Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by
Ms. JAYASHREE.H
(Reg.No 113015631018)
Of
A REPORT
Submitted to
October, 2016
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DATE CHAPTE SIGN
PARTICULARS NO
R
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
1.4 WEATHER 4
SOCIAL COMMUNICATION
CAREER PLAN
2.1 6
INTERVIEW
2.2 7
2
LOADING A COMPLAIN OVER PHONE
2.3 9
SAVE GIRL CHILD
2.4 10
TSUNAMI
2.5 11
GROUP\MASS COMMUNICATION
DEBATE
3 3.1 13
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
3.2 18
INTEGRATED SPEAKING AND
PRESENTATION SKILLS
4 4.1 INTERSTING PROGRAMME ON TV 20
4.2 POWER POINT PRESENTATION 25
5 EMPLOYABILITY AND CORPORATE
SKILLS
LEADERSHIP
5.1 31
5.2 DECISION MAKING SKILLS 37
2
TIME MANAGEMENT
5.3 42
CHAPTER 1
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
A: Certainly. You know news paper is called the store house of knowledge.
B: Yeah you are right. Without reading newspaper we cant know about the world.
A: They who dont read news paper remain frogs of the well. Because they dont know the
current affairs of the country and world.
B: At the same time newspapers contain articles related to our study. They are very helpful.
A: I like the general knowledge section and literary articles. Sometimes I send my writings to
news paper.
B: Thats very good. News paper upholds peoples view, too. I have to go now.
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B: Bye.
A: I would like to make an appointment to see the doctor as soon as possible please.
B: Am sorry the doctor is very busy today, but he is free tomorrow morning. Is 9am all right
for you?
A: Yes, that is fine thanks I will there at 9, thank you for your time.
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1.3 ASKING FOR DIRECTION
A: Hello, Hi buddy.
A: Please could you tell me the easiest way of getting to your house?
B: Ok. Just come straight and turn left there will be a library. Turn right to it and take the
straight road. My house is at the end of that straight road
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1.4. WEATHER
Zafi: I am fine too. Have you noticed that this is the month of November but still there is no
cold?
Zarif: Yes, we are still keeping our fans on. But what is the cause of such an capricious
behavior of weather?
Zafi: It is only climate change for which we are noticing capricious behavior of weather.
Zafi: No, I have seen in the newspapers that many countries are experiencing severe cold.
Zarif: But there are many countries which are experiencing severe heat too.
Zarif: You are right. I have also read in the newspapers that due to climate change global
Zafi: Exactly! Due to global warming the ice caps are melting and the sea levels are rising.
Zarif: As a result, various natural calamities are taking place frequently in different parts of
the world.
Zafi: You are right. And it is only men who are mainly responsible for all disasters around the
world.
Zarif: I also think so. Indiscriminate cutting down of trees and establishing industries on a
Zafi: Exactly! Mankind must be serious from now. Otherwise, we will have to face a very
threatening situation.
6
1.5 PSYCHOMETRIC TEST
Ram: It is a part of recruitment process, which helps to determine whether the candidate is
suitable for a particular role.
Ram: They are structured pencil and paper or computer based test.
Ram: Not really dad, it varies depending upon the company profile and job role as well.
Ram: Based on answering the psychometric test, the personality, attitude, behaviour etc of a
candidate is evaluated
Ram: Also it is easier to get information for the candidate through test rather than through
interview
Father: Well it reduces time and cost of hiring as the test help in segregating the grain from
the husk at the initial stage itself. Am I right?
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CHAPTER -2
SOCIAL COMMUNICATION
Jatin- Ive a natural bent for mechanical occupations. So I want to be an engineer. Especially
so, because our country now needs engineers in large numbers for nations-building and
defense works. What are you going to do, Naren?
Naren- You know, my father is a doctor. He likes that I should take up that profession. What
do you think of that, Jatin ?
Jatin- Well, in choosing a career, you see whether it suits your temperament. If you like it,
you should certainly take up this profession, particularly when your father himself belongs to
that profession. That will help you much. Isnt it?
Naren- quite So. I like to be doctor, but want to go my native village and treat the people for
normal fee. Most of them are poor. They die without proper medical aid.
Naren- But father does not like it. He wants to be with him. That will no doubt help me to
earn a lot of money. But my ideal is to render service to my village. My revered teacher,
Binode Babu, encouraged us in our school days to render service to the poor. Ive imbibed
that idea and now I want put in to practice.
Jatin- In that case you should persuade your father to allow you to follow your ideal. And
hell surey do it. He has the large heart and helps the poor.
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2.2 INTERVIEW
Interviewer: Hi, good morning! Yes, Mr. Sampson, please sit down. Thank you for coming.
Now, could I just get some basic information from you first? Please? Your name is,uh, Garth
Sampson?
I: s-a-m-s
S: Yes.
S: Yes, right.
S: GSampson@coolmail.ca...
I: @coolmail.ca
S: and 090-555-6269
S: Yes, I am.
I: Good. OK, thats all I really need right now. Now, you said youll be getting your bachelors
in computer science. Why did you choose that field?
S: Oh, wow, Ive never thought of any other career for myself. Ive always been into
computers. Ever since I was in elementary school. My father bought me my first one, a used,
uh, apple Mackintosh, when I was eleven years old, and Ive been sitting in front of a
computer ever since.
