yeah, right
KUTGW - keep up the good work GONNA "Going to"
@ "At" SUM1 "Someone"
MSG "Message" 3SUM "Threesome"
W "With" GR8 "Great"
ATB "All the best" STRA "Stray"
NE "Any" 4 "For, Four"
W/O "Without" H8 "Hate"
B "Be, Bee" THNQ "Thank you"
NETHNG "Anything" :-) "I'm happy"
WKND "Weekend" L8 "Late"
SMS Short Cuts:

BCNU "I'll be seeing you" THX "Thanks"
NE1 "Anyone" :-o "I'm surprised"
XLNT "Excellent" L8R "Later"
BWD "Backward" U "You"
NO1 "No-one" :-( "Sad face"
XOXOX "Hugs and kisses" LUV "Love"
B4 "Before" UR "You are "
OIC "Oh, I see" d:) "Baseball cap "
YR "Your" MOB "Mobile"
C "See, Sea" WAN2 "Want to?"
PCM "Please call me" ;-/ "Confused"
1 "One, Won" 2DAY "Today"
CU "See you" F2T "Free to talk"
PLS "Please" RUOK "Are you okay?"
2 "Too, To, Two" 2MORO "Tomorrow"
DOIN "Doing" FWD "Forward"
PPL "People" RGDS "Regards"
:) Original smiley (:-... Heart-broken

:-) Classic smiley %-) I'm tipsy but happy
;-) Wink #:-o Oh no!
:-)) Very happy :-# My lips are sealed
|-) Hee-hee 8-) Sender wears glasses
:-D Laugh loud :+( I'm hurt by that
:-o Amazement :*)? Are you drunk?
:^D" Great! I like it! <:-0 Eeek!
:-* Kiss :-e I'm disappointed
<3 I love you (-: Sender is left-handed
:-s Confusion <:-) Dumb question
{} No comment ~o~ Bird
:-C Totally unbelievable :@ Ouch!
:-X Big wet kiss :-(*) Sick comment
:-9 Licking lips (:-) Bald
%-) Confused :// Frustrated
*:* Fuzzy face :3-< Dog
:-@ Screaming d:-) Hats off to your great idea
:-7 Wry remark :-$ Put your money where your mouth
:-p Sticking out tongue is
:-( Frown :-{) Sender has moustache
:> Develish grin |-| Going to sleep
(:-|K- Dressed to kill :@) Pig
:-|| Angry \o/ Praise the Lord
::=)) Seeing double *< :o) Clown
:-> Hey :-{)} Sender has moustache & beard
|:-0 No explanation :=8) Baboon
#:-) Hair in a mess 8^ Chicken
>;-(' I am spitting mad ~# :-( Bad hair day
#-) Partied all night :'-( I am crying
:-| Hmmm :*) I' tipsy
:-& Tongue-tied :-o Oh
O :-) Innocent
& :-) Sender has curly hair
Why Grammar? Mother Tongue: Spoken & then Grammar,

Verbal & no Grammar or
Grammar followed by spoken / verbal
All of us speak good language (mother tongue).

How could we achieve this? Did we all learn grammar???
NO! we have learnt through practice. Practice makes a person perfect.
Then why should we learn Grammar?
Good question my friend, but how many years did we take to the language this
way. 6 years, 4 years OK 2 years. Do we have two full years to learn the
language at this age and pace of time???
Yes! Thats true, in this pressing time grammar helps us to learn the language
faster.
Well what is grammar?
The art of making a meaningful sentence with a proper syntax.
What is a sentence?
A group of words in a systematic manner conveying a meaning is a sentence.
What is a syntax?
The structure in which the words are called syntax.
How many types of sentences are there?
There are four types of sentences:
Sentences: Assertive . Youre a good & an intelligent student.

Imperative . Concentrate and read.
Interrogative ? Is this easy to understand?
Exclamatory ! My GOD! Its so handy & informative.
CASE The form of a noun, an adjective or a pronoun in some languages, that

shows its relationship to another word; Nominative/accusative/Genitive
Semi Vowels
(also glides, more rarely: semi consonants) are non-syllabic vowels that form
diphthongs with syllabic vowels. They may be contrasted with approximants,
which are similar to but closer than vowels or semivowels and behave as
consonants. Semivowels are normally written by adding the IPA non-syllabicity
mark [ ] to a vowel symbol, but often for simplicity the vowel symbol alone is
written.
To illustrate, the English word wow may be transcribed as [wa] (or abbreviated
to [wa]). Even though both the [w] and the [] are similar to the vowel [u], the
transcription [wa] indicates that the initial segment is considered to be a
consonant by the transcriber, while the final segment is considered to form a
diphthong with the preceding vowel. The approximant [w] is more constricted and
therefore more consonant-like than the semivowel [].
Because they are so similar phonetically, the concepts of semivowel and
approximant are often used interchangeably. In this conflated usage, semivowels
are defined as those approximants that correspond phonetically to specific close
vowels. The semivowel is considered by some to be the same as a vowel but the
semivowel is very different. Take "w" for instance, which is a semivowel but not a
vowel. These are [j], corresponding to [i]; [w] for [u]; [] for [y]; and [] for
[].
Cardinal Vowels
1 of set of vowels which are used as reference points when describing the vowels
in a particular language
VOWEL
For speakers of English the consonants don't present much of a problem (with the
exception of /r/ and /l/). The vowels are more difficult. To pronounce Vowels
correctly it is sufficient to focus on diphthongization and vowel reduction. Don't
diphthongize vowels and don't reduce them to schwa.
The five vowels their counterparts

Vowels are produced when the lungs push air through the mouth. The mouth
functions as a resonance chamber, and by varying the shape of this chamber,
primarily by means of the tongue, we produce different vowel sounds.
Consonants are characterized by a complete or partial blockage of the oral cavity,
whereas in the case of vowels there is no blockage and we can prolong the vowel
sound as long as we can continue to expel air from the lungs. The vocal chords
vibrate during vowel production.
These five vowels can be represented in 2-dimensions based on the position of
the tongue.
front central back

high I u beet boot see Sue
mid e o bait boat say So
low a bot father
These letters are used in the same way in the International Phonetic Alphabet and
in many languages. English is probably unique among the languages of the earth
in the way in which it uses these letters to represent vowel sounds. This is a
consequence of a major change in English pronunciation which occurred about
600 years ago and is called the Great English Vowel Shift. The English words
indicate the sounds approximately. Pronounce these sounds and try to feel what
your tongue is doing. It is also helpful to look in a mirror. Note also the role of
the lips.
The non-low English vowels are diphthongs consisting of a pure vowel following
by tongue movement. This tongue movement is called a semi-vowel or an off-
glide. The term 'off-glide' is suggestive because the tongue either moves or
glides upward and forward to the position of the high front vowel /i/ or upward
and back to the position of the high back vowel /u/. You should be able to feel
and/or see the movement of your tongue and your lips. The vowels could be
indicated by the following:
front central back

high ij u beet boot see Sue
mid ej o bait boat say so
low a bot father
Diphthongs
Also gliding vowel (Greek , "diphthongos", literally "with two sounds,"
or "with two tones") is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but
smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a
single vowel sound or phoneme. Diphthongs have two target tongue positions.
For example English "same" as /sem/, where the two vowel symbols are
intended to represent approximately the beginning and ending tongue positions.
They are
front central back

high uj buoy gooey
mid ej oj bay boy say soy
low aj buy sigh
front central back

high
mid e o boat low
low a bout cow
/a/ as in English 'bout', /aj/ as in English /buy/, and /oj/ as in English 'boy' occur
frequently.
/e/ and /uj/ are somewhat less frequent.
All five have something in common which is lacking in the 4 English diphthongs
which are to be avoided. The off-glides are intrinsically high, and /aj/ and /a/
combine a low vowel and a high off-glide. /oj/ and /uj/ combine a back vowel
and a front off-glide, and /e/ combines a front vowel and a back off-glide. In
each case there is contrast between the position of the vowel and the off-glide.
To be avoided are the cases where there is no contrast: a front non-low vowel
combined with a front off-glide, and a back non-low vowel combined with a back
off-glide.
Lax vowels
The 4 non-low English vowels mentioned above with the off-glide removed are
common in the languages of the world and are called long vowels or tense
vowels. In English there is a corresponding set of short or lax vowels. The /a/ in
'father' is also a lax vowel. In the production of tense vowels, the muscles of the
mouth are relatively tense; in the production of the corresponding lax vowel, they
are relaxed and the tongue tends to move slightly toward the center of the
mouth. Try pronouncing some of the tense/lax pairs and see if you can feel these
changes. For the lax vowels in the following chart useses the standard IPA
(International Phonetic Alphabet) symbols.
front central back

high (u) bit put sit soot
mid
(e) (0) bet bought set saw
low a bot father
However, both the tense vowel /e/ and the lax vowel /
/ of 'bet' occur in the
speech of many speakers, and the distribution probably depends on the
distribution in the native language of the speaker. Use whichever one makes you
feel comfortable. Where the distribution is as follows: before /r/ or /rr/ and in
closed syllables (those which end in a consonant) use [
]; otherwise use the
tense vowel [e]. In fact among native speakers there is substantial variation in
this distribution.
Vowel reduction
Yet other important matter needs to be mentioned. Another vowel is common in
English. It is the mid central low-energy vowel called schwa designated by the
symbol //. It is called a low-energy vowel because the tongue is in a neutral
middle-of-the-mouth position, and it doesn't take much effort to produce it.
Loosely speaking, lax vowels become schwa when they are not stressed. This
process is called vowel reduction. An example is the pair galaxy/galactic. In the
first member of the pair, the second vowel is unstressed and is reduced to
schwa. In the second member, the first vowel is unstressed and is reduced to
schwa. English speakers should strive assiduously to avoid it. Every vowel has
the same sound, whether stressed or unstressed.
On-glides
The glides mentioned above, which indicate tongue movement, are often called
semi-vowels. They always occur next to a pure vowel. When they follow the
vowel, they are called off-glides and convert the pure vowel into a diphthong.
They can also occur before a vowel, in which case they are called on-glides. They
still indicate tongue movement, but now in the opposite direction. The front on-
glide represented by the letter 'j' is movement of the tongue from the position of
the high front vowel /i/ to the position of the following vowel, and the back on-
glide represented by the letter '' is movement from the position of the high back
vowel 'u' to the position of the following vowel.
Linguists create models to describe languages. These models are not absolute,
and different models may be useful for different purposes. In this latter view not
all possible combinations of vowel + semi-vowel occur. It may be convenient to
consider the on-glides as part of the system of consonants.
Consider the two words 'mielo' = honey and 'mjelo' = medulla spinalis, part of
the nervous system contained in the spine. In order to pronounce the two vowels
in 'mielo' which occur in succession, the tongue has to move from the position of
/i/ to the position of /e/. That movement is precisely how it has been described
in the on-glide /j/, and correspondingly the difference in pronunciation between
the above two words is very slight.
The back on-glide // naturally occurs in many languages, for example, 'water'.
In modern terminology, the back off-glide occurs, but the back on-glide does not
(except for a very small number of specialized purposes). Where the back on-
glide occurs substitutes /v/. Thus 'Gvatemalo' = Guatemala and 'Nikaragvo' =
Nicaragua. 'kvar' = four and 'kvin' = five are from Latin 'quattuor' and 'quinque'
respectively. Compare the pronunciation of English 'quarter', 'quintet'.
CASES
NOMINATIVE Nouns used in isolation have this case.
ACCUSATIVE Direct object of a verb is connected to the direct object.
INSTRUMENTAL To express means, agency, or accompaniment.
DATIVE Indirect object of a verb is connected to the indirect object
ABLATIVE A form that can take to show, who / what something is done
by or where something comes from.
GENITIVE Possession
LOCATIVE That indicates place in or on which or time at which
VOCATIVE Used in calling.
SENTENCES
EXCLAMATORY Shock or surprise
INTERROGARATIVE Questioning
ASSERTIVE with confidence
IMPERATIVE Ordering Statement
POTENTIAL Probability of conviction
BENEDICTIVE Following the rules
CONDITIONAL Depending on something
IMPERFECT Not complete
PERFECT Denoting a completed action or a state or habitual action
AORIST Action without indicating its completion or continuation / in
the indicative mood expresses past action.
(Imp *) ARTICLES (ONE)

The (Definite articles) A Indefinite An
Nature, Important, Particular, Ordinal #s < a Consonant < a Vowel
There are three articles in English language

A
An
The
These three articles are divided into two parts
Definite
Indefinite
Definite articles are used before special are important things like:
Almightys creation
The Cosmos, the Universe, the Sun, the Moon, the Stars, The Artic, The
Himalayas, The Sahara, The Nile, etc
Humans Creation
Great and unique structures - Pyramids, The Great Wall of Chaina, The
pentagon, The Vidhana Soudha, The Tajmahal etc,.
Important Designations - The President, The Director, The CEO
Print and Media - The Telegraph, The Newyork Times, The
Times of India, The quoran, The Dhamapada, The Bible, The Bagavad Gita etc.,
Musical Instruments - The Sitar, The Veena, The Guitar etc.,
Ordinal Numbers - The First, The 14th, The next, The Previous
Superlative Degrees - The Brightest, The most intelligent etc.,
Plural Country forms - The Andama & Nicobar Islands, The UK etc
Repetitive - When we use a common noun for the
second time in a sentence then it becomes a referential word and we prefix The.
Indefinite articles mean one, which are used to mention any one of its kind.
We have two indefinite articles.
A
An
A is used before a consonance starting SSN - Singular Countable Noun
An is used before a vowel starting SSN
What is a Noun??? Noun is a part of speech.

