Prepared by Asst.

Professor Mohammad (AERO)

B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY

Heat Transfer (AE309) B.E.-3(AERO)
Internal Test I (03.01.2014)
Answer all the questions and dont mix-up Part-A with other answers.
Only non-programmable calculator is allowed
Part A (Marks: 5 x 2 = 10)
1. State the main reason of heat transfer to take place?
2. Define internal energy.
3. Which mechanism of the heat transfer involves bulk motion?
4. Write the one-dimensional heat conduction formula in the cylindrical coordinates considering
all the possibilities.
5. Heat transfer at a boundary is 50 W. Write the boundary condition at that boundary.
Part B (Marks: 2 x 20 = 40)
6 (a) (i) Explain the molecular level microscopic view of temperature and explain why (8)
gases have two different specific heat capacities.
(ii) Explain the quantities Enthalpy, Internal energy and Gas constant and (12)
establish relation between them.
(OR)
(b) (i) Explain the difference between Conduction and Convection and write their (8)
heat transfer rate equations.
(ii) Explain what do you understand by one-dimensional heat transfer and give its (12)
conditions. Derive the one-dimensional heat transfer rate equation for a
medium in spherical coordinates.
7 (a) (i) Consider a large plane wall of thickness = 0.06 and thermal (20)
conductivity = 1.25 W/mK in space. The wall is covered with white
porcelain tiles that have emissivity of = 0.85 and a solar absorptivity of =
0.25. The inner surface of wall is maintained at 1 = 303 K, at all times,
while outer surface is exposed to solar radiation that is incident at a rate
of = 850 W/m2. The outer surface is also losing heat by radiation to
deep space at 0 K. Determine the temperature of the outer surface of the wall
and rate of heat transfer through the wall when steady operating conditions
are reached. What would be the new answer if the solar radiation incident on
the wall is stopped?

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(OR)
(b) (i) Consider a medium in which heat conduction equation is given in its simplest (10)
form as:

( ) + ( ) + =

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?
(b) Is heat transfer one, two or three dimensional?
(c) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?
(e) Does the body resembles rectangle, or cylinder or sphere in shape?

(ii) Consider a spherical container of inner radius 1, and outer radius 2 , and (10)
thermal conductivity . Express the boundary conditions on the inner surface
of the container for steady one-dimensional conduction for the following
cases: (a) specified temperature of 500C, (b) specified flux of 30 W/m2
towards the centre, (c) convection to a medium at with a heat transfer
coefficient . Also write the most appropriate equation of heat transfer which
can be used to solve this case.

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Answers
1. The main reason behind heat transfer is the temperature difference.
2. Internal energy is the energy available in the medium at its molecular level in the random motion
of molecules. It is kinetic energy in nature.
3. Convection mechanism of heat transfer involves bulk motion of the medium.
4. One dimensional heat conduction formula considering all the possibilities:
1
( ) + gen =

5. The boundary condition will depend upon the heat transfer mechanism assumed:
For conduction:

= 50

For convection:
( ) = 50
For radiation:
(4
4 )

6. (a) (i) Temperature has direct relevance with the molecular motion of any object. According
to the law of kinetic theory of gases, kinetic energy of anybody is directly associated with the
temperature of the body. These molecules are always in continuous and random motion which can
be associated with the temperature as below:
1 1
2 = 2
2 2
Here is the Boltzmann constant. When some heat is supplied to the body, its temperature gets
heated because at the microscopic level the molecules start moving at higher velocity.
Specific heat capacity of the body is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of the
body of unit mass by unit C. The case of solids and gases, we encounter with only one specific
heat capacity as they are taken as incompressible. In the case of gases we define the concept of
two specific heats 1. Specific heat at constant pressure and 2. Specific heat at constant volume.
We have these two specific heat capacities because the amounts of heat required to raise the
temperature of the body of unit mass at constant temperature are different.
In the case of constant volume entire thermal energy supplied is used to raise the temperature of
the body and hence change the kinetic energy of its molecules. So we also refer it as the internal
energy. On the other hand in the case of constant pressure, the amount of heat supplied is used to
do two jobs 1. Raise the temperature of the body and 2. Work done against the pressure force. This
extra amount of energy is doesnt add directly to the internal energy rather it remains stored in the

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form of potential energy called flow energy. Combinedly internal energy and flow energy are
called as enthalpy.

= ( ) , = ( )
. .
(a) (ii) Enthalpy, internal energy and gas constant:
Internal Energy: Internal energy is the energy available at the molecular level of the substance
in the form of kinetic energy of the random motion of the molecules. It is present even if there is
no bulk motion and a motion in the fluid is observed. It has direct linking of the temperature of
the substance shows to the probe. When the heat is supplied at constant volume, it is internal
energy which accepts the changes.
Enthalpy: Enthalpy is defined as the total thermal content of the substance. Anything which can
be associated with the temperature is accounted in the enthalpy. Part of the heat supplied goes in
raising the temperature of the body by making its molecules move more vigorously and part of it
goes to change the pressure-volume relation. When heat is supplied at constant pressure, it is the
enthalpy which shows the change in it.
Gas constant: It is defined as the constant involved with the ideal gas law which associates all
the three quantities pressure, temperature and volume of any gaseous system together as below:
=
Here volume taken is specific.
Now by definition:
= +
Here is the heat added at the constant pressure, so first it raises the temperature at the constant
volume which changes and then it changes the quantity at constant pressure.
()
= +