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I, uh, got interested in how they work, you know, and well, I kind of tore that old Mac SE
apart
S: (laughs) No, Im afraid not! I made a real mess of the Mac. Im, Im all thumbs, actually-
but it satisfied by curiosity. Im more interested in software programming now.
I: Well, we certainly always have a need for good programmers. What programming courses
have you taken here?
S: Actually, I didnt, uh, start here at UBC. I transferred in from Corolla College. Its a
community college. I took their two-year diploma in computing. I had Visual Basic and
COBOL there.
S: Oh, good! Those courses were really exciting for me. I got as in both of them. And, um,
then here at UBC, Ive taken Oracle and C-and-C++ programming. So I think Ive got a solid
background in computer languages now.
I: And If you will just come to the main reception- here, at this address- and ask fro me, thats
Ed freeberg- theyll let me know youre there, and Ill come down and get you.
I: And thanks for coming in to see us. You may have a great future with IT solutions.
S: Goodbye.
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2.3 LOADING A COMPLAIN OVER PHONE
A: Good morning. Thanks for calling MTS customer care. How may I help you?
B: Thanks. I am Sharmili, calling from avadi. Need to lodge a complaint regarding the speeds
A: We are sorry for the inconvenience caused. May I have the data card number please
B: Oh sure, it is 8125447645.
B: Yes, you are right. Since then I am not experiencing promised speeds
A: Please forgive for that. I logged the call on your complaint and the reference number is
94786. You will have an associate coming to your residence to check on this in 24hours.
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2.4 SAVE GIRL CHILD
Nelly: My name is Nelly. Nice to meet you. No, Ive been here for a while.
Nelly: Im from Greece, but Ive lived in this area for a long time. You?
Nina: No, there are just five of us-me, my sister, my brother and my parents. What about
you?
Nina: Oh, thats nice. What do you usually do in your free time? Do you have any hobbies?
Nelly: I love hanging out with my friends or stay at home and read a good book. I dont have
a lot of hobbies. I enjoy playing volleyball What about you?
Nelly: So do I!
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2.5 TSUNAMI
Sir: Students, Let us have a question session tsunami.
Student 1: The name Tsunami, from the Japanese words tsu meaning harbour and name
meaning wave is now used internationally to describe a series of waves travelling across the
ocean. These waves have extremely long wavelengths, up to hundreds of kilometres between
wave crests in the deep ocean.
Student 2: In the past, tsunamis have been referred to as Tidal waves or Seismic sea
waves. The term tidal wave is misleading. Even though a tsunamis impact upon a coastline
is dependent on the tidal level at the time of the moon, sun and planets. The term seismic sea
wave is also misleading. Seismic implies earthquakes are only one of several ways that a
tsunami can be generated. Tsunami can also be caused by events such as underwater
landslides, volcanic eruptions, land slumping in to the ocean, meteorite impacts, or even the
weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly.
Student 3: The most common cause of tsunamis is an undersea earthquake that results in a
sudden rise or fall of a section of the earths crust under or near the ocean. This earthquake
creates an explosive vertical motion that can displace the overlying water column creating a
rise or fall in the level of the ocean above. This rise or fall in sea level is the initial impulse
that generates a tsunami wave.
Sir: Great going, most major tsunamis are produced by earthquakes with magnitudes greater
than?
Student 5: The speeds of tsunami in open oceans can reach up to 966 Km/hr, sir. Really
terrible.
Sir: What should I do if I notice the warning signs or hear a warning from any local
emergency services?
Student 6:
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If you are on the coast and cannot move inland, seek shelter in the upper levels of a
stable building.
Sir: Its good that you all are aware of tsunami. Lets see you tomorrow. Have s great day
students!!
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CHAPTER 3
GROUP\MASS COMMUNICATION
3.1 DEBATE
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Informal and forum debate is relatively common, shown by TV shows such as the
Australian talk show, the quality and depth of a debate improves with the knowledge and
skills of its participants as debaters. The outcome of a contest may be decided by audience
vote, by judges, or by some combination of the two. Debating can be competitive or for fun.
HISTORY
Although debating in various forms has a long history, and can be traced back to the
philosophical and political debates of Ancient Greece, such as Athenian democracy, modern
forms of debating and the establishment of debating societies occurred during the Age of
Enlightenment in the 18th century. Debating teams are often helpful to high school students in
teaching the writing process, as well as in teaching rhetoric.[neutrality is disputed]
Debating societies emerged in London in the early eighteenth century, and soon
became a prominent fixture of national life. The origins of these societies are not certain in
many cases however, by the mid-18th century, London fostered an active debating society
culture. Debating topics covered a broad spectrum of topics while the debating societies
allowed participants from both genders and all social backgrounds, making them an excellent
example of the enlarged public sphere of the Age of Enlightenment. Debating societies were
a phenomenon associated with the simultaneous rise of the public sphere, a sphere of
discussion separate from traditional authorities and accessible to all people that acted as a
platform for criticism and the development of new ideas and philosophy.