Part of Speech how many parts are there in a speech???
Parts of Sentences / Speech: 8
There are eight parts of speech in English Language:

Noun Adverb
Pronoun Preposition
Adjective Conjunction
Verb Interjection
NOUN: Naming Words are called as nouns Any name would be a Noun.
Example: Gandhi (Person), Bangalore (Place), Lion (Animal), Computer (Thing),
Love (state of Mind).
As per some Grammarians nouns are classified into five types:

o Proper That which properly defines an object.
o Common That which belongs to one particular type of class.
o Collective That which is a congregation of collection of things.
o Material All the metals that we find in the periodic table.
o Abstract That which cannot be seen or touched but felt in the mind.
Proper: J F Kennedy, Vatican, The Pentagon.

Common: Man, Car, Child, Monkey. Uncountable :Water, Air
Collective: Assembly, Showroom, Troop of monkeys. Sugar, Stars, Hair,
Material: Elements in the periodic table. Countable :A, 1, The. .
Abstract: Which do not have dimensions?
Singulars : Only one, generally we prefix a or an before a singular noun.

Plurals : More than one, in other words many.
Plurals are mainly divided into four parts:
o Regular
o Irregular
o Vowel Changing
o Total Change
o Non-changing
o Misleading
Regular: Noun Noun + s

N ending with Ch, O, S, Sh, & X Noun + es *
N ending with f/fe Noun f/fe + ves
Nouns ending with Y Nouns y + ies
Ending with (V)Y Nouns + S
Irregular:
Change the vowels Tooth Teeth,
Woman Women.
Total Change Child Children, Ox Oxen.
Non-changing: Deer, Sheep, and Fish.
Misleading: Mathematics, News, Physics
GENDER: In general application forms what we see as sex is known as

gender in English. It determines what sexes we belong to we have four genders
Masculine King Father Boy
Feminine Queen Mother Girl
Neuter Palace Fan Table
Common Citizens Child Student
Person: In all the nouns and the pronouns are divided into three persons,
these are based on the actions that are being done.
First Person : The doer of an action, the speaker, the writer in case of a book or
an article.
Second Person:The receiver of an action, the listener, the reader.
Third Person : About whom we are talking
Third person is divided into three genders:
Masculine He
Feminine She S/he means it could be either She or He.
Neutral It
First Person Second Person Third Person

Singulars I He, She, It
You
Plurals We They
PRONOUNS: Instead of a Noun / proxy to a noun / used for a noun.

These pronouns are basically classified into six types. Each grammarian has his
or her own ways of classifying things. For easy usage we have adopted
this method:
Subject Pronoun Used in the first part of the sentence. The
doer of an action.
Object Pronoun Used in the object of a sentence. The receiver
of an action.
Possessive Pronoun Shows the ownership of an item.
Emphatic / Reflexive Actions done with out anybodys help
General Pronoun Non describing pronouns
Determinal Pronoun This clearly shows the thing.
Subject Object Possessive Reflexive/Emphatic

I Me My / Mine Myself
V Us Our / Ours Ourselves
U You Your / Yours Yourselves

She Her Her / Hers Herself
He Him His Himself
It It Its Itself
They Them Their / Theirs Themselves
General pronouns: All, every-one, every-body, some-one, somebody, few etc.
Demonstrative pronouns: This, That, These Those
Adjectives These are the words which add some information / tell some thing
about the noun or a pronoun.
Adjectives should always be accompanied by a noun or a proper-noun.
All answers to the questions How On a noun or a pronoun are Adjectives.
For easy identification these are divided into six types:
o Psychology These adjectives give more information about the mentality

of a person. Ex: Brave boy, timid girl, confused person, intelligent
students
o Person Hear we describe how the person looks. Ex:
Beautiful girl, handsome man, cute baby, leucoplegmatic patient, Fair
complexion
o Place We speak about the nature of the place. Ex: Crowded Bus,
Slippery staircase, congested classroom, furnished accommodation
o General In general. Ex: Sharp knife, cloudy weather, expensive
laptop, rotten tomatoes, fresh spinach, wonderful place, serine
atmosphere
o Ing Adjectives which end with ing. Ex: Charming child,
interesting book, cunning fox, tiring journey, wearing vehicle,
uninteresting personality
o Colour Blue sky, clear water, white dress, orange T-Shirt
Appearance Appearance Condition Condition Feelings (Bad) Feelings (Bad)

Contd. Contd. Contd.
adorable glamorous alive impossible angry grumpy

adventurous gleaming annoying inexpensive annoyed helpless
aggressive gorgeous bad innocent anxious homeless
alert graceful better inquisitive arrogant hungry
attractive grotesque beautiful modern ashamed hurt
average handsome brainy mushy awful ill
beautiful homely breakable odd bad itchy
blue-eyed light busy open bewildered jealous
bloody long careful outstanding black jittery
blushing magnificent cautious poor blue lazy
bright misty clever powerful bored lonely
clean motionless clumsy prickly clumsy mysterious
clear muddy concerned puzzled combative nasty
cloudy old-fashioned crazy real condemned naughty
colorful plain curious rich confused nervous
crowded poised dead shy crazy, flipped- nutty
cute precious different sleepy out obnoxious
dark quaint difficult stupid creepy outrageous
drab shiny doubtful super cruel panicky
distinct smoggy easy talented dangerous repulsive
dull sparkling expensive tame defeated scary
elegant spotless famous tender defiant selfish
excited stormy fragile tough depressed sore
fancy strange frail uninterested disgusted tense
filthy ugly gifted vast disturbed terrible
ugliest helpful wandering dizzy testy

unsightly helpless wild dull thoughtless
unusual horrible wrong embarrassed tired
wide-eyed important envious troubled
evil upset
fierce uptight
foolish weary
frantic wicked
frightened worried
grieving
Feelings Feelings Shape Size Sound Time
(Good) (Good)
Contd.
broad big cooing ancient
agreeable happy chubby colossal deafening brief
amused healthy crooked fat faint Early
brave helpful curved gigantic harsh fast
calm hilarious deep great high-pitched late
charming jolly flat huge hissing long
cheerful joyous high immense hushed modern
comfortable kind hollow large husky old
cooperative lively low little loud old-fashioned
courageous lovely narrow mammoth melodic quick
delightful lucky round massive moaning rapid
determined nice shallow miniature mute short
eager obedient skinny petite noisy slow
elated perfect square puny purring swift
enchanting pleasant steep scrawny quiet young
encouraging proud straight short raspy
energetic relieved wide small resonant
enthusiastic silly tall screeching
excited smiling teeny shrill
exuberant splendid teeny-tiny silent
fair successful tiny soft
faithful thankful squealing
fantastic thoughtful thundering
fine victorious voiceless
friendly vivacious whispering
funny witty
gentle wonderful
glorious zealous
good zany
Taste/Touch Taste/Touch Touch Quantity
Contd.
bitter melted boiling abundant

delicious nutritious breezy empty
fresh plastic broken few
juicy prickly bumpy heavy
ripe rainy chilly light
rotten rough cold many
salty scattered cool numerous
sour shaggy creepy substantial
spicy shaky crooked
stale sharp cuddly
sticky shivering curly
strong silky damaged
sweet slimy damp
tart slippery dirty
tasteless smooth dry

tasty soft dusty
thirsty solid filthy
fluttering steady flaky
fuzzy sticky fluffy
greasy tender freezing
grubby tight hot
hard uneven warm
hot weak wet
icy wet
loose wooden
yummy
These adjectives can be again classified into three types with comparison to
another object.
o Positive Adjectives that speak about an object or person.
o Comparative We use this to compare one object to another.
o Superlative To that an object is outstanding in a group.
DEGREES
Positive Comparative (2) Superlative ()

Adjective Adjective + er/r Adjective + est/st
Adjective more + Adjective Most + Adjective
As - - - is = Equal
Senior, Superior 2
Junior, Inferior 2
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Kind Kinder Kindest
Brave Braver Bravest
Wise Wiser Wisest
Red Redder Reddest
Sad Sadder Saddest
Happy Happier Happiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Interesting More interesting Most interesting
VERBS Action words are called as verbs. Verbs are also used in time
sense. Here we might have a doubt as to what time is? Time is nothing but the
gap between two incidences. Time has been divided into three parts:
Past Things that are over. One second prior to the present
Present Those are happening now & here.
Future That would occur later. One second later to the present.
For easy understanding we have divided the verb structure into three groups
1. Helping verbs
2. Main Verbs
3. Modal Verbs
Helping Verbs: These are again divided into two types
i. Be Forms
Past Present Future
Singular Was Am, is Shall * be
Plural Were are Will * be
ii. Auxiliary Verbs

Past Present Future
Simple Did Do, does Shall, will
Perfect Had Have, has Will have / has
Main Verbs: are of five types which are called by different names by different
grammarians:
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
I Form II Form III Form IV Form V Form
Root Verb Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle S Verbs
Present d/ed verbs en/ed verbs Progressive Verbs
Continuous Verbs
V2 are of three types:

a) Weak Verb: If a present tense verb changes easily to past tense by
taking either d or ed it is called as Regular verb.
b) Strong Verb: If a present tense verb doesnt change easily to past tense
by adding d or ed then they are called as Irregular verbs.
c) Non-Changing Verbs: Verbs that do not change in past and past
participle are called as Non changing verbs.
Some basic example of three forms of verbs:

Present Past (-ed form) Past Participle (-en form)
Arise Arose arisen
Ask Asked asked
Attack Attacked attacked
Awaken awakened OR awoke awakened
Bear Bore borne/born
Begin Began begun
Blow Blew blown
Break Broke broken
Bring Brought brought
Burst Burst burst
Choose Chose chosen
Cling Clung clung
Come Came come
Dive dived OR dove dived
Do Did done
Drag Dragged dragged
Draw Drew drawn
Drink Drank drunk
Drive Drove driven
Drown Drowned drowned
Eat Ate eaten
Fall Fell fallen
Fly Flew flown
Forgive Forgave forgiven
Freeze Froze frozen
Get Got got OR gotten
Give Gave given
go Went gone
Grow Grew grown
Hang (things) Hung hung
Hang (people) Hanged hanged
Happen Happened happened
Present Past (-ed form) Past Participle (-en form)

Know Knew known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Lie lay lain
Loosen loosened loosened
Lose lost lost
Pay paid paid
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
Run ran run
See saw seen
Set set set
Shake shook shaken
Shrink shrank OR shrunk shrunk OR shrunken
Sing sang sung
Sink sank OR sunk sunk
Sit sat sat
Speak spoke spoken
Spin spun spun
Spit spat spat
Spring sprang OR sprung sprung
Steal stole stolen
Sting stung stung
Stink stank OR stunk stunk
Strive strove striven
Study studied studied
Swear swore sworn
Swim swam swum
Swing swung swung
Take took taken
Tear tore torn
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke OR waked woken OR waked
Wear wore worn
Weave wove woven
Wring Wrung wrung
Write Wrote written
Well the fourth and fifth forms are not listed below because they are easiy
derived by adding ing to the root verb or by adding s or es depending upon
the spelling rule.
Adverbs That which adds some thing to the verb. Adverbs are of basically
three types
A. Manner It says how* an action has happened
B. Place It says where an action has occurred
C. Time It says when an action has taken place
* Please not that the answer for how could be either an Adjective or and Adverb.
The thumb-rule we should see as to on what the question is being posed, if the
question is on the verb it becomes Adverb or if it is on a Verb it becomes Adverb.
How is Rakesh? Rakesh is Fine. Adjective