From the definition of specific heat constants of gases we know that:

= and =

Also:
()
= =

Considering all the above definition and manipulation of ideal gas law we can write that:
= +
(b) (i) Conduction is a heat transfer mechanism in which heat is transferred by the molecules
random motion when heat at the molecular level is handed over to another molecule or particles
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of the substance. Since gases and liquids have sufficient intermolecular spaces, they move in
random motion and while colliding they transfer their momentum to other molecules thus
transferring the kinetic energy. Since in the solids molecules are held together with large molecular
attraction force, they cant move like in the case of liquids and gases. In them free electron and
vibration of the molecules in the lattice are responsible for the heat transfer through the mechanism
of conduction. In the case of conduction heat transfer rate is given by the Fouriers law of
conduction:

=

On the other hand, convection is the mechanism which involves conduction as while moving
molecules collide to transfer the heat, there is a net molecular translation is also involved. So apart
from molecular level heat transfer, a bulk motion is observed in which region of the hotter area
goes and mixes with the cooler region. Heat transfer rate in the case of convection is given by the
Newtons law of cooling:
= ( )
Where is the surface temperature while is the ambient temperature.
(b) (ii) When heat transfer takes place along only one dimension and only the space variable
along that particular dimension affects the temperature distribution in the medium, the heat
transfer is said to be one dimensional.
Heat transfer in a medium always takes place in all the three spatial dimensions, but when heat
transfer rate in one direction is too large compared to the same along other two dimensions, then
it is safe to call and assume the heat transfer to be one-dimensional.
Let us consider a situation in which a sphere is
conducting heat continuously in the radially outward
direction. This way at any location the total area
normal to the heat transfer will be 4 2. So the heat
transfer area is depending upon only one dimension.
Now we consider a thin spherical shell element
concentric with the original sphere at a distance from
the centre with thickness of the shell to be . Then on
considering the energy balance for the shell thickness
we can write that:
Rate of heat Rate of change
Rate of heat Rate of heat
generation of the energy
( conduction ) ( conduction ) + ( )=( )
inside the content of the
at at +
element element

+ + g, =

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It is one-dimension in space and one-dimension in time problem.

= + = (+ ) = ()(+ )

g, = g = g ()

On substituting these two energy equations in the above energy balance equation:
(+ )
+ + g =

On dividing by on both the sides:

1 + (+ )
+ g =

Now taking the limits with 0 and 0.

1
( ) + g =

1
( ) + g =

Now putting the area = 4 2, we can write the above equation as below. It must be noted here
that only the radial distance is a variable here and all other quantities in the area are constant.

( ) + =

Above is used for the situation with variable conductivity. In the case of constant conductivity:


( )+ =

7. (a) (i) The situation of the given problem is as shown below:

W
= 0.06 m, = 1.25 , = 0.85, = 0.25
mK
W
1 = 303K, = 850 , = 0K,
m2
2 =?, =?
With solar radiation considered:
Situation is as shown in the figure. Only radiation, absorption
and conduction is involved in this case.
Boundary conditions:

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()
(0) = 1 = 303K, = [()4
4 ]


The governing equation in the wall will be a conduction only equation (no heat generation and no
transient condition):
2
=0
2
On integrating the governing equation:

= 1 and = 1 () + 2 ()

From the specified temperature boundary condition, 2 = 1 = 303. Let us assume that
temperature at the exposed boundary is () = 2 . Then:
1 = [2 4
4
]

[2 4
4
]
1 =

0.25 850 0.85 5.67 108 [2 4 0]
1 =

212.5 4.8195 108 2 4
=
1.25
On putting these values in (i) for 2 :
212.5 2.835 109 2 4
2 = [ ] (0.06) + 303
1.25

2 4
2 = 10.2 2.313 ( ) + 303
100
2 4
2 = 313.2 2.313 ( )
100
Above is nonlinear equation which will give hard time to solve analytically. The best way is to
solve it by hit and trial. Since temperature cant be negative, the value of 2 can be have a
maximum value of 2 = 313. Now by using hit and trial we get these values.

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Plot shows that at 2 = 240 it is converging. So we accept this value.

Then can be given by:
2 1 303 240 W
= = 1.25 = 1312.5 2
0.06 m
Note: Convergence is very slow.
(b) (i) For the given equation:
(a) Heat transfer is steady as time derivative term is missing.
(b) Heat transfer is two dimensional as there are two variables.
(c) Heat generation is there in the medium.
(d) Thermal conductivity of the medium is variable thats why it is taken inside the bracket.
(e) The governing equation tells that body resembles to a cylindrical shape object.

(b) (ii) For the given situation:

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The situation is as shown in the figure. The conditions are

specified at the inner boundary, so:
(a) The temperature at the inner surface is given, so we
can write that:
(1 ) = 1 = 50
(b) There is specific flux of 30 W/m2 towards the
centre, so it is conventionally opposite to the radial
dimension.

= = 30

(c) The convection is to medium at , it will be only in the internal region. Sing
convention will not be so important here as it will be taken care off in the conduction
equation.
(1 ) (1 )
(1 ) = ( 1 ) =

(d) It is the case of a spherical body, so the spherical equation for the one dimensional heat
conduction can be utilized with the condition that there is no heat generation and no
transient situation.

( )=

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