John Henley, a clergyman, founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal purpose of
"reforming the manner in which such public presentations should be performed." He made
extensive use of the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory, making it an
omnipresent part of the London public sphere. Henley was also instrumental in constructing
the space of the debating club: he added two platforms to his room in the Newport district of
London to allow for the staging of debates, and structured the entrances to allow for the
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collection of admission. These changes were further implemented when Henley moved his
enterprise to Lincoln's Inn Fields. The public was now willing to pay to be entertained, and
Henley exploited this increasing commercialization of British society. By the 1770s, debating
societies were firmly established in London society.
The year 1785 was pivotal: The Morning Chronicle announced on March 27:
The Rage for public debate now shows itself in all quarters of the metropolis.
Exclusive of the oratorical assemblies at Carlisle House, Free-mason's Hall, the Forum,
Spring Gardens, the Casino, the Mitre Tavern and other polite places of debating rendezvous,
we hear that new Schools of Eloquence are preparing to be opened in St. Giles, Clare-Market,
Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Duke's Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the
Borough.
In 1780, 35 differently named societies advertised and hosted debates for anywhere
between 650 and 1200 people. The question for debate was introduced by a president or
moderator who proceeded to regulate the discussion. Speakers were given set amounts of
time to argue their point of view, and, at the end of the debate, a vote was taken to determine
a decision or adjourn the question for further debate. Speakers were not permitted to slander
or insult other speakers, or diverge from the topic at hand, again illustrating the value placed
on politeness by late 18th century debaters.
The first student debating society was the St Andrews Debating Society, formed in
1794 as the Literary Society. The Cambridge Union Society was founded in 1815, and is the
oldest continually operating debating society in the World.[13]
The Cambridge Society served as a model for the subsequent foundation of similar
societies at several other prominent universities, including the Union and the Yale Political
Union.
In jurisdictions which elect holders of high political office such as president or prime
minister, candidates sometimes debate in public, usually during a general election campaign.
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Since the 1976 general election, debates between presidential candidates have been a
part of U.S. presidential campaigns. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or collegiate
level, the participants, format, and rules are not independently defined. Nevertheless, in a
campaign season heavily dominated by television advertisements, talk radio, sound bites,
and spin, they still offer a rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the major candidates
side by side. The format of the presidential debates, though defined differently in every
election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants to
ask each other questions and restricting discussion of particular topics to short time frames.
The presidential debates were initially moderated in 1976, 1980, 1984 by the League
of Women Voters, but the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) was established in
1987 by the Republican and Democratic parties. The presidential debate's primary purpose is
to sponsor and produce debates for the United States presidential and vice presidential
candidates and to undertake research and educational activities relating to the debates. [citation
needed]
The organization, which is a non-profit, nonpartisan corporation, sponsored all of the
presidential debates in 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004.
However, in announcing its withdrawal from sponsoring the debates, the League of
Women Voters stated that it was withdrawing "because the demands of the two campaign
organizations would perpetrate a fraud on the American voter." In 2004, the Citizens' Debate
Commission was formed in the hope of establishing an independent sponsor for presidential
debates, with a more voter-centric role in the definition of the participants, format, and rules.
COMPETITIVE DEBATING
In competitive debates, teams compete against each other and are judged the winner by a list
of criteria that is usually based around the concepts of "content, style and strategy". There are
many different styles of competitive debating, organizations and rules. One purpose is to train
and educate young people who may in future be required to debate and resolve matters.
Competitive debating is carried out at the local, national, and international level.[16]
In schools and colleges, competitive debating often takes the form of a contest with explicit
rules. It may be presided over by one or more judges or adjudicators. Both sides seek to win
against the other while following the rules. One side is typically in favor of (also known as
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"for", "Affirmative", or "Pro") or opposed to (also known as "against", "Negative", "Con") a
statement, proposition, moot or Resolution. The "for" side must debate points that will
support the proposition; the "against" side must refute these arguments sufficiently to warrant
not adopting the proposition; the "against" side are not required to propose any alternative.
Online debating
With the increasing popularity and availability of the Internet, differing opinions arise
frequently. Though they are often expressed via flaming and other forms of argumentation,
which consist primarily of assertions, formalized debating websites do exist. The debate style
varies from site to site, with local communities and cultures developing. Some sites promote
a contentious atmosphere that can border on "flaming" (the personal insult of your opponent,
also known as a type of ad hominem fallacy), while others strictly police such activities and
strongly promote independent research and more structured arguments.
Rule sets on various sites usually serve to enforce or create the culture envisioned by
the site's owner, or in some more open communities, the community itself. Policing post
content, style, and structure combine with frequent use of "reward" systems (such as
reputation, titles, and forum permissions) to promote activities seen as productive while
discouraging unwelcomed actions. These cultures vary sufficiently that most styles can find a
home. Some online debate communities and forums practice Policy Debate through uploaded
speeches and preset word counts to represent time limits present in physical debate. These
virtual debates typically feature long periods of theoretical prep time, as well as the ability to
research during a round.
Originally most debate sites were little more than online or bulletin boards. Since then site-
specific development has become increasingly common in facilitating different debate styles.
Examples of more established sites include the Online Debate Network, Debate.org, and
Create Debate. Certain other sites have tended to be based on various debating niches - for
instance, Naqeshny arose in Egypt out of the Arab Spring movement, Meevsu is based on the
emerging technology of live video debate, and edeb8 has a focus on emulating the real-world
debating experience.
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Debate for Change is a new voice-based debate platform, where debaters face
opponents from around the world in the presence of a moderator, who decides the winner.