How did Rakesh Sing? Rakesh sang melodiously. Adverb
Some commonly used adverbs are listed below with meaning for your reference
Manner
Accidentally : unexpected happening.
Actively : Alert & Lively, doing something regularly.
Awkwardly : inconvenient, feeling embarrassment.
Boldly : confident, courageous, strong/vivid, lacking respect.
Bravely : showing courage,
Brightly : filled with light, cheerful & lively, vivid & bold
Calmly : peaceful, undisturbed, not nervous, angry or excited.
Carefully : showing thought or attention, avoiding harm, trouble, attention.
Cautiously : avoid probable problems/danger.
Certainly : Without doubt, definitely
Cheerfully : Happy and optimistic
Clearly : Without confusion
Cleverly : Quick to understand and doing things without mistakes
Completely : Totally
Continuously : With out break
Correctly : With out any mistakes
Cruelly : enjoying others pains
Directly : Straight
Easily : with out difficulty
Entirely : Completely
Excellently : out standing
Foolishly : unwisely, thoughtlessly
Fully : effusively, completely
Generally : by and large
Gratefully : Thankfully, appreciatively
Happily : gleefully, merrily
Hardly : almost, scarcely
Honestly : candidly, frankly
Indeed : to be sure
Indirectly : in a round about way, round about way, in some way
Lightly : with out due consideration
Luckily : chances, coincidently, providentially
Mostly : by a large, as a rule, typically
Nicely : well, properly
Normally : on average, usually
Obediently : listening, tamely, Submissively
Perfectly : flawlessly, absolutely
Personally : face to face,
Politely : courteously , civilly
Promptly : at the appointed time, without delay
Proudly : pompously,
Scarcely : only quite, little
Sensibly : logically, judicially
Seriously : critically, badly
Severely : intensely, cruelly
Sharply : precisely, penetratingly
Simply : plainly, basically
Sincerely : from the bottom of ones heart, really
Slightly : to a partial extend, a little
Slowly : at a snails speed, little-by-little
Smoothly : effortlessly, with out jerks
Steadily : continuously, constant, gradually, progressively

Strongly : muscularly, with force, stalwartly
Stupidly : naively, foolishly
Successfully : with out any failure, lucratively, productively,
Suddenly : out of the blue, un expectedly
Place
Above : higher than, on top of
Anywhere : any place, every place, all over
Away :not here, far
Behind : a the back, in the rear
Below : lower, underneath
Closely : intimately, nearly
Everywhere : all over, universally, ubiquitously
Far : away, at a distance
Far away : a long distance
Here : now, at this point, at this time
In : within, inside
Inside : enclosed by four sides
Near : closely, in the vicinity
Nowhere : at no place,
Off : rotten, near, closely
Outside : exterior, external
Somewhere : some place
There : at a distance, present
Up : vertically at a distance
Within : capacity of reach
Time
Afterwards : Some time later, after a lapse of time
Again : Redo, once more, repeat, for the second time.
Again and again Repeatedly, for 2nd, 3rd, 4th. . . time
Ago : In the past, previously
Already : Over by now, finished
Always : For eternity, till end
Before : Prior, earlier, ahead of
Daily : Each day, every day
Early : Premature, before time,
Ever : Eternally, always
Formerly : In earlier times, before
Frequently : recurrently, intermittently
Immediately : with out delay, straight away
Lately : not now
Monthly : once in 30 days
Never : not at all
Often : time and again, a lot
Once : one time, on an occasion
Once a week : in seven days
Quickly : immediately, swiftly
Rarely : once in a blood moon, not often
Recently : a few minutes / days ago
Regularly : habitually, recurrently
Scarcely : not quite, less, narrowly
Seldom : infrequently, rarely
Since : from the time when, as, ever since
Still : even now
Then : after than, in than case
Thrice : three times

Today : now. At the moment, in the present
Tomorrow : the following day, next day
Twice : two times, double, two folds
Twice a week : two time in seven days
Urgently : immediately, with out delay, right away, straight away
Weekly : once in seven days
Yearly : once in a year, annually
Yesterday : the previous day
Yet : up till now, so far, still
Prepositions Pre-Position as the word itself is self discriminative it shows

the position of an object.
It shows the relation between two nouns or a verb and a noun.
Pre says where exactly it has to be used in the sentence. It should be placed
before the secondary noun in case of a noun and a noun relationship. If it is a
verb and a noun it should be prefixed before a verb.
Prepositions are of basically two types
1) Place Prepositions : Place preposition shows the place of an object.
Where the object is?
2) Time Prepositions : Indicates the exact time of an incidence. When it
occurs/ed?
Prepositions
Aboard : on train, board, bus or ship
About : on the subject of, regarding, concerning
Above : higher than, on top of
Absent : missing, not in attendance, lacking
According to : with respect to, in that order / belief
Across : from corner to corner, transversely, diagonally
After : later than, subsequently to
Against : not in favor of, in opposition to
Ahead of : forward, leading, in front of
All over : every where
Along : full of this length
Alongside : by the side of, at the side of, along with
Amidst / Amid : among them, in the middle of
Among : one in many, surrounded by
Amongst : in the midst of, amid
Around : in the region of, near circling
As : like, the same
As of :
As to :
Aside : to the side
Astride : with the leg on each side of, on either side
At : exact location, place or time
Away from : at a distance
Bar/barring : block, restricted
Because of : reasoning
Before : ahead, earlier than
Behind : at the rear, following, backside
Below : lower, under
Beneath : jus below, right under
Beside /s : adjacent to, by the side of, next to
Between : sandwiched between, flanked by
Beyond : further on, away
But? : other than, exception
By : via, through
During : for the period of, throughout
Except : excluding, apart from
For : in favor of, intended
From : commencing, starting, beginning
In : within, enclosed
Inside : within, surrounded by
Into : out side to inside
Like : reminiscent of, resembling
Near : close to, in the vicinity of
Of : ownership and relation
On : resting on, just above with contact
Upon : on, over
Onto : on top of
Out of : beyond
Over : movement above, in excess of
To : headed for, destination
Towards : in the direction of
Under : beneath, below
With : by means of
Within : contained by
Without : devoid of
Prepositional Phrases
About something Between you and me
Above law Beyond me
After eight Beyond comprehension
After school Beyond my reach
Against law Beyond understanding
Against my conscience By the river
Around seven By Tuesday
At six O clock In Nineteen-forty-seven
At about seven In December
At ease In my hand
At home In my heart
At my finger tips In order
At work In the blues
At your mercy In the heart of
At your service On Saturday
Before sunrise Out of his mind
Behind your back Out of his senses
Beneath the dignity Out of order
Beside the point Out of town
Conjunctions These words are adhesives of English language. When ever

we have to join two or more / phrases or sentences we use these words.
Phrase : A part of a sentence with no verb in it.
Clause : The main part of the sentence with a verb
Verbs are again divided into 2 types other than what we have discussed above:
Transitive : The verbs that are followed by an object
Intransitive : The verbs that are not followed by an object
After : After meeting you I will go to Shy.

And : First will meet Na and then will meet Brahma.
As : As I meet Brahman I shall realize.
As far as : As far as picnic is concerned we should think of twice.
As if / as though It looked as if the grammar book would never end.

As long as : I will stay wit you as long as you want me.
As soon as : As soon as possible I will come and meet you.
As well as : They are courages as well as strong.
Because : I had to continue there because of HIS wish I am here.
Before : see me before you leave. I will end life before I betray my pals.
But : The plan did not cause prosperity but reined.
Even though : Even though she did not love him he continued to love her.
Even if : Even if I had time I would not do it.
For : He liked her for her modesty and simplicity.
If : She will sing only if he is next to her.
In case : In case of any need you can call me on 0 92431 06196.
Neither . . nor: Neither she called nor she wrote.
Or : I did now know whether to laugh or cry.
So : She failed so she went on with out him.
So that : They locked up the thieves so that the police could catch them.
Such that : Explain the subject such that every one could understand.
Though : They still argues though they know that they are wrong.
Although : All though he did not work hard he succeeded.
Till : I will be waiting here till you call me.
Until : You cant leave until your work is finished.
Unless : Unless one works hard one will not succeed.
Whereas : Every body agreed with her where as I did not.
Whether : Whether she wins or looses this is her last chance.
Yet : He said they would be late yet they were on time.
Based on the conjunctions we classify the sentences into three types

Simple Sentences with one clause
Compound Sentences with conjunctions like and, or, but, neither, nor & either.
Complex Sentences other than the above mentioned conjunctions.
Interjections Words that shows a sudden shock or surprise.
Simile Comparison of essential unlike things

Analogy Similarities between two like things
Metaphor Resemblance of things
COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

accept / except ingenious / ingenuous
affect / effect its / it's
allusion / illusion / delusion judicial / judicious
amount / number lie / lay
already / all ready lead / led
authoritarian / authoritative lose / loose
beside / besides manner / manor
credible / creditable / credulous nauseous / nauseated
continual / continuous observance / observation
connote / denote oral / verbal
disinterested / uninterested past / passed
everyday / every day prescribe / proscribe
everyone / every one then / than
farther / further they're / their / there
fewer / less two / to / too
healthy / healthful weather / whether
were / we're / where who's / whose

who / that / which you're / your
SENTENCES
Subject Auxiliary Verbs
PN I II III PAST PRESENT FUTURE
S I U S/He - It Is
Is IIIs PN I
Am
Was S*B
P V U * All They IIIs PN
+not = -ve
Is
Ip II IIIp II III
Ip II IIIp
+ve Sub + B4m + Were W*B
R
Compliment
-ve Sub + B4m + not + HOW, WHAT, WHEN,
Compliment I, II, IIIp
WHERE, WHICH, WHO,
S/N? B4m + Sub + Do
WHOM, Did Simple
Compliment IIIs PN
WHOSE, Y
S/N ve B4m + Sub + Does
not + Compliment Compliment
Wh? Wh + B4m/+ + N, PN, V, Pp, Adv,
Sub + Compliment I, II, IIIp Adj, +ing
Wh?-ve Wh + S or P Have
Had Perfect
Sub + not + Compliment IIIs PN
Has
The above-mentioned table gives a comprehensive out look of all the varied
possible types of sentences that we can think of making in English language.
The above-mentioned table has five main parts to read they are
Subject : the doer of a work beginning part of the sentence.
Verb : Action work (existential / deed)
Negative : not in a sentence is considered as negative*
Compliment : is also called as a completion part of the sentence without
which the sentence becomes meaningless.
Wh questions: interrogatives or questioning sentence
Sentences are classified into four basic types based on the connotation
Assertive Statements made with confidence
Imperative Ordering Statements
Interrogative Questioning Sentences
Exclamatory shock or Surprise Sentences
Sentences are of six types

Positive Sign of success
Negative Diffidence
Yes or No Answers in one word either S/O
Yes or No Negative Answers in a word either S / O
Wh Explanatory answers
Wh Negative Explanatory answers
Subject Verb Agreement There is a particular unique relationship with every

subject and a verb (HV / MV), this unique relationship is called as SVA.
Every Singular subject should be accompanied by either am, is, was, will, shall
be/will be, does, did, has or will have. Similarly every Plural verb should be
accompanied by are, were, will be/shall be, do, did, had or will have.
Detailed table of all possible sentences

Nouns I II III DP ? Past Present Future Compliment
Profession,
How Am* Noun,
You# She Was
This / What Is Relation,
Singular Amara I* Considered / He Did
That Where Does Verb,
as plural / It Had
When Has Adverb,
with Will *
Which
reference be
Who
to Subject These Were# Are#
Brahma Whom Negative
Plural We Verb They / Did Do
Cumar Whose Not*
agreement Those Had Have
Why
IMPORTANT TENSES
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
Simple Sub + Ps V Imperative, V, III+Vs, Sub + Shall / Will +V
Continuous Sub + B4m + V+ing Sub + B4m + V+ing Sub + S / W * B + V+ing
Had + V ed/en (When &

