Analysis of helical armature windings with particular reference to superconducting a.c. generators AF. Anderson, B.Sc., Ph.D., C.Eng., M.ILE.E,,J.R. Bumby, B.Sc.,Ph.D., and B.1. Hassall, B.Sc. Inde terme: Generators, Superconductrity [Abatact! An unas frm of plyphas armature wining is dseiedin which conductor eon bel ‘of constant rads as they pass fom one end oft machine to the ote. There reno end winds, An ‘Stalyan af the Winding pecfommed which allo analyte! expenions or te fx does aod machine ‘mactancs (0 be found. Megaued and ecuaed value of syecuonovsteactance age to within 2 Same fhe more propery of heal windings ae Scud List of symbols H = magnetic fea vector, Am A, radial component of magnetic field, A/m " ‘axial component of magnetic field, Am. We tangential component of magnetic field, Am 1 peak phase curent, A In(nke) = modified Base! function of first kind, order argument nk Iy(nkey = (Ula XCyinke)) Kq(ake) = modified Bessel function of second kind, onder, argument mk Kylake) = (fark) Ky = tangential component of linear current den- sity, Alm Kz = axial component of linear current density Alm L = selllnduetance, ‘M = mutual inductance, Ga ‘numberof tums in seles per phase = Z/2a Z* = numberof amature condtors per phase fous Aas Anes dou dee Avs, Aye By. Cas By Fa Vase Vas Me? aD magnet fx nkage 2 rapt salar potential Anlnkr) = Kytntril(nir) (ake) = Kabuki) = simbet of pralel paths pe pase = number of phasbards per pase ‘stem fequony (SO) = Constants in general solution of Laplace's equation kon ‘mb harmonic winding factor = Rygkan Ege zt harmonic breadth factor . nh harmonic skew factor Kn mh harmonic. radialfuxdensity envieon- ‘ental green factor Ken = th harmonic tangentillux-density environ 185 PROG. Vol 127, PC, No.3, MAY 1980 y= ntl harmonic axial ux-density environmental fereen factor eo nant 1 dtmatue winding hatlength, m ruber of phases " Space harmonic order a {ie harmonte onder , ‘all of magnet fed point, m fe = radiation sereen ras, m fp = outer rads of outer rotor, ” ‘ads of superconducting Bld winding,» n winding ads, fe Eavironmental Soren inne ais, m x nimi 1),1=1,2,---m = Synchronous reactae, Sp. 4 transient reactance, 2, pa 4 sublransiet reactance, 9, pa SL = pubtransient reactance associated with rad “tion screen, 2p. ‘haseband displacement, rad [Ka (nk) — Ya (tkr)n(ve)] = circumferential progresion, ra = resstivity, 2m phasespread, rad Demmeability of fee sp angular frequency 2nf, phasegsoup ‘space harmonic order pho = phate = fadial component axial component = tangential component 11 Introduction Since 1940 the unit sie of two-pole 3000 rev/min turbo: Binerators has increased from 60 to 660MW. At the same time, the specific power output ha increased from 0:3 kW) gto 2kWikgs! in order words, there has been almost & Sevenfold improvement in the power/weight ratio. This has been mado posible. by the introduction of hydrogen cooling and, mote recently, water cooling, of the stator conductors, which has enabled more effective use to be ‘made of the iron and copper within the machine. Within the framework of the maximum magnetic and 129 0143-7046/80/08128 +16 40150/0lectric loadings used today, it appears that these may be dificultes in inezeasing the size of conventional generators Iheyond 2000MW; difficulties which arse because of two. limits. These are: frst, the limit on maximum indivisible Woight which is set by power station eranage and bridge and ship loadings: secondly, te limit onthe length between Totor bearings, which is set by the eriical speeds.* One possible way of overcoming weight limitations would be by subdividing the inner stator, which is usually thelbeaviest item, and building it on site from smaller Factory-built assemblies. Other ways of oveteoming, for instance, the problem of rotor length, are by developing. soles ‘windings or alternatively, superconducting machines In both cases, higher specific. power outputs become possible, albeit atthe cost of introducing new technology. ‘One ‘advantage of either sltless or supeteonducting senetators should be increased efficiency. One of the main Teasons why the efficiency ofthe superconducting generator can be increased is because ofthe elimination of the rotor excitation loss, which is typially 6 MW for a conventional 1300 MW generator. ‘The work of the present authors has been confined to the superconducting generator; the essential components fof which are shown in Fig. 1. A superconducting rotor ‘winding at 5K, supported in slots ina stainlesssteel rotor Foreing, i surrounded by an ambient temperature rotor screen to protect the superconductor from transient and reative sequence armature Muxes. The ambient temperature SHalor consss of Wo pars: the fist is selEsupporting snucture in which the water-cooled copper armature i embedded; the second is an ion core, oF environmental Screen, which screens the envionment from magnetic fields ‘and increases the radial flux density and conse quently the induced aumature em per metre length This paper ls concerned with the properties and design of the nove helical stator winding in particular, ‘Helical windings are not new and found limited favour for dynamos in Germany in the late 1880s!" and have since been revived for small dc. machines of the ionless type, where they offer the advantage of low inertia and smooth torque at low speeds, They have also heen used for linear motors"* and transverse flux tubular motos."* The use in large ac, machines was frst proposed by Ross, ‘Anderson and Macnab!" who suggested it asa suitable fcmatire winding. for superconducting ac. generators More recently, a4 MVA hielical armatute winding has been used by Watanabe er al” asthe armature winding for us in either a alotess or a superconducting generator, and Conley ex al" have used a helical winding in an expe ‘mental |DMVA superconducting ac. generator at MIT jaiation sergon, 70K ‘woercotoe SMI eins Y MMM sr uctng Hels winging ass component of] exprconducting generstor ‘The helical winding has no dstinet division into active ‘and end regions ashes the conventional winding, because tach conductor follows a helical path of constant pitch from end to end of the machine, see Section 2 In the conventional winding on the other hand, each conductor follows an axial path in the active region and only has a reumferentil component to its path in the end regions ‘Thus the helical winding is charucersed by a cieumfer ential component of eurrent density, which only decreases fradvally with inereasing axial distance from the ends: Instead of being confined to the cad winding region asin the conventional winding. This suggest that there might be axial Hox problems which would not occur with @ more conventional winding. However, work by Tavner er al!* hha shown that, contary to what might be expected, the fendtegion axial Muxes in the fron core prodiced by a helical airgap winding are less than those produced by 2 cortesponding conventional diamond winding. Such obser- ‘ations ae also supported by the work of Watanabe eral” ‘The synchronous and subteanient reaetaness are funda ‘mental to generator design and performance and, in order fo design a helical winding, these reactance expressions ‘must be developed in the simplest posible frm. In the present paper the magnetic fild distributions within the ‘generator which ate produced by a helical winding are ‘obtained in tous of Bewel functions and. reactance texpresions