Participants receive points and worldwide rankings on the basis of their debate wins.
An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. In
common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation with one person
acting in the role of the interviewer and the other in the role of the interviewee. The
interviewer asks questions, the interviewee responds, with participants taking turns talking.
Interviews usually involve a transfer of information from interviewee to interviewer, which is
usually the primary purpose of the interview, although information transfers can happen in
both directions simultaneously. One can contrast an interview which involves bi-
directional communication with a one-way flow of information, such as a speech or oration.
Interviews usually take place face to face and in person, although modern
communications technologies such as the Internet have enabled conversations to happen in
which parties are separated geographically, such as with videoconferencing software,[2] and of
course telephone interviews can happen without visual contact. Interviews almost always
involve spoken conversation between two or more parties, although in some instances a
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"conversation" can happen between two persons who type questions and answers back and
forth. Interviews can range from unstructured or free-wheeling and open-ended conversations
in which there is no predetermined plan with prearranged questions, to
highly structured conversations in which specific questions occur in a specified order. They
can follow diverse formats; for example, in a ladder interview, a respondent's answers
typically guide subsequent interviews, with the object being to explore a
respondent's subconscious motives. Typically the interviewer has some way of recording the
information that is gleaned from the interviewee, often by writing with a pencil and paper,
sometimes transcribing with a video or audio recorder, depending on the context and extent
of information and the length of the interview. Interviews have a duration in time, in the sense
that the interview has a beginning and an ending.
There are many types of interviews that an organization can arrange. It depends on the
objectives of taking the interview. Some important types of interviews are stated below:
Often companies request an initial telephone interview before inviting you in for a
face to face meeting in order to get a better understanding of the type of candidate you are.
The one benefit of this is that you can have your notes out in front of you. You should do just
as much preparation as you would for a face to face interview, and remember that your first
impression is vital. Some people are better meeting in person than on the phone, so make sure
that you speak confidently, with good pace and try to answer all the questions that asked.
The Face-to-Face Interview
This can be a meeting between you and one member of staff or even two members.
The Panel Interview
Several candidates are present at this type of interview. You will be asked to interact
with each other by usually a group discussion. You might even be given a task to do as a
team, so make sure you speak up and give your opinion.
The Sequential Interview
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These are several interviews in turn with a different interviewer each time. Usually,
each interviewer asks questions to test different sets of competencies. However, if you are
asked the same questions, just make sure you answer each one as fully as the previous time.
The Lunch / Dinner Interview
This type of interview gives the employer a chance to assess your communication and
interpersonal skills as well as your table manners! So make sure you order wisely (no
spaghetti Bolognese) and make sure you dont spill your drink (non-alcoholic of course!).
All these types of interviews can take on different question formats, so once youve
checked with your potential employer which type of interview youll be attending, get
preparing!
CHAPTER 4
1. Silicon Valley
With Silicon Valley, the alternate world of start-ups and entrepreneurship crosses over to
mainstream television. It shows how innovation has become an essential part of our lives.
This show is about six nerdy individuals and their struggles while launching Pied Piper'. On
the other side, theres Holy with their copy-cat product Nuclease.
Why is it a must watch? Because you learn about innovation, perseverance, entrepreneurship,
funding and techie world with a squeeze of satire and humour.
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2. Game of Thrones
The sheer number of powerful and strong characters playing off against each other is
marvelous. The show explores the complex human psyche, with each character reflecting
their own agendas. You cannot sympathies with one character because none of them are
perfect. Every time you expect something, the storyline veers off to unexpected directions --
just like your expectations from job and career.
3. Mad Men
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4. Yudh
Not often do you come across a gripping script with brilliant actors on Indian television. The
miniseries (20 episodes) follows the journey of successful business man Yudhisthir Sikarwar
(Amitabh Bachchan) who wants to venture into mining industry. Amidst all this, the
protagonist is diagnosed with Huntington's disease. This story focuses on corporate rivalries,
hiccups in business plans and emotional turmoil of the protagonist. Reminds us of the eternal
turmoil between career success vs family happiness
5. The Apprentice
The American reality game show has been called as The Ultimate Job Interview by many.
Each season starts with a group of aspirants, aiming to win the final prize. The participants
are divided in two competitive groups and perform the allocated tasks which could range
from pitching an idea to selling on the road. The show teaches team-building, innovative
approaches to business management, how to manage seed capital, developing new business
strategies and so on. Thanks to the series, the dialogue You're fired! has now achieved
legendary status. The show has been made in various countries.
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6. The Office
This popular comedy has been made and re-made in various countries. The plot is simple
the daily routine of office employees. Except, its not that simple. Bizarre situations and
weird conditions end up making it a laughing riot. But there are lessons to be learnt here
teamwork, office code of conduct, how get that promotion and many more.
7. Master Chef
If you think, Master Chef is all about cooking and fine dining think again. Remember, the
famous pressure test? This show teaches you how to handle high pressure situations. And
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thats not all. The show focuses a lot on teamwork at grassroots level. An ideal way to learn
team management with some gourmet cooking.
8. Yes Minister
This satirical comedy tracks the daily jobs of three characters: Jim Hacker (Minister of
Administrative Affairs), his permanent secretary Sir Humphrey Appleby and his private
secretary Bernard Woolley. The serial revolves around how Hacker presents new proposals
but is constantly overturned by Appleby and vice versa. Rated as one of the best comedies
ever, the episodes present how to build or break a case with strong and witty arguments. It is
also a quick guide on how to deal with every situation at work.