Perfect Has/Have + V(en/ed)
While)
Has/Have been + Ving
Perfect Continuous
(Since R for)
Progressives: These are the tenses that we use to express the actions that have
not end completed they are going on.
In progressive we generally use a be form and an ing verb.
In Progressive Past Tense we use
Was with all singular subjects Were with all plurals
In Progressive Present tense we use
am with I
is with other singular subjects
are with all the plural subjects
In Progressive Future tense we us
Shall be with all 1st person subjects. Will be with all other subjects
In a negative sentence the not is to be used in between will and not. Remember
not should always be in the third position. Will not can be contracted to wont.
Past Present Future
Sub + was/were + Sub + am/is/are + Sub + will * be +
Formula
Ving Ving Ving
Peter was
Positive Hawkins is preparing Aslam will be reading.
comprehending
Peter was not Hawkins is not
Neg Aslam won't be reading.
Comprehending preparing
Was Peter
Progressive Yes / No Is Hawkins preparing? Will Aslam be reading?
comprehending?
S/N Were Peter and Aslam Is Hawkins not Will Aslam not be
ve not comprehending preparing? reading?
Whose comprehension What Is Hawkins
Wh? Who will be reading?
are you speaking about? preparing?
Why were they not Why Arent Hawkins and Why won't Aslam be
Wh -ve?
comprehending? ot usedhers preparing? reading?
Simple Tense is used to express ordinary sentences.
Simple Past : We use to narrate or just explain things that have happened in
the past.
In a positive sentence we use a Past Tense Verb.
To make it into negative we use a helping verb did suffixed with not. Did not can
be abbreviate to dont.
Whenever there is did in a sentence the verb should be a main verb.
We use when and while as two conjunctions in joining two past tenses.
When is used for a point of time#
While is used for a length of time#
Simple Present: Is used to say something in the present, generally under four
circumstances we use the simple present
Imperative ordering statements
Daily schedules and habits
Explaining likes and dislikes
Universal / Eternal Truths / Facts
Eternal All periods of time. Universal Accepted allover the world.
Truth That which doesnt change with time. Facts Reality
Simple Future : Just used to mentions that would happen in future.

The Be form will so shall be followed by a rot verb.
Past Present Future
Plural Sub + RV /
Structure Sub + Pst V, Did Sub + RV, Will
Sing Sub + Vs
They come.
Positive Amara Learnt She will read.
Brhama Comes
They don't come.
Neg Amara did not learn She wont Read.
Brahma dosen't Come
Do they come?,
Simple Yes / No Did Amara Learn? Will she read?
Does Brahma Come?
Don't They Come?,
S / N ve Din't Amar learn? Won't she read?
Doesnt Brhama Come?
Who Comes?
Wh? What did Amar learn? Who will read?
Why do they Come?
Where don't they come?
Wh ve? Why didn't Amar learn? Why will she not read?
Why doesnt he read?
#When When I bought the mobile it was the latest model, now it has
become obsolete
#While While Cumar was explaining about cosmology every one
were totally absorbed / lost in the mind-boggling topic.
Perfect: Actions which have started in past and have been completed in the
past are called perfect tense.
The verb shall always be in Past participle
Past Perfect: Actions that had begun in the long past and have finished in
the long past.
The helping verb that we use here would be had
Present Perfect: Actions that had begun in the past and have completed just
then/now.
Future Perfect: Actions that would be accomplished in future.
Past Present Future

Sub + Will Have/has +
Syntax Sub + had + PP Sub + Have/Has + PP
PP
You will have perfected
Positive Megha had written Karthik has Promised.
English by 40 days.
Aishu and Anu have not They will not have given
Neg Megha Had not written.
promised. up with the habits
Yes / Will she have completed
Perfect Had Megha written? Has Anu Promised?
No her assignment?
S/N Will they have submitted
Had Megha not written? Hasn't Aishu promised?
ve the report/
What has Mr. Karthik Whom will they have
Wh? When had Megha written?
Promised? suspected?
Why hadn't Megha Why hasn't Megha Where wouldnt she have
Wh -ve?
Written? promised? thrown?
Perfect Continuous is used to express that the actions that began has not
stopped / halted till the current movement.
PsPC Actions, which had been completed in the past.
PrPP Actions that have been fulfilled just now.
FPP Tentatively continuous actions in future.
Perfect
Past Present Future
Progressive
Sub + Have/Has been Sub + Will Have/has
Since / For Sub + had been + Ving
+ Ving + Ving
You will have been
Positive They had been waiting They have been working. waiting at the airport for
more than 3 hours
She will have not been
Neg We had not been reading. She has not been working completing her
assignment
Will Amar have not been
Yes / No Had Ramesh been trying? Has she been working? done with his
meditations
Wont Brahma have been
Have they not been
S / N ve Hadnt Peter been Writing? written his grammar
working?
book by Aug 15th?
How will he have been in
Why had been they broadcasting Where has she been
Wh? a position doing such
it? working?
inglorious things?
Why will they have not
Why had they not been Who has not been
Wh ve? been in a position to win
telecasting that? working?
the match
MODALS
Often used but least explained is this topic Modals. The complexity involved in
this is the same ness in meaning but difference in attitude.
The general confusion is with regard to the classification
Formal confusion is regarding its place in the usage of auxiliary verb to be

treated as modal or as another Part of Speech?
Semantic confusion is to deal with the meanings of various modals but also the
interpersonal dialectic usage with regional difference and preference of ones
choice.
To reduce the confusion lets us know the difference between the modals and the
modalities
Some Grammarians classify modals into five types and the other divide them into
three types:-
Classical Method:
Ability - Possibility
Inability - Negative using nt
Request - Inversion with the subject
Half vowel - have / has, used to, need to (semi modals/Hybrid)
Obligatory - Emphatic stress
General Method:
Epistemic Speakers judgement with respect to truth of preposition.

Example: Aish may go home. (Uncertinity of aish going home)
Karthick must be home. (Look! His car is parked in the porch)
Deontic Oriented towards performing speech actions / influencing

Example: Prathima and Sowmya may go home now.
(To give permission for Prathima to leave).
(Sowmya should go home. She looks tired)
Dynamic in considerations to strengths

Example: He has to be at home. Hypothetical.
She must be at home. Inference
You must be in the class on time. (Clearly speaker oriented)

We have to be in the class on time. (Clearly external)
LIST OF MODALS FOR EASY REFERENCE
+ve _ve Req/ ? Category Meaning

Can Ability
Cannot Inability
Can U Someones ability
Able to Temporary ability
Can I Permission I want 2, allow me 2.
I Will Intention
I Can Possible
I will not intention
I cannot Not able 2
Shall I Offering, I wanted, I will, or else x
Could Was / were able 2
Could not Were / Was not able 2
Could I Permission*
Could U Polite instruction / order
Did not not tried

Could not Unable 2
Could U can + Please Polite ***
Must Compel
Must not Not 2 do
Have 2 = must
Do not have 2 no need
Should Gentle pressure
Should not Gentle ve pressure
May Doubt
May not Doubt -ve
Need not Not necessary
May I I want 2, if you are free, I shall
Used to Habits in past now not in use now
Ought Compulsion
Would Likely and preference
Let = Allow = Permit

Let 2 2 + Let = Available.
Allow or Permit + Object Proper-Noun + 2 + root verb.
Remember that all these words have the same meaning permission.
These words should be accompanied by an object pronoun.
The object pronoun should be followed by a root verb in case of Let and an
infinitive verb in the case of Allow / Permit.
Let him come into the class.

Allow him to come into the Class. Permit him to enter the class.
Let is also used to scold people

Let me go to the dogs
Let him die
Let him suffer
Let him go to hell
INFINITIVES
2+V Explains the purpose of the sentence.
Infinitives are of two types:

Bare Infinities Here we use to followed by bare verb (present verb)
Modal Infinities Here we use a modal verb followed by be and root verb
Infinities
Subject + verb + root verb These boys want to go.
These lessons are to be completed. Its going to rain.
Bare Verbs / Modal Infinities
Subject + MV + Root Verb Rakesh can call Rajesh.
GERUND
V+ing Pp = B4m+ Ving Subjective, Objective & OPG
Progressive verbs are called as Gerunds. Remember that there should not be a
Be-form before a Verb ing.
Gerunds are of three types. Based on the usage and its position in the sentence
they have been classified:
Subject When a sentence starts with and progressive verb it is called
as Subject Gerund.
Smoking is injurious for health

Watching too much of TV spoils your eyes or increases ones sight
Object When progressive verbs are used in the object of a sentence
with out a Be-form being prefixed then they are called OG
I love helping the needy
Cumar likes sharing thoughts in philosophy, management &
Language
OPG Object of Prepositions are just like Object Gerunds, but the OG is
prefixed by a preposition.
Thank you Dr.TH for all that you have done.
VOICE
Active: Subject is doing an action. Rama killed Ravana.
Passive: Subject is receiving an action. Ravana was killed by Rama.
Voices are of two types:

Active All the while what ever we have been reading were Actives.
Subject is highlighted in the AC.
The Sentences starts with a Subject.
There is a particular form of verb structures and a unique relationship
between Verb and Auxiliary verb.
Passive Preference is given the Verb / Action.
Verb should be in Past Participle form.
Donations are given by philanthropists.
Most of the portions are completed by us.
The sentence ends with the doer of the action like by

Latest model electronic gadgets are procured by fancy buyers.
This grammar is written by ABC.
Under three circumstances we do not use by in a sentence

When every body knows the doer of an action
When no one knows the doer of action
When we are more concerned about the action.
Passives can be made in three ways

Ordinary Passives Language is learnt
Infinitive Passives The language English has to be learnt
Modal Passives The grammar can be learnt
Active / Passive Overview
Active Passive
Simple Once a week, Tom cleans the Once a week, the house is
Present house. cleaned by Tom.
Present Right now, you are reading Right now, the grammar is
Continuous grammar. being read by you.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
The faculties were helping The students were being

Past
the students when the thief helped by the trainers when
Continuous
came into the store. the thief came into the store.
Active Passive
Present Many tourists have visited That castle has been visited by
Perfect that castle. many tourists.
Present
Recently, Sowmya has been Recently, the work has been
Perfect
doing the work. being done by Sowmya.
Continuous
George had repaired many Many cars had been repaired

Past Perfect cars before he received his by George before he received
mechanic's license. his mechanic's license.
Chef Daimon had been The restaurant's fantastic

preparing the restaurant's dinners had been being
Past Perfect
fantastic dinners for two prepared by Chef Daimon for
Continuous
years before he moved to two years before he moved to
Paris. Paris.
Simple Future Someone will finish the work The work will be finished by
WILL by 5:00 PM. 5:00 PM.
Ganeshan is going to give A wonderful presentation is

Simple Future
wonderful presentation this going to be made by
BE GOING TO
evening. Ganeshan tonight.
Future
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes
Continuous
be washing the dishes. will be being washed by John.
WILL
Future At 8:00 PM tonight, John is At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes

Continuous going to be washing the are going to be being washed
BE GOING TO dishes. by John.
Future
They will have completed the The project will have been
Perfect
project before the deadline. completed before the deadline.
WILL
Future They are going to have The project is going to have

Perfect completed the project before been completed before the
BE GOING TO the deadline. deadline.
Future The famous artist will have The mural will have been
Perfect been painting the mural for being painted by the famous
Continuous over six months by the time artist for over six months by
WILL it is finished. the time it is finished.
The mural is going to have

Future The famous artist is going to
been being painted by the
Perfect have been painting the mural
famous artist for over six
Continuous for over six months by the
months by the time it is
BE GOING TO time it is finished.
finished.
Active Passive
The bills used to be paid by

Used to Jerry used to pay the bills.
Jerry.
My mother would always The rasagullas would always

Would Always
make the rasagullas. be made by my mother.
Future in the
I knew Acaryaji would finish I knew the work would be
Past
the work by 5:00 PM. finished by 5:00 PM.
WOULD
Future in the I thought Saraswathi was I thought a beautiful dinner

