MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING DEPT., KOE, IIUM.

My Lord! Advance me in Knowledge and true understanding

Analog Electronics
MCT 3234

Lecture #1:
Operational Amplifier Fundamentals

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

International Islamic University Malaysia
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING DEPT., KOE, IIUM.

Introduction Operational Amplifier

The operational amplifier is one of the most
useful and important components of analog
electronic
Also known as op-amp
Versatile and widely used electronic devices in
linear applications
Why?
Low cost
Easy to use
Versatile
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Introduction
Why analog?

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Why do We Need Analog Electronics?

Analog
Circuitry
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Need for Analog Electronics

Example: Electromyography (EMG) Controlled Mobile Robot

Instrumentation
Input from Bicep Amplifier

Band Pass Filter(50 500Hz)

Precision Rectifier Smoothing Low Pass (0.48Hz

cut off)

EMG analog circuit

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General Purpose Op Amp

Fabrication techniques.
Bipolar Junction Transistor, BJT
Field Effect Transistor, FET
BiMOS

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General Purpose Op Amp

Circuit symbol and terminals of op-amp.

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Simplified Internal Circuitry

3 stages:
Input stage
Differential amplifer
Intermediate stage
Voltage shifter
Output stage

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Simplified Internal Circuitry (cont)

Input Stage
A differential amplifier
Very high input impedance
Very high voltage gain
Amplify the input difference voltage
Intermediate Stage
A level shifter
Shifts the DC voltage
Pass the output of the input stage
to the output stage, largely
unaltered
Output Stage
A push-pull
Very low output impedance

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Packagings & Pin-outs

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Part Identification

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Manufacturer Identification
Letter prefix Manufacturer
AD Analog devices
CA RCA
LM National Semiconductor Corp
MC Motorola
NE/SE Signetics
OP Precision Monolithics
RC/RM Raytheon
SG Silicon General
TL Texas instruments
UA Fairchild

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Constructing an
Op-amp Circuit

Step 1: Keep the power off and the

wires short as possible
Step 2: Wire power +V and V
terminal first
Step 3: Wire all ground leads to one
point; power supply ground
to reduce noise

Step 4: Connect input signal after op amp is powered

Step 5: Take measurement with respect to common point; ex: power supply common or ground
Step 6: Avoid ammeter if possible. Measure voltage then use Ohms law to find current
Step 7: Disconnect input signal before power off the op amp. Otherwise IC may destroy.

Others: - never reverse the polarity of power supply

- never give input signal lager or smaller than the potential +V and V
- never leave input signal when op amp is without power
- if needed, connect 0.1F capacitors across +V and V to power supply to reduce noise
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Op-amp Terminals
Power supply terminals
Labeled +V and V
Connected to the power supply
Mostly bipolar, e.g. 15V. Some allows single-polarity
Output terminal
Only one output (called single-ended output)
Upper limit = positive saturation voltage +Vsat, e.g. +14V
Lower limit = negative saturation voltage Vsat, e.g. -13V
Symmetrical peak-to-peak = 13V
MOS technology, saturation voltages are within millivolt to supply
voltage

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Op-amp Terminals (cont.)

Input terminals
Labeled + and , for non-inverting and inverting inputs respectively
Differential input terminals
Tiny input bias current
Small offset voltage (imbalance)

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Ideal Op Amp
Ideal op amp:
Infinite gain
Infinite input
resistances
Zero output
resistance

Golden rule #1 : V- =V+ (virtual short)

(applies only when some form of negative feedback exists)
Golden rule #2 : IB- = IB+ = 0 (infinite input impedance Rin 10^12 )
Golden rule #3 : Output impedance Ro is essentially zero, (Ro 1 )
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Actual Op Amp
Power supply terminals and output terminal

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Ideal vs Actual

Ideal Actual
Input impedance Infinity Very high
Output impedance Zero Low
Offset Voltage Zero Low
Voltage gain Infinity Very high

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Open-loop voltage gain

Definition: The voltage gain when the connection between the
output and input is left open
Output voltage = differential input voltage x open-loop gain

Differential Input Voltage

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Application: Zero-crossing detectors aka

comparators

Inverting ?

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Positive and negative voltage level

detectors (comparator)
Positive voltage level detector

Inverting ?

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Positive and negative voltage level

detectors
Negative voltage level detector

Inverting ?

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Summary
Why Analog?
Introduction to Operational Amplifiers
A few applications

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Practice Questions
All from Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 (4, 5,8,11,13,14,16,19)
Read other Op Amps applications in Chapter 2, especially the
interfacing to computers/microprocessors

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