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9. Breaking Bad
Innovation is the first word that comes to you mind while describing this series innovation
and career makeover. A simple chemistry teacher along with his favourite student undergo a
complete transformation, taking up crime as a career. The significant skills and experience
this duo build up on the way of transformation is overwhelmingly good. And thats not all.
How to adapt communication according to situation while thinking on your feet is a lesson
better learnt while watching this series.
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4.2 POWER POINT PRESENTATION
Microsoft PowerPoint is a slide show presentation program currently developed by
Microsoft, for use on both Microsoft and Apple Macintosh operating systems. PowerPoint,
initially named "Presenter", was created by Forethought Inc.. Microsoft's version of
PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22, 1990, as a part of the Microsoft Office suite.
PowerPoint is useful for helping develop the slide-based presentation format and is currently
one of the most commonly used slide-based presentation programs available. Microsoft has
also released the PowerPoint mobile application for use on Apple and Android mobile
operating systems.
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History
Originally designed for the Macintosh computer, the initial release was called "Presenter",
developed by Thomas Rudkin and Dennis Austin [3] of Forethought, Inc. In 1987, it was
renamed to "PowerPoint" due to problems with trademarks, the idea for the name coming
from Robert Gaskins. By then some experts believed that "desktop presentations", using
computers to create flip charts and overhead transparencies, could become as large a market
as desktop publishing. That year Forethought was bought by Microsoft for $14 million
($29.2 million in present-day terms), and became Microsoft's Graphics Business Unit, which
continued to develop the software further. Microsoft's version of PowerPoint was officially
launched on May 22, 1990, the same day that Microsoft released Windows 3.0.PowerPoint
introduced many new changes with the release of PowerPoint 97. It incorporated the Visual
Basic for Applications (VBA) language, underlying all macro generation in Office
97.PowerPoint 2000 (and the rest of the Office 2000 suite) introduced a clipboard that could
hold multiple objects at once, and the Office Assistant was made less intrusive. PowerPoint
2002 massively overhauled the animation engine, allowing users to create more advanced and
custom animations. PowerPoint 2011 makes it possible to remove image backgrounds, and
provides additional special effects for pictures, such as 'Pencil effects. As of 2012, various
versions of PowerPoint claim ~95% of the presentation software market share, with
installations on at least 1 billion computers. Among presenters world-wide, this program is
used at an estimated frequency of 350 times per second
Operation
PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of individual pages or "slides". The "slide"
analogy is a reference to the slide projector. Slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies,
and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed
live on a computer, or navigated through at the command of the presenter. For larger
audiences the computer display is often a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of
webcasts.
1. Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what
PowerPoint calls Custom Animations.
2. Transitions, on the other hand, are movements between slides. These can be animated
in a variety of ways.
3. Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to
enter, exit or move.
PowerPoint provides numerous features that offer flexibility and the ability to create a
professional presentation. One of the features provides the ability to create a presentation that
includes music which plays throughout the entire presentation or sound effects for particular
slides. In addition to the ability to add sound files, the presentation can be designed to run,
29
like a movie, on its own. PowerPoint allows the user to record the slide show with narration
and a pointer. The user may customize slide shows to show the slides in a different order than
originally designed and to have slides appear multiple times. Microsoft also offers the ability
to broadcast the presentation to specific users via a link and Windows Live.
Cultural impact
The benefit of PowerPoint is continually debated, though most people believe that the benefit
may be to present structural presentations to business workers, such as Raytheon Elcan does.
Its use in classroom lectures has influenced investigations of PowerPoint's effects on student
performance in comparison to lectures based on overhead projectors, traditional lectures, and
online lectures. There are no compelling results to prove or disprove that PowerPoint is more
effective for learner retention than traditional presentation methods. Statistician and designer
Edward Tufte suggests that as PowerPoint on its own has limited ability to present complex
tables and graphics, a better approach is to provide the audience with printed data and a
written report for them to read at the start of the meeting, before leading them through the
report with a talk. He noted that after the Columbia disaster, a report on the accident
recommended that PowerPoint should never be used as the sole method for presenting
scientific material.
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part of the culture of the military, but is regarded as a poor decision-making tool. As a result,
some generals, such as Brigadier-General Herbert McMaster, have banned the use of
PowerPoint in their operations. In September 2010, Colonel Lawrence Sellin was fired from
his post at the ISAF for publishing a piece critical of the over-dependence of military staffs
on the presentation method and bloated bureaucracy.
Artistic medium
Musician David Byrne has been using PowerPoint as a medium for art for years, producing a
book and DVD and showing at galleries his PowerPoint-based artwork. The expressions
"PowerPoint Art" or "pptArt" are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic movement
which believes that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of inspiration
for the artist.
PowerPoint Viewer
Microsoft Office PowerPoint Viewer is a program used to run presentations on computers
that do not have PowerPoint installed. Office PowerPoint Viewer (or in PowerPoint 2007 and
later, a link to a viewer download) is added by default to the same disk or network location
that contains one or more presentations packaged by using the Package for CD feature.