Past going to make a beautiful was going to be made by
WAS GOING TO dinner tonight. Saraswati tonight.
SPEECH
Direct: Using words as they are. Kumar said U R a good person

Indirect: Conveying on to the third person said that.
Kumar told me that I was a good person.
Speeches are of two types
Direct This is the general conversation that takes place between two or more
people.
All the dramas and plays are written in this format.
Direct speech has two parts
Speaker Who Said
Message What has been said
Indirect This is the narration of What has been happened.
Explaining things that had already happened or that one has conversed.
Indirect speech will always be in past tense.
Indirect speech has three parts
Who said / told / requested / informed / ordered / pleaded / questioned
Conjunction
Content matter
Mallik: sir, I bought the latest tablet PC

The narration can be said in three ways
1st person I told sir that I had bought the latest TPC
2nd person Mallik told me that he had bought the latest TPC
3rd person Mallik told sir that he had bought the latest TPC
This is the small table which shows how youre the HV changes from direct to
indirect
DIRECT INDIRECT
Am, is Was
Have, Has Had
Have to, Has to Had to
Was, Were, Had, Have been, Has been, Had been
Will, should, would Would
Can Could
May Might
Should Should
Having learnt theoretical English what next? Yes this is a very natural question, its
practicals. Come and speak in English. Put your theories into practice
Introduction: Self
Elaboration : Name, Profession, Education, Residence, NT,
Family
Personal
Professional
Talking about:
Places : Location, distance, climate, people, Tourist places, Language
spoken.
Profession/Organization : Interview asking, Sales rep xplaning
Business : Nature, Started, Strength, Turnover, Products &
competitors.
Activities @ home
Past : First day n class, early life, School & college experience,
Unforgettable experience
Present : movie seen, news heard, off matters, town, sports..
Future : Short term & long term goals, program. . .
News & Views
Interests & Hobbies : Type of person
Likes & Dislikes : Food, Books & Journals, TV (channels & serials) +
Cinema, Songs/music, Dress & material (Fashion), People, Places, colors &
shades etc
Directions: Places : Reaching ur place,

Dishes : Menu, coffee
Computers : E-mail ID
Banks : ATM, A/c,
Asking & giving: Advice (N) guidance, Advise (V) inform

Opinion : learning spoken English, latest movie
Programmes on popular channels, Friends/Relatives.
Permission:
Giving messages: Passive voice, indirect speech
Telephonic: General
Conservations
Interview
Inquires/Enquiries Wh Questions? Admission

Mobile connection
Flights to Frankfurt Reservation,
Clinic
Opening account
Short responses
Skills & talents
Narrating-Story telling
Thanks & apologizing Short speeches
Jobs Interviews
Report short speech
Dos Donts
on:
Gesture of Give negative

Yourself
etiquette replies
Your
Info about the Argue
qualification
company Raise your voice
Your experience
Cheerful Controversial
Your
Listen attentively topics
achievements
Positive replies Use impolite
Your abilities
Accept ignorance language
Here are some of the most typical interview questions:

1. Why do you want to work for this company?
2. What made you choose the career path that got you to this point?
3. What is your strongest personality trait?
4. What is your weakest personality trait?
5. What do you think it takes to be successful in business?
6. How do you think someone who knows you well would describe you?
7. How do you perform under pressure?
8. How would you describe your perfect job?
9. What motivates you to give 100% at your job?
10. Where do you picture yourself in 5 years?
11. Do you deal easily with problems when you are under a lot of pressure?
12. What made you choose the college or university that you attended?
13. What academic subjects did you most enjoy while in college?
14. Tell me what you know about our company.
15. Are you willing to relocate if necessary?
16. What are your salary expectations for this position?
17. Which is more important to you, the job or the money?
18. Are you able to work with a vast array of people successfully?
19. Can you work with people you don't necessarily like?
20. Tell me about a challenge you have faced and how you overcame that
challenge.
21. Tell me about a situation in which you were forced to compromise your ideas.
22. How do you discipline another employee when it becomes necessary?
23. What kind of supervisor do you find is the easiest for you to work with?
24. How are you at multitasking?
25. What ideas can you bring to this company?
26. Are you will to travel if necessary?
27. What are two or three things that are essential for you in your job?
28. What kind of rewards are you hoping for in your career?
29. Describe having to deal with a difficult person and how you handled it.
30. How do you hope to achieve your career goals.
Topics for group discussion
o Work o BMI
o 2 Luv R 2 B Luved o Leader Slave
o Deserve & Desire o Exploit or exploited
o Convince Get convinced o Wealth Knowledge
o If the age can, what youth o Experience Academics
could o Purpose of life
o Live Eat o First force
o Surrender Commander o Greed Need
o Evolution Theory o Child is the father of man
o Universe in foam o Child like being
o Does God play Dice? o Head Heart
o Does God exist? o Preferences Priorities
o Give \ Receive Happiness o Want Desires
o Different faces OF LOVE o Is Knowledge bondage or
o Sacrifice freedom
o Respond / React o Money Vs intelligence

o Actions speak louder than o People or Power
speech o
Never criticize the person but disagree with the point.
Take the mentor permission before starting your point.
Do not cut short your friends point abrubtly.
Kinesics (body language) Body motions such as shrugs, foot tapping,
drumming fingers, eye movements such as winking, facial expressions,
and gestures
Proxemics (proximity) Use of space to signal privacy or attraction
Haptics Touch
Oculesics Eye contact
Chronemics Use of time, waiting, pausing
Olfactics Smell
Vocalics Tone of voice, timbre, volume, speed
Sound symbols Grunting, mmm, er, ah, uh-huh, mumbling
Silence Pausing, waiting, secrecy
Posture Position of the body, stance
Adornment Clothing, jewellery, hairstyle
Locomotion Walking, running, staggering, limping
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Securities
Biological: Breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis, Excretion
Financial: Security of Body, of employment, of resources, of morality,
of the family, of health, of property
Emotional: Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Esteem: Self Esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others.
Self-Actualization: Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of
prejudice, acceptance of facts WHO AM I?
Holistic development is personality development

Gross Subtle
Dress antiquate Expression of Emotions
Body language Primary Thoughts
Shake hand Freedom from knowledge
Sitting / Standing posture Phobias
Eye to eye contact Equanimity
Physical touch Mind Management
Selection of Words / Voice Biological Clock
Confidence level Conditionings
Attitude IQ
Time sense SQ
Honoring appointments Dogmatic living
Schedules Understanding
Organizing priorities / preferences Sympathy / Empathy
Team Work / Team Sense Graphology
Nevis Hierarchy of Needs Belonging Physiology Safety Self-

Actualization
Mental Calmness, Control of Senses, Fearlessness, Patience, Forbearance,

Universal Friendship, Faith, Devotion, Creative Power, Adventure &
Experimentation.
SIX WAYS TO IMPROVE ONES NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS
Advantages of Non Verbal Communication:

An awareness of nonverbal behavior will allow you to become better
receivers of students' messages.
You will become a better sender of signals that reinforce learning.
This mode of communication increases the degree of the perceived
psychological closeness between teacher and student.
Some major areas of nonverbal behaviors to explore are:

Eye contact
Facial expressions
Gestures
Posture and body orientation
Proximity
Paralinguistics
Humor
Eye contact:
Eye contact, an important channel of interpersonal communication, helps regulate
the flow of communication. And it signals interest in others. Furthermore, eye
contact with audiences increases the speaker's credibility. Teachers who make
eye contact open the flow of communication and convey interest, concern,
warmth and credibility.
Facial expressions:
Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:
Happiness
Friendliness
Warmth
Liking
Affiliation
Thus, if you smile frequently you will be perceived as more likable, friendly, warm
and approachable. Smiling is often contagious and students will react favorably
and learn more.
Gestures:
If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring, stiff and
unanimated. A lively and animated teaching style captures students' attention,
makes the material more interesting, facilitates learning and provides a bit of
entertainment. Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive
reinforcement to students and indicate that you are listening.
Posture and body orientation:

You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk, talk, stand and sit.
Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward communicates to
students that you are approachable, receptive and friendly. Furthermore,
interpersonal closeness results when you and your students face each other.
Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling should be
avoided; it communicates disinterest to your class.
Proximity:
Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for interaction with students. You
should look for signals of discomfort caused by invading students' space. Some of
these are:
Rocking
Leg swinging
Tapping
Gaze aversion
Typically, in large college classes space invasion is not a problem. In fact, there is
usually too much distance. To counteract this, move around the classroom to
increase interaction with your students. Increasing proximity enables you to make
better eye contact and increases the opportunities for students to speak.
Paralinguistics:
This facet of nonverbal communication includes such vocal elements as:
Tone
Pitch
Rhythm
Timbre
Loudness
Inflection
For maximum teaching effectiveness, learn to vary these six elements of your
voice. One of the major criticisms is of instructors who speak in a monotone.
Listeners perceive these instructors as boring and dull. Students report that they
learn less and lose interest more quickly when listening to teachers who have not
learned to modulate their voices.
Humor:
Humor is often overlooked as a teaching tool, and it is too often not encouraged
in college classrooms. Laughter releases stress and tension for both instructor
and student. You should develop the ability to laugh at yourself and encourage
students to do the same. It fosters a friendly classroom environment that
facilitates learning. (Lou Holtz wrote that when his players felt successful he
always observed the presence of good humor in the locker room.)
Obviously, adequate knowledge of the subject matter is crucial to your success;
however, it's not the only crucial element. Creating a climate that facilitates
learning and retention demands good nonverbal and verbal skills. To improve
your nonverbal skills, record your speaking on video tape. Then ask a colleague in
communications to suggest refinements.
Homo-phones: Same Sound/voice

Our bear (Animal) cannot bear (tolerate) to be bare (naked) at any hour.
Air Heir None Nun
Aisle Isle Oar Or
Ante Anti One Won
Eye I Pair Pear
Bare Bear Peace Piece
Be Bee Plain Plane
Brake Break Poor Pour
Buy By Pray Prey
Cell Sell Principal Principle
Cent Scent Profit Prophet
Cereal Serial Real Reel
Coarse Course Right Write
Complement Compliment Root Route
Dam Damn Sail Sale
Dear Deer Sea See
Die Dye Seam Seem
Fair Fare Sight Site
Fir Fur Sew So
Flour Flower Shore Sure
For Four Sole Soul
Hair Hare Some Sum
Heal Heel Son Sun
Hear Here Stair Stare
Him Hymn Stationary Stationery
Hole Whole Steal Steel
Hour Our Suite Sweet
Idle Idol Tail Tale
In Inn Their There
Knight Night To Too
Knot Not Toe Tow
Know No Waist Waste
Knows Nose Wait Weight
Made Maid Way Weigh
Mail Male Weak Week
Meat Meet Wear Where
Morning Mourning
Tongue Twisters
I saw Susi sitting in a shoe shine shop. Where she sits she shines, and where she
shines she sits.
How can a clam cram in a clean cream can?
Denise sees the fleece, Denise sees the fleas. At least Denise could sneeze and
feed and freeze the fleas.
The thirty-three thieves though that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.
Something in a thirty-acre thermal thicket of thorns and thistles thumped and

thundered threatening the three-D thoughts of Matthew the thug although,
theatrically, it was only the thirteen-thousand thistles and thorns through the
underneath of his thigh that the thirty year old thug thought of that morning.
Seth at Sainsburys sells thick socks.
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch
wishes, I wont wish the wish you wish to wish.
There was a fisherman named Fisher who fished for some fish in a fissure. Till a
fish with a grin, pulled the fisherman in. Now theyre fishing the fissure for
Fisher.
Picky people pick Peter Pan Peanut-butter, tis the peanut-butter picky people
pick.
Lukes duck likes lakes. Luke Luck Licks lakes. Lukes duck licks lakes. Duck
takes licks in lakes Luke Luck likes. Luke Luck takes licks in lakes duck likes.
Wayne went to Wales to watch walruses.
In Hertford, Hereford and Hampshire hurricanes hardly ever happen. If Pickfords

packers packed a packet of crisps would the packet of crisps that Pickfords
packers packed survive for two and a half years?
A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.
I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.
Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets.
Sams shop stocks short spotted socks.
Friendly Frank flips fine flapjacks.
Tim, the thin twin tinsmith.
Flee from fog to fight flu fast!
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck. If a woodchuck could chuck wood.
Old oily Ollie oils old oily autos.
I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasnt the thought. I thought I
thought.
While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washingtons

windows with warm washing water.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled Peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter
Piper Picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled Pepeers, Wheres the peck of
pickled peppers Peter Piper Picked?
A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook
Cookies
I saw a saw that could out saw any other saw I ever saw
Betty Botter bought some butter, but she said " this butter's bitter! But a bit of
better butter will but make my butter better" So she bought some Better butter,
better than the bitter butter, and it made her butter better so 'twas better Betty
Botter bought a bit of better butter!
Black bug bit a big black bear. But where is the big black bear that the big black
bug bit?
A big bug bit the little beetle but the little beetle bit the big bug Back.
If a black bug bleeds black blood, what color blood does a blue bug bleed?
If you understand, say "understand". If you don't understand, say "don't

understand". But if you understand and say "don't understand". How do I
understand that you understand? Understand!
I thought, I thought of thinking of thanking you.
Red bulb blue bulb red bulb blue bulb.
Red blood blue bulb, blue blood red blood.
Red blood blue blood.
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the Witch
wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.
If a sledering snail went down a slippery slide would a snail sleder or Slide down
the slide- By S.Walton
Bubble bobble, bubble bobble, bubble bobble
These thousand tricky tongue twisters trip thrillingly off the tongue Sounding by
sound is a sound method of sounding sounds.
Lala Gope Gappungam Das.
You curse, I curse, we all curse, for asparagus!
Kacha papaya pacca papaya Kacha papaya pacca papaya Kacha papaya pacca
Papaya.
Double bubble gum, bubbles double.
A sailor went to sea to see, what he could see. And all he could see Was sea, sea,
sea.
A box of mixed biscuits, a mixed biscuit box.
Upper roller lower roller Upper roller lower roller. ...
Purple Paper People, Purple Paper People, Purple Paper People
If two witches were watching two watches, which witch would watch which
Watch?
Which watch did which witch wear and which witch wore which watch? .
Six slippery snails, slid slowly seaward.
I thought a thought, But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I
thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the thought I thought, I
Wouldn't have thought so much.
Once a fellow met a fellow in a field of beans. Said a fellow to a Fellow, "If a
fellow asks a fellow, Can a fellow tell a fellow What a Fellow means?"
How much wood could a wood chuck; chuck if a wood chuck could chuck Wood
I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream! An Ape hates grape cakes.
She sells sea shells on the sea shore she sells sea shells no more
I slit a sheet, a sheet I slit. And on a slitted sheet I sit. I slit a Sheet, a sheet I
slit. The sheet I slit, that sheet was it.
Any noise annoys an oyster but a noisy noise annoys an oyster more.
She sells sea sheels on the sea shore, but the sea sells that she sells, on the sea
shore are not the real ones.
A skunk sat on a stump. The stump thought the skunk stunk. The skunk Thought
the stump stunk . What stunk the skunk or the stump?
The owner of the inside inn was inside his inside inn with his inside Outside his
inside inn.
If one doctor doctors another doctor does the doctor who doctors the Doctor
doctor the doctor the way the doctor he is doctoring doctors? Or Does the doctor
doctor the way the doctor who doctors doctors?
Baboon bamboo, baboon bamboo, baboon bamboo, baboon bamboo, baboon

Bamboo, baboon bamboo......
My Bhaiya buys black Bananas by the bunch.
The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout
Thursday.
Daddy draws doors. Daddy draws doors. Daddy draws doors.
Friendly Fleas and Fire Flies
If you notice this notice, you will notice that this notice is not worth noticing.
Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear, Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair, FuzzyWuzzy wasn't very
fuzzy... was he???
How many cans can a canner can, if a canner can can cans? A canner can can as
many cans as a canner can, if a canner can can cans.
How much wood could a wood chopper chop, if a wood chopper could chop
wood?
If Freaky Fred Found Fifty Feet of Fruit and Fed Forty Feet to his Friend Frank how
many Feet of Fruit did Freaky Fred Find?
Penny's pretty pink piggy bank
"When a doctor falls ill another doctor doctor's the doctor. Does the doctor
doctoring the doctor doctor the doctor in his own way or does the doctor
doctoring the doctor doctors the doctor in the doctor's way"
A tutor who tooted the flute, tried to tutor two tooters to toot. Said the two to the
tutor, 'Is it harder to toot or to tutor two tooters to toot?'
One smart fellow, he felt smart. Two smart fellows, they felt smart. Three smart
fellows, they all felt smart.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, if Peter Piper picked a peck of
pickled peppers, wheres the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
Black bug's blood.
Crisp crusts crackle and crunch.
It's not the cough that carries you off, it's the coffin they carry you off in!
Tie a knot, tie a knot. Tie a tight, tight knot. Tie a knot in the shape of a nought.
Freshly-fried fat flying fish
Rubber baby-buggy bumpers.
Jolly juggling jesters jauntily juggled jingling jacks.
Do tongue twisters twist your tongue?
HAND OUT OF MOST 0FTENLY USED TENSES

PERFECT CONDITIONAL
PERFECT CONDITIONAL
CONTINIOUS CONTINIOUS
Sub + Had +
Sub + Had
PAST Verb (When &
been + V-ing
while)
Sub +
Sub +
Have/Has been Sub + Would + Sub + Would
Present Has/Have + V-
+ V-ing (since V be + V-ing
ed/en
R for)
Sub + will
Sub + will
FUTURE have been +
have + V
V-ing
Sub + Would Sub + Would
PERFECT have + V- have been +
ed/en V-ing
ONE LOOK OF COMMONLU USED VOICE
Tenses ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple Learnt was Learnt

Past Continuous Was Learning Was being Learnt
Perfect Has Learnt Had been Learnt
Simple Learns Is Learnt
Continuos Is Learning Is being Learnt
Tenses ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple Learns Is Learnt

Continuos Is Learning Is being Learnt
PRESENT Perfect Has Learnt Has been Learnt
Infinitive 2 Learn 2 be learnt
CONDITION Would have Learnt Would have been learnt

AL
PERFECT
INFINITIVE 2 HAVE LEARNT 2 have been learnt
FUTURE Will Learn Will be Learnt
CONDITIONAL Would Learn Would be Learnt
PRESENT 2 LEARN 2 B learnt

Perfect 2 have learnt 2 have been learnt
Present Participle / Gerund Learning Being learnt
Perfect Participle Having learnt Have been learnt
EVERYTHING IS PRE DESTINED IN LIFE
Once PVNR (PV Narasimha Rao), L.K.Advani and Laloo Prasad Yadav were
traveling in an autorickshaw. They met with an accident and all three of them
died. Yama Raja was waiting for this moment at the doorstep of death.
He asks PVNR and Advani to go to HEAVEN. But, for Laloo, Yama had
already decided that he should be sent to HELL.
Laloo is not at all happy with this decision. He asks Yama as to why this
discrimination is being made. All the three of them had served the public.
Similarly, all took bribes, all misused public positions, etc. Then whey the
differential treatment? He requested that there should be a formal test or an
objective evaluation before a decision is made; and should not be just based on
opinion or pre-conceived notions.
Yama agrees to this and asks all the three of them to appear for an
English Test.
PVNR is asked to spell INDIA and he does it correctly.
Advani is asked to spell ENGLISH and he too passes.
It is Laloos turn and he is asked to spell CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
Laloo protests that he doesnt know English. He says this is not fair and
that he was given a tough question and thus forced to fail with false intent.
Yama then agrees to conduct a written test in Hindi (to give another
chance assuming that Laloo should at least feel that Hindi would provide an equal
platform for all three).
PVNR is asked to write KUTTA BOLA BHOW BHOW. He writes it easily
and passes.
Advani is asked to write BILLI BOLI MYAUN MYAUN. He too passes.
Laloo is asked to write BANDAR BOLA GURRRRRR.. Tough one. He
fails again.
Laloo is extremely unhappy.
Having been a student of history (Which the other two werent), he now
requested Yama, for all the three to be subjected to a test in history.
Yama says OK but this would be the last chance and that he would not
take any more tests.
PVNR is asked: When did India get Independence? He replied 1947

and passed.
Advani is asked How many people died during the independence
struggle? He gets nervous.
Yama asked him to choose from three options: 100,000, 200,000 or 300,
000. Advani catches it and says 200,000 and passes.
Its Laloos turn now..
Yama asks him to give the names and addresses of each of the 200,000
who died in the struggle.
Laloo accepts defeat and agrees to go to HELL.
Moral of the story: IF THE SECOND PERSON / MANAGEMENT HAS
DECIDED TO SCREW YOU, THERE IS NO ESCAPE.
Yea, Even Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no
evil, for you are with me Psalm 23 King David.
There is no happiness beyond the joy I am in. By making me your PM you will be
dragging me down from my heights, for there is no joy beyond this. Now to go
forward in any direction is to go back. To move an inch from where I am is to
lose. There is no greater bliss than that I am in- Chwang Tse disciple of Lao Tse
(571 BC).
LETTER WRITING
Business / Commercial letters

(Business 2 Organizations or Business 2 Individuals)
Telegrams:. Estd:_________ Tele:
NAME OF THE COMPANY
Braches: Head Office: Address
Date
Letter #.
To
Dear Sir
Body
Yours Faithfully,
For Angirasa Spiritual Center
Official letters State
(Govt. 2 Other Govt. Offices / Public R Private bodies / Organizations /

Individuals)
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Depart
# Address: Off of
the
From
Department
To
Sir,
Subject
BODY
Yours truly,
Designation
=================================
Official letters Central

No.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTERY OF..
Place, date.
From
To
Sir
Sub:
BODY
Yours faithfully
Sd/- name
Designation
Demi official letters
(Officer 2 officer)
From
Officer writing and designations office originating
D O #.
Dear Name
BODY
With Kind regards..
Yours sincerely,
To,
..
.
Government Order
(Matters and policies arising on day-to-day issues)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Subject:
READ:
PREAMBLE:
ORDER NO. .
PLACE, DATED
BODY
By Order and in the name of the

Governor of Karnataka,
Sd/- name
Under Secretary to Government
Department
To
Full address with out punctuation but for full stop @ the end.
Memorandum
(Decisions - internal matters Admin, postings, transfers, discipline, holidays
work hrs)
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA NO.
No. Office GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY DEPT..
Place, Place and date,
Date OFFICE MEMORANDUM
OFFICIAL MEMORANDUM Subject:
Sub:Ref: Body
BODY Sd/-
Sd/- name Director
Designation To,
To,
Circular
(Instructions on matter of detail are issued Govt or Head of Depts to Sub
Offices)
No. Name of the
office, Date
CIRCULAR
Sub:
BODY
Sd/- name
Designation
To,
Notification
(Powers conferred on Govt. by Govt. Notified in Gazette Public info)
No. Name of the
office, Date
NOTIFICATION
BODY: WHEREAS
By Order and in the name of the
Governor of Karnataka,
Sd/- name
Under Secretary to Government
Department
To,
Tender Notification / Quotations / Tenders