PowerPoint Viewer is installed by default with a Microsoft Office 2003 installation for use
with the Package for CD feature. The PowerPoint Viewer file is also available for download
from the Microsoft Office Online Web site. Presentations password-protected for opening or
modifying can be opened by PowerPoint Viewer. The Package for CD feature allows
packaging any password-protected file or setting a new password for all packaged
presentations. PowerPoint Viewer prompts for a password if the file is open password-
protected. PowerPoint Viewer supports opening presentations created using PowerPoint 97
and later. In addition, it supports all file content except OLE objects and scripting.
PowerPoint Viewer is currently only available for computers running on Microsoft Windows.
1. Identify Audience
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world, but, if the slide content doesnt connect, it wont matter.It important to sit down and
think about what your audience needs to know. That means boiling down big concepts to
their base in a way that engages the viewer. In his video series, Chan uses the example of the
enhanced version of President Obamas State of the Union Address last year. During the
presentation, the President used graphics showing how he improved job numbers during his
presidency. The graphics were a good visual for an audience that thinks the job market is a
major political issue. A recent Gallup poll found that jobs and unemployment was the biggest
issue facing the country. According to the poll, one in four Americans believes job growth is
the number one issues in need of solving.
2. Keep it Simple
Now that you know what you want to say, its time to figure how youre going to say it. The
easiest route to share information is to keep it simple. Or as they say in the design world,
Keep it simple, stupid.Keep it simple, stupid (K.I.S.S.) is a design principle that was
created in the US Navy in the 1960s. Simply, the principle says that simplicity in design will
have a greatest impact on a viewer.
For presentations, that means bringing slides down to their bare essentials. Its easy to throw
every idea into a PowerPoint, but its important to not overwhelm your audience. By keeping
your slides simple, you can easily guide your audience to the point youre trying to make.
We all get stupid by putting too many things on [a slide], adds Chan.
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Technically, this is tip 2.1. The 10-20-30 guidelines are really just a way to follow the
K.I.S.S. principle. They lay out the secret to creating a great PowerPoint slide in three simple
steps:
Start-up guru Guy Kawasaki invented the guidelines. He leveraged his years of experience
pitching investors to show what a great presentation looks like. He believes that the
guidelines force presenters to keep it simple and know their stuff. However, rules are made to
be broken. Chan says in his video series that a great presenter can break the rules (he even
does it in the videos).
Whenever you break these rules, you better have a good reason. I do it because I want the
picture to stand by itself, reports Chan
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CHAPTER 5
EMPLOYABILITY AND CORPORATE SKILLS
5.1 LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP
Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an
individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations.
Higher levels of physical power, need to display power and control others, force
superiority, ability to generate fear, or group-member's need for a powerful group
protector (Primal Leadership)
Superior mental energies, superior motivational forces, perceivable in communication
and behaviours, lack of fear, courage, determination (Psycho energetic Leadership)
Higher abilities in managing the overall picture (Macro-Leadership)
Higher abilities in specialized tasks (Micro-Leadership)
Higher ability in managing the execution of a task (Project Leadership)
Higher level of values, wisdom, and spirituality (Spiritual Leadership), where any
Leader derives its Leadership from a unique mix of one or more of the former
factors".
MANAGEMENT OF LEADERSHIP
Over the years the philosophical terminology of "management" and "leadership" have, in the
organizational context, been used both as synonyms and with clearly differentiated meanings.
Debate is fairly common about whether the use of these terms should be restricted, and
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generally reflects an awareness of the distinction made by Burns (1978) between
"transactional" leadership
GROUP OF LEADERSHIP
Some organizations have taken this approach in hopes of increasing creativity, reducing costs,
or downsizing.
Others may see the traditional leadership of a boss as costing too much in team performance.
In some situations, the team members best able to handle any given phase of the project
become the temporary leaders.
Additionally, as each team member has the opportunity to experience the elevated level of
empowerment, it energizes staff and feeds the cycle of success.
Good leaders use their own inner mentors to energize their team and organizations and lead a
team to achieve success
MYTHS ON LEADERSHIP
Leadership, although largely talked about, has been described as one of the least understood
concepts across all cultures and civilizations.
Over the years, many researchers have stressed the prevalence of this misunderstanding,
stating that the existence of several flawed assumptions, or myths, concerning leadership
often interferes with individuals' conception of what leadership is all about.
LEADERSHIP IS INNATE:
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Thus, effective leadership can result from nature (i.e., innate talents) as well as nurture
The validity of the assertion that groups flourish when guided by effective leaders can be
illustrated using several examples.
For instance, according to Baumeister et al. (1988), the bystander effect (failure to respond
or offer assistance) that tends to develop within groups faced with an emergency is
significantly reduced in groups guided by a leader.
Moreover, it has been documented that group performance, creativity and efficiency all tend
to climb in businesses with designated managers or CEOs.
However, the difference leaders make is not always positive in nature. Leaders sometimes
focus on fulfilling their own agendas at the expense of others, including his/her own
followers
(e.g.,Pol Pot; Josef Stalin). Leaders who focus on personal gain by employing stringent and
manipulative leadership styles often make a difference, but usually do so through negative
means.
In Western cultures it is generally assumed that group leaders make all the difference when it
comes to group influence and overall goal-attainment.