(To executive work of Public utility by PWD / supply of requirement by Govt
Depts)
BABGALORE MAHANAGARA PALIKE
No. Office of the Executive
Engineer,
Corporation office,
Bangalore, dated 20th May
2006.
TENDER NOTIFICATION
BODY
Executive Engineer
Specifications
(Details of the works to be executed by contractors)
SPECIFICATION of
Under the directions of / for
and to the satisfaction of
Date..
External / Internal
Trade / Sub-heading Body / Paragraph
Synonym Opposite
A A
about approximately About exactly
abstract summary Above below
To accomplish to achieve Absence presence
To accumulate to build up abundance lack
To administer to manage to accept to refuse
to admit to confess accidental intentional
almost nearly Active lazy
animated lively to add to subtract
to irritate, to
to annoy to admit to deny
bother
to answer to reply Adult child
anyway besides advanced elementary
apparent obvious affirmative negative
to appear to seem Afraid brave
applicable relevant After before
appreciable considerable Against for
ardour passion Alike different
arise occur Alive dead
aromatic fragrant All none
to arrive to reach Always never
artful crafty Ancient modern
to refuse, to
association organization to agree
argue
to assure to guarantee to allow to forbid
attractive appealing Already not yet
away absent Always never
awful terrible amateur professional
B to amuse to bore
backbone spine Angel devil
backside behind, bottom Animal human
Synonym Opposite
bad (not good) poor, naughty to annoy to satisfy
ballot poll to answer to ask
to bear on sth. to affect Answer question
to beat to defeat Apart together
becoming fitting approximately exactly
to begin to start to argue to agree
to free, to set
to behave to act to arrest
free
believable plausible Arrival departure
to depart, to
belly stomach to arrive
leave
bendy flexible artificial natural
beneficiant generous to ask to answer
beneficial favourable Asleep awake
bid tender to attack to defend
defence,
bizarre weird Attack
protection
blameless innocent Attic cellar
bloodbath massacre Autumn spring
bloodless cold Awake asleep
delicious,
branch department Awful
nice, pleasant
brave courageous B
To bring sth.
to reintroduce Back in front of
back
to bring sth. on to cause background foreground
to bring sb. up to raise backward forward

brow forehead Bad good
Backside, behind, fortune, good
bum bad luck
bottom luck
business commerce, trade Beauty ugliness

busy
engaged Before after
(telephone)
to end, to
C to begin
stop, to finish
candy sweet beginning end, ending
To categorize Behind in front of
To categorise to classify
Below above
(BE)
charter constitution best worst
cheesy corny, tacky better worse
chiefly mainly beautiful ugly
choosy picky big small, little
to chop to cut birth death
chorus refrain bitter sweet
Synonym Opposite
citation quotation black white
to cite to quote blund sharp
class lesson, course body soul
to amuse, to
clerk receptionist to bore be interested
in
exciting,
clever intelligent boring
interesting
to close to shut to borrow to lend
coiffure hairstyle bottom top
To collapse to break down boy girl
cowardly,
to collect to gather brave
afraid
to mend, to
comfort consolation to break
fix
comic comedian broad narrow
commencement graduation brother sister
complete total to build to destroy
completetly totally busy lazy
concord harmony to buy to sell
To condemn to sentence C
confederate accomplice calm excited
To confine to restrict careful careless
conflict clash careless careful
to miss, to
To conform to comply to catch
throw
To confuse to mix up ceiling floor
to associate, to
To connect put through cellar attic
(telephone)
outskirt,
considerate thoughtful centre
suburb
constancy fidelity certainly probably
constant fixed changeable constant
constitution structure cheap expensive
construction adult, grown-
interpretation child
(lit.) up
To consult to refer to children parents
contemporary modern clean dirty
continuous continual clear cloudy
contrary opposite clever stupid
convention conference to close to open
To convey to communicate closed open
clear, sunny,
to cope to manage cloudy
bright
Synonym Opposite
cold
correct right hot
(adjective)
couch sofa cold (noun) heat
crook criminal to come to go
drama,
crusade campaign comedy
tragedy
cube dice complicated simple
curative healing compliment insult
curler roller compulsory voluntary
cussed stubborn to connect to separate
D consonant vowel
dash sprint constant changeable
daybreak dawn construction destruction
deceptive misleading to continue to interrupt
decontrol deregulate cool warm
dedicated committed correct false, wrong
To deduce to infer courage fear
defective faulty courageous cowardly
brave,
deliberate planned cowardly
courageous
deliberately intentionally to create to destroy
delicate fragile cruel human, kind
to cry
To demostrate to protest to whisper
(schreien)
to cry
to denationalize to laugh
(weinen)
to privatize
to denationalise
D
(BE)
denims jeans to damage to repair

to indicate, to security,
to denote danger
represent safety
To deprave to corrupt dangerous safe
depraved wicked, evil dark light
to desert to abandon daughter son
deserted abandoned dawn dusk
destiny fate day night
detached indifferent dead alive
devil satan death birth, life
dicy risky deep shallow
to
to distinguish defeat victory
diffenrentiate
To diminish to decrease defence attack
disadvantaged diprived to defend to attack
disagreeable unpleasant delicious awful
To disappear to vanish to deny to admit
disaster catastrophe to depart to arrive
Synonym Opposite
To disclaim to deny departure arrival
To disclose to reveal desperate hopeful
to build, to
discount reduction to destroy create, to
form
disgrace shame destruction construction
domesticate cultivate devil angel
dossier file dictatorship republic
dubious doubtful to die to live
alike, equal,
dull (person) stupid different
the same
E difficult easy
eager keen dirty clean
earth soil disease health
ecocnomic profitable distant near
egocentric selfish to divide to unite
to raise, to
To elevate division unity
promote
To emphasise to divorce to marry
to stress marriage,
To emphasize divorce
wedding
To encounter to come across divorced married
enormous huge, immense domestic foreign

To enquire to investigate down up
equity fairness downstairs upstairs
especially particularly drama comedy
essential fundamental dry humid, wet
To establish to set up dull interesting
To evaluate to assess dusk dawn
everlasting eternal E
exactly precisely early late
except apart from east west
to expire to run out easy difficult, hard
To explode to blow up elementary advanced
extra additional to emigrate to immigrate
F emigration immigration
To fabricate to manufacture empty full
famend renowned to end to begin
fanatic enthusiast end beginning
fantastic great, brilliant ending beginning
to float to drift enemy friend
fool idiot to enjoy to hate
foolish silly to enter to leave
forehead brow entrance exit
to foretell to predict equal different
formerly previously even odd
Synonym Opposite
fortunate lucky evening morning
foxy cunning everybody nobody
foyer lobby everything nothing
about,
fragrance perfume exactly
approximately
French dressing vinaigrette excited calm
To function to operate exciting boring
Word Synonym to exclude to include
G exit entrance
garbage rubbish expensive cheap
garbage can
trashcan (AE) export import
(AE)
gay homosexual exposure shelter
to glitter to sparkle extreme moderate
to grab to seize F
to succeed, to
grasping greedy to fail
pass
gratis free of charge failure success
gratuity tip FALSE correct, true
gravestone headstone far near
to grouse to grumble fast slow
gut intestine fat slim, thin
H fear courage
hall corridor female male
To hand sth.
to distibute few many
out
handsome good-looking final first
hang-out haunt to find to lose
happily fortunately to finish to begin
hard tough finish start
hashish cannabis first final, last
to hawk to peddle to fix to break
to hazard to endanger flat hilly
hearsay rumour floor ceiling
hermetic airtight to follow to lead
to allow, to
highbrow intellectual to forbid
let, to permit
hint trace, tip for against
hole gap foreground background
home domestic foreign domestic
homicide murder foreigner native
housebreaking burglary to forget to remember
hunger starvation to form to destroy
to hurry to rush fortune bad luck
hypothesis speculation forward backward
I to free to arrest
Synonym Opposite
idler loafer to freeze to melt
if whether friend enemy
to ignore to disregard front rear
illiberal intolerant in front of back, behind
to clarify; to light
To illuminate full empty
up
To illustrate to demonstrate funny serious
to suppose, to
to imagine future past, present
assume
to imitate to mimic G
particular,
immediate instant general
special
immobile motionless generous mean
violent,
immoderate excessive gentle
rough, strict
immodest conceited gentleman lady
to impact to affect girl boy
impartial neutral to give to take
to come, to
impasse deadlock to go
stop
impassive emotionless good bad
To impeach to question good luck bad luck
impediment obstacle grown-up child
imperative vital guest host
impolite rude guilty innocent
incidentally by the way H
inconsiderate thoughtless happiness sadness
indisputable indeniable happy sad
infamous notorious handsome ugly
infantile childish hard easy, soft
to infect to contaminate to harvest to plant
to enjoy, to
inflexible rigid to hate
like, to love
disease,
inflow influx health
illness
informal casual healthy ill, sick
infrequent rare heat cold
inheritor heir heaven hell
innocent harmless heavy light
insolvent bancrupt hell heaven
to inspect to examine here there
instinct intuition high deep
instructions directions high low
insufferable unbearable hilly flat
insufficient inadequate to hit to miss
desperate,
insupportable intolerable hopeful
hopeless
Synonym Opposite
insurgent rebel hopeless hopeful
intellectual mental horizontal vertical
to intend to mean host guest, visitor
To intensify to heighten hot cold
interplay interaction huge tiny
inventory stock human animal
invoice bill human cruel
to ivolve to entail humid dry
isolated loney hungry thirsty
J husband wife
jealous envious I
joy delight in front of back, behind
K to ignore to notice
knowingly deliberately ill healty, well
L to immigrate to emigrate
lacking missing immigration emigration
last final import export
leading main in out
to learn to memorize to include to exclude
legitimate valid, lega to increase to reduce
lethal deadly innocent guilty
liveable habitable inside outside
livid furious insult compliment
loopy crazy intelligent silly, stupid
lousy awful intentional accidental
to be
lucid clear to bore
interested in
Word Synonym interesting boring, dull
M to interrupt to continue
mackintosh waterproof coat J
madness insanity junior senior
magican conjuror K
Justice of the
magistrate kind cruel
Peace
to magnify to exaggerate L
abundance,
to maintain to preserve lack
plenty
manmade artifical lady gentleman
mannequin model to land to take off
material fabric land water
matters things large small
maybe perhaps, possibly last first
in the
meanwhile late early
meantime
measure degree to laugh to cry
meeting assembly lazy active, busy
Synonym Opposite
mendacity lying to lead to follow
merciless cruel to learn to teach
to arrive, to
middleman intermediary to leave
enter
midway halfway left right
to migrate emigrate to lend to borrow
mild gentle less more
To mimic to imitate to let to forbid
mind intellect to lie to stand
mindless senseless life death
to minimize to play down light dark, heavy
To mirror to reflect to like to hate
to misconceive to misunderstand liquid solid
miserable depressing little big, large

misery distress little much
misread misinterpret to live to die
missing lost long short
mistrust distrust to lose to find, to win
mo (AE) moment loser winner
moderately reasonably loud quiet
modern contemporary to love to hate
More and more increasingly lovely terrible
moreover in addition low high
movie film to lower to raise
murderer assassin bad luck good luck
N good luck bad luck
naked bare M
nameless anonymous major minor
napkin serviette male female
To narrate to relate man woman
A narrative a story many few, some
A native a local marriage divorce
divorced,
to near to approach married
single
necessary essential to marry to divorce
nightfall dusk master servant
nobility the Aristocracy maximum minimum
To nominate to appoint mean generous
non-stop continuous to melt to freeze
noon midday men women
noted famous to mend to break
to notify to inform mess order
notwithstanding however midnight noon
nugatory worthless minimum maximum
Synonym Opposite
numerous many minor major
to hit, to
O to miss
catch
obdurate stubborn moderate extreme
object thing modern ancient, old
obligatory compulsory monarchy republic
oblique indirect moon sun
omnipotent all-powerful more less
obsolete out of date morning evening
off-season low season mountain valley
To operate to function much little
organic biological N
ornament decoration narrow broad, wide
outside external nasty nice, pleasant
foreigner,
to overhaul to overtake native
stranger
to overlook to miss natural artificial
overseas abroad near distant, far
To oversee to supervise negative affirmative
P nephew niece
painting portray never always
paper money notes new ancient, old
particular specific nice awful, nasty
passable satisfactory niece nephew
pattern sample night day
peaceable peaceful no yes
perception insight nobody everybody
phantasm illusion noisy quiet, silent
pocket book notebook noon midnight
poisonous toxic none of al lof
possibility opportunity normal strange
Post-mortem autopsy north south
practically virtually not yet already
praise compliment nothing everything
precedence priority to notice to ignore
precept principle now then
precis summary O
pressing urgent occupied vacant
previous preceding odd even
priority precedence off on
seldom,
prompt immediate often
sometimes
modern, new,
prosperous affluent old
young
To provide to supply on off
to close, to
provided if to open
shut
Synonym Opposite
to put sth. back to postpone open closed, shut
Q opponent supporter
To quake to tremble opposite synonym
quite fairly order mess
R ordinary special
reasonable fair other same
To receive to get out in
refrain chorus outside inside
reliable dependable outskirt centre
religious devout over under
remainder the rest P
remark comment parents children
reminiscence memory part whole
remorse regret partial total
remoted isolated particular general
removable detachable to pass to fail
future,
To renew to resume past
present
to renounce to give up peace war
to allow, to
repute reputation to permit
forbid
to respond to reply to plant to harvest
revolting disgusting plenty lack
rubbish nonsense pleasant awful
rude impolite polite rude
to rue to regret poor rich, wealthy
Word Synonym poverty wealth
S powerful weak
sacristy vestry presence absence
satisfied convinced present past, future
scarcity shortage pretty ugly
scrumptious delicious private public
second moment probably certainly
To select to choose professional amateur
selection choice to protect to attack
Self-assured confident protection attack
signal sign public private
significant meaningful to pull to push
silly foolish pupil teacher
sincere honest to push to pull
skull cranium Q
soiled dirty question answer
spotlight highlight quick slow
stable steady quiet loud, noisy
steady regular R
stupid silly to raise to lower
Synonym Opposite
substantially considerably rainy sunny
suggest propose rear front
sundown sunset to receive to send
sunrise dawn to reduce to increase
to agree, to
sure certain to refuse
accept
surroundings environment regret satisfaction
To survive to outlive to remember to forget
To symbolize to represent to repair to damage
T to reply to ask
tailored tailor-made reply question
dictatorship,
temper mood republic
monarchy
terror terrorism to rest to work
testament testomony rich poor
today nowadays right left, wrong
torpid lethargic to rise to sink
gentle,
touchdown landing rough
smooth, soft
touchy sensitive rude polite
To transform to convert rural urban
transitority temporary S
transparent obvious sad happy
trustworthy reliable sadness happiness
twister tornado safe dangerous
twosome pair safety danger
U salt sugar
different, the
ultimate final (the) same
other
uncared for neglected satisfaction regret
uncommon unusual to satisfy to annoy
to spend, to
uncooked raw to save
waste
undeniable indisputable to scream to whisper
understandable comprehensible security danger
unforeseen unexpected seldom often
unfortunate unlucky to sell to buy
to receive, to
unhurt unharmed to send
save
uninjured unhurt senior junior
to connect, to
unlawful illegal to separate
unite
unmarried single serious funny
unstated unspoken servant master
untimely premature to set free to arrest
untrue unfaithful shallow deep
unusual strange sharp blunt
unvoiced voiceless shelter exposure
Synonym Opposite
uprising rebellion short long, tall
usually generally,normally to shout to whisper
V to shut to open
vacancy emptiness sick healthy
To vacuum to hoover silent noisy
vague indistinct silly intelligent
vain useless simple complicated
valueless worthless to sink to rise
to vanquish to conquer single married
to vary to differ sister brother
vast huge slim fat
virtue advantage slow fast, quick
to visualize to imagine small big, large, tall
W smooth rough
warrantly guarantee soft hard, rough
Well mannered polite solid liquid
well timed timely some many
winery vineyard sometimes often
To withstand to resist son daughter
Z soul body
zenith peak sour sweet
south north
A bad workman always blames his general,
special
tools. ordinary
A bird in the hand is worth two in the
spring autumn
bush.
A friend in need is a friend indeed. to start to stop
finish, end,
A miss is as good as a mile. start
stop
A new broom sweeps clean. to stop to start, to go
A rolling stone gathers no moss. to stand to lie
A stitch in time saves nine. strange normal
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. stranger native
Actions speak louder than words. strict gentle

All good things come to an end. strong weak
All that glitters is not gold. student teacher
clever,
All's well that ends well. stupid
intelligent
Any Tim, Dick or Harry. suburb centre
As you make your bed, so you must
to succeed to fail
lie.
Barking dogs never bite. success failure
Beauty is only skin deep. to subtract to add
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. sugar salt
Before you can say Jack Robinson. summer winter
Synonym Opposite
Beggars cannot be choosers. sun moon
Better late than never. sunny cloudy, rainy
Better safe than sorry. supporter opponent
Broken crockery brings you luck. to suspect to trust
Charity begins at home. sweet bitter, sour
Do lunch or be lunch. synonym opposite
Don't count your chicken before they
T
are hatched.
Don't mock the afflicted. to take to give
Dripping hollows out rock. to take off to land
Easy come easy go. tall small, short
Enough is as good as a feast. to teach to learn
Every Jack will find his Jill. teacher pupil, student
Fair exchange is no robbery. then now
Few sandwiches short of a picnic. terrible lovely
First come, first served. there here
For Pete's sake. thick thin
Fortune favours fools. thin thick, fat
He deserved thde break. thirsty hungry
He is a chip of the old block. to throw to catch
He had reckoned without his host. tight loose
He who makes no mistakes, makes
tiny huge
nothing.
Honesty is the best policy. together apart
I wouldn't live in that dump if you paid
tomorrow yesterday
me!
In for a penny, in for a pound. top bottom
It is foolish to fear that which you
total partial
cannot avoid.
It is never too late to mend. town village
It is too late to shut the barn door
tragedy comedy
after the horse has bolted.
It never rains but it pours. TRUE FALSE
It takes two to tango. to trust to suspect
Justice was never done but someone
U
complained.
Kill 2 birds with one stone. ugliness beauty
beautiful,
handsome
Knowledge is power. ugly
(boys), pretty
(girls)
Lies have short legs. under over
to divide, to
Lies don't travel far. to unite
separate
Like father like son. unity division
Listeners hear no good of themselves. up down
Synonym Opposite
Many hands make light work. upstairs downstairs
Mind your own business. urban rural
Misery loves company. useful useless
Mistakes are often the best teachers. useless useful
Money isn't everything. V
Monkey see monkey do. vacant occupied
More haste less speed. valley mountain
Necessity is the mother of invention. vertical horizontal
Never put off until tomorrow what you
victory defeat
can do today.
No news is good news. village town
No pains - no gains. violent gentle
Not all who own a lyre are lyre-players. visitor host
Once bitten twice shy. voluntary compulsory

One good turn deserves another. vowel consonant
One man's meat is another man's
W
poison.
One swallow doesn't make a summer. war peace
Opportunity makes thieves. warm cool
Out of sight, out of mind. to waste to save
Out of the heat, into the frying pan. water land
powerful,
Payback is a bitch. weak
strong
People who live in glass houses should
wealth poverty
not throw stones.
Practice makes perfect. wealthy poor
Pride comes before the fall. wedding divorce
Promises are made to be kept. well ill
Rats desert the sinking ship. west east
Speech is silver silence is gold. wet dry
to scream, to
Still waters run deep. to whisper
shout
Strike while the iron is hot. white black
Take care of the pennies, and the
whole part
pounds will look after themselves.
The last straw that breaks the camels
wide narrow
back.
The early bird catches the worm. wife husband
The end justifies the means. to win to lose
The pot calling the kettle black. winner loser
The proof of the pudding is in the
winter summer
eating.
There's no fool like an old fool. to work to rest
That's old hat. woman man
Tit for tat. women men
To blow one's own trumpet worse better
Synonym Opposite
To drop a brick worst best
To carry coals to Newcastle. wrong correct, right
Too many cooks spoil the broth. Y
To pull someone's leg yes no
To put the pedal to the metal yesterday tomorrow
To ride shotgun young old
What the eye does not see the heart
cannot grieve over.
When the cat's away the mice
will play.
Where there is a will there is a way.
You can easily fall into your own
trap.
You can't change the habits of a
lifetime.
You can't make an omelette
without breaking eggs.
You can't study on a full stomach.
You can't teach an old dog new
tricks.
When two people quarrel, a third
rejoices.
OUR ACTIVITIES
Every day 7AM 8 AM Meditation

9AM 10 AM Meditation
1830 1930PM Vishnu Sahastranamam
Every Tuesdays 11AM 1230Hrs Vedanta
Every Fridays 4PM 5PM Soundaryalahari
Every Sunday 3PM 6PM Language Club
Every 5th Sunday 3PM 6PM Personality Development
ALL ARE WELCOME
House of Angirasa
# 153, 2nd Main Road, AGs Layout,
Off B.E.L New Road, R.M.V Extn II Stage III Block,
BANGALORE 560 094. +91 0 9243106196
http://comsaripallikumar.spaces.live.com/
An i for an I
Once upon a time there were five friends a, e, i, o and u who decided
to go and live among a race of people called the Consonants. The Consonants
were a rough bunch who rarely got along well with each other. But after the five
friends, who called themselves the Vowels, came to live with them, matters
improved immensely. They forged new bonds between the Consonants and
brought a sense of togetherness to the community. Not longer after, all the
members decided to elect a king from their midst and no one was surprised when
the sensible, modest i emerged as the unanimous choice. Capital! Capital!!
cried the other Vowels in delight as the jeweled crown was placed on the head of
i, who now became I, the emperor of the kingdom of words. I ruled wisely and
well with the help of his four friends who he consulted on all matters As for the
townsfolk, they loved their king so much that whenever they had to speak about
themselves, they would use their good king's name instead. Thus, peace and
harmony prevailed in Worlds.
However, not so long ago, the four friends noticed a change in the attitude
of the people. Curiously, I's subjects seemed to be growing resentful towards
their king. The reason behind this came to light one day when the quarter
received an invitation from a mysterious stranger called Toi. The four Vowels
called at his house that night and returned a few hours later, thoroughly shaken.
Toi had told them that he wasn't happy with the existing state of affairs as it was
unfair. Monarchy is a fading notice, he had explained calmly, A lone individual
should not be invested with all the powers. Toi told them that he had spoken to
the people many times in the last few months and all had agreed with him.
Persuade him to abdicate. It's for the best, he had said gently. And so, to the
citizens' delight, I once again agreed to become i, a commoner. Secretly, he was
quite relieved as he was getting a bit tired of being kind. His friends, too, were
glad to have him back. And Toi? He continued being the silent haringer of
change. The question is, is there a moral in this story? Well even if there is, one
thing's for sure: 'i' wouldn't know.

A 2 Z of English

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A 2 Z of English

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A 2 Z of Language compiled by Amara Brahma Cumar

Life is a self fulfilling prophesy

House of Angirasa # 153, 2nd Main Road, AGs Layout,

This work is dedicated to all

Every day 7AM 8 AM Meditation

ALL ARE WELCOME

To produce more that we consume & To give more than we take

To resist temptations and control the mind Freedom

SUBILANTS S, Sh, Z & Zh

ASPIRATE The sound /h/

Combinations: Consonant & Vowel

One letter words

Two letter words

Three letter words

Four letter words

Five letter words

Day Morning Noon (12) Afternoon Evening Night Mid-night

Anti Meridian (AM) Good Morning < 11:59 AM

Minutes (MM) TO hours Minutes reaching hours 06:50 10MM to 7

15 Minutes = Quarter 30 Minutes = Half

Yesterday Day before Previous First Full Moon

Colours Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange & Red

Shapes Dot, Line, Vertical, Horizontal, Triangle, cone, Square, Rectangle,

Pyramid, cube, cuboid.

Time is divided into three parts:

RHYMES OF PARTS OF THE BODY

Till her fingers were sore, Head

One, two, three, See, see! what shall I see?

Feet There was a man so wise,

Moses supposes his toeses are roses,

My mother called me Good boy,

I put my finger in my ear, What's amazing to tell!

NAMES OF ANIMALS, GENDER NAMES, YOUNGER ONES AND GROUP

Animal / birds / insects & Group of

Alpaca male female cria herd

Antelope buck doe calf herd

Ape male female baby shrewdness

Animal / birds / insects & Group of

Armadillo male female pup -

Badger boar sow kit, cub cete

Bat male female pup colony

Bear boar sow cub sleuth, sloth

Beaver - - pup, kitten colony

Animal / birds / insects & Group of

piglet, shoat, singular,

Camel bull cow calf flock

Cheetah male female cub coalition

chick, pullet flock, brood

Clam - - larva bed

Cockroach - - nymph intrusion

Animal / birds / insects & Group of

Coyote dog bitch pup, whelp pack, rout

Deer buck, stag doe fawn herd, mob

Animal / birds / insects & Group of

Elephant bull cow calf herd, parade

Elk bull cow calf herd, gang

Animal / birds / insects & Group of

Finch cock hen chick charm

Fly - - maggot cloud, swarm

Gerbil buck doe pup horde

Gnat male female larva cloud, horde

Gnu bull cow calf herd

Animal / birds / insects & Group of

doe, herd, tribe,