Although common, this romanticized view of leadership (i.e., the tendency to overestimate
the degree of control leaders have over their groups and their groups' outcomes) ignores the
existence of many other factors that influence group dynamics.
Despite preconceived notions, not all groups need have a designated leader.
Groups that are primarily composed of women, are limited in size, are free from stressful
decision-making, or only exist for a short period of time
(e.g., student work groups; pub quiz/trivia teams) often undergo a diffusion of responsibility,
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where leadership tasks and roles are shared amongst members.
This "need for a leader" becomes especially strong in troubled groups that are experiencing
some sort of conflict.
Group members tend to be more contented and productive when they have a leader to guide
them. Although individuals filling leadership roles can be a direct source of resentment for
followers, most people appreciate the contributions that leaders make to their groups and
consequently welcome the guidance of a leader.
LEADERSHIP STYLES:
There are many different leadership styles proposed by various authors, that can be exhibited
by leaders in the political, business or other fields.
2 BROAD CATEGORIES
Authoritarian
Paternalistic
Democratic
Laissez-faire
Transactional
AUTHORITARIAN
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The authoritarian leadership style keeps main emphasis on the distinction of the authoritarian
leader and their followers, these types of leaders make sure to only create a distinct
professional relationship.
Authoritarian leadership styles often follow the vision of those that are in control, and may
not necessarily be compatible with those that are being led.
Authoritarian leaders have a focus on efficiency, as other styles, such as a democratic style,
may be seen as a hindrance on progress.
Examples of authoritarian leadership are the wrong type of information that can be edited
communicative behaviour: a police officer directing traffic, a teacher ordering a student to do
his or her assignment, and a supervisor instructing a subordinate to clean a workstation. All of
these positions require a distinct set of characteristics that give the leader the position to get
things in order or get a point across. Authoritarian Traits: sets goals individually, engages
primarily in one-way and downward communication, controls discussion with followers, and
dominate interaction.
PATERNALISTIC
The way a paternalistic leader works is by acting as a father figure by taking care of their
subordinates as a parent would. In this style of leadership the leader supplies complete
concern for his followers or workers.
In return he receives the complete trust and loyalty of his people. Workers under this style of
leader are expected to become totally committed to what the leader believes and will not
strive off and work independently.
The relationship between these co-workers and leader are extremely solid.
The workers are expected to stay with a company for a longer period of time because of the
loyalty and trust.
Not only do they treat each other like family inside the work force, but outside too. These
workers are able to go to each other with any problems they have regarding something
because they believe in what they say is going to truly help them.
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DEMOCRATIC
The democratic leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities
with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by
practicing social equality.
Honest Display sincerity, integrity, and candour in all your actions. Deceptive
behaviour will not inspire trust.
Competent Base your actions on reason and moral principles. Do not make
decisions based on childlike emotional desires or feelings.
Forward-looking Set goals and have a vision of the future. The vision must be
owned throughout the organization. Effective leaders envision what they want and how to
get it. They habitually pick priorities stemming from their basic values.
Inspiring Display confidence in all that you do. By showing endurance in mental,
physical, and spiritual stamina, you will inspire others to reach for new heights. Take
charge when necessary.
Fair-minded Show fair treatment to all people. Prejudice is the enemy of justice.
Display empathy by being sensitive to the feelings, values, interests, and well-being of
others.
Straightforward Use sound judgment to make a good decisions at the right time.
Imaginative Make timely and appropriate changes in your thinking, plans, and
methods. Show creativity by thinking of new and better goals, ideas, and solutions to
problems. Be innovative!
LAISSEZ FAIRE
The laissez-faire leadership style is where all the rights and power to make decisions is fully
given to the worker.
This was first described by White in 1939, along with the autocratic leadership and the
democratic leadership styles.
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This is an effective style to use when:
Followers have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own.
The leader cannot or will not provide regular feedback to their followers.
TRANSACTIONAL
Transactional leaders focus their leadership on motivating followers through a system of
rewards and punishments. There are two factors which form the basis for this system,
contingent Reward and management-by-exception.
Management-by-exception allows the leader to maintain the status quo. The leader
intervenes when subordinates do not meet acceptable performance levels and initiates
corrective action to improve performance. Management by exception helps reduce the
workload of managers being that they are only called-in when workers deviate from
course.
A transactional leader establishes and standardizes practices that will help the organization
reach:
Maturity
Goal-setting
Efficiency of operation
Increasing productivity.
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5.2 DECISION MAKING AND NEGOTIATION
SKILLS
DECISION MAKING
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PROBLEM ANALYSIS:
Analyze performance, what should the results be against what they actually are
Something can always be used to distinguish between what has and hasn't been
affected by a cause
Causes of problems can be deduced from relevant changes found in analyzing the
problem
Most likely cause of a problem is the one that exactly explains all the facts
The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision
The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent any adverse
consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems (problem analysis and
decision-making) all over again
There are steps that are generally followed that result in a decision model that can be
used to determine an optimal production plan[7]
In a situation featuring conflict, role playing may be helpful for predicting decisions
to be made by involved parties.
EVERYDAY TECHNIQUES
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Decision-making techniques can be separated into two broad categories: group decision-
making techniques and individual decision-making techniques. Individual decision-making
techniques can also often be applied by a group.
DECIDE
6. Evaluate and monitor the solution and examine feedback when necessary
Effective Negotiation Skills
NEGOTIATION SKILLS
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AN INDIVIDUAL NEEDS TO ADOPT CERTAIN SKILLS FOR A SUCCESSFUL
NEGOTIATION:
Before any important deal, do make it a habit to go through as many details as you can. The
second party might ask you anything, you must be well prepared to clear all their doubts and
convince them. If you yourself are confused, he would never bother to listen to you.
React sensibly - A good negotiator must react sensibly. He should never lose his
temper or over react. If you are unhappy with the deal, show your displeasure. Dont
keep things to yourself or assume that the others will understand it on their own. One
has to voice his opinions. Make the other person realize that you are not satisfied with
the deal and it must be revised. Show your unhappiness to others.
If your boss assigns you a project you are not very comfortable with, show your
displeasure to your boss in a polite way and ask for something else. But make sure
you are not rude; otherwise your job might be at risk.
Patience - One needs to be patient enough for a good negotiation. It is not always that
the other person will accept your suggestions in the first attempt itself. You need to
convince him and it needs patience. Never be in a hurry to close the deal.
Confident - One needs to be confident enough for an effective negotiation. You might
need something but never show your desperation to anyone. They will take undue
advantage of your helplessness. Take care of your facial expressions. Never be
nervous in front of the second party. Dont start sweating.
The only mistake he did was he made it very obvious that there was no way he could afford
to miss this opportunity.
Be dignified - One should maintain the decorum of the place and should not stoop to
any level for getting the best deal. Present your ideas in a dignified way. Remember it
is just a discussion, not a battle field. Avoid shouting or using derogatory statements
against anyone. If you are not satisfied with the deal, its better to quit rather than
fighting and using abusive languages.
Be very clear in your communication - Stay firm on your quotes and do not change
statements quite often. Dont play with words or try to confuse others. One needs to
be straightforward from the very beginning.
Is good listener - Dont jump to conclusions; instead listen to what the other party
offers. Understand his situation well. Its okay to think about your personal interests
but dont be mad for it. If the deal is not benefiting the other party, he will obviously
not accept it, dont be after his life. If you dont listen to others, they would obviously
not respond to you.
When a customer goes to purchase something, he must not forget that the store owner
also has to earn his profits. The store owner should also understand the customers
needs and pocket. Negotiation depends on mutual understanding.
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Be reasonable - Dont quote anything just for the sake of it. Be reasonable. Dont
quote imaginary or unusually high figures. Dont ask for anything you yourself know
is not possible. It will just be wastage of time and no one would benefit out of it.
Nobody is born with good negotiation skills; you need time to acquire them. Be tactful and
patient. Understand the second party well - his needs, expectations and find out a solution
beneficial to both the parties.
1. Problem Analysis:
Effective negotiators must have the skills to analyze a problem to determine the
interests of each party in the negotiation. A detailed problem analysis identifies the
issue, the interested parties and the outcome goals.
For example, in an employer and employee contract negotiation, the problem or area
where the parties disagree may be in salary or benefits. Identifying the issues for both
sides can help to find a compromise for all parties.
2. Preparation:
Before entering a bargaining meeting, the skilled negotiator prepares for the meeting.
Preparation includes determining goals, areas for trade and alternatives to the stated
goals.
In addition, negotiators study the history of the relationship between the two parties
and past negotiations to find areas of agreement and common goals. Past precedents
and outcomes can set the tone for current negotiations.
3. Active Listening:
Negotiators have the skills to listen actively to the other party during the debate.
Active listening involves the ability to read body language as well as verbal
communication.
It is important to listen to the other party to find areas for compromise during the
meeting. Instead of spending the bulk of the time in negotiation expounding the
virtues of his viewpoint, the skilled negotiator will spend more time listening to the
other party.
4. Emotional Control:
It is vital that a negotiator have the ability to keep his emotions in check during the
negotiation. While a negotiation on contentious issues can be frustrating, allowing
emotions to take control during the meeting can lead to unfavourable results.
For example, a manager frustrated with the lack of progress during a salary
negotiation may concede more than is acceptable to the organization in an attempt to
end the frustration. On the other hand, employees negotiating a pay raise may become
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too emotionally involved to accept a compromise with management and take an all or
nothing approach, which breaks down the communication between the two parties.
5. Verbal Communication:
Negotiators must have the ability to communicate clearly and effectively to the other
side during the negotiation.
Misunderstandings can occur if the negotiator does not state his case clearly. During a
bargaining meeting, an effective negotiator must have the skills to state his desired
outcome as well as his reasoning.
7. Problem Solving:
Individuals with negotiation skills have the ability to seek a variety of solutions to
problems.
Instead of focusing on his ultimate goal for the negotiation, the individual with skills
can focus on solving the problem, which may be a breakdown in communication, to
benefit both sides of the issue.
Leaders with negotiation skills have the ability to act decisively during a negotiation.
It may be necessary during a bargaining arrangement to agree to a compromise
quickly to end a stalemate.
9. Interpersonal Skills:
Negotiators with patience and the ability to persuade others without using
manipulation can maintain a positive atmosphere during a difficult negotiation.
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A negotiator must have the skills to execute on his promises after bargaining ends.
The major themes arising from the literature on time management include the following:
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Creating an environment conducive to effectiveness
Setting of priorities
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TIME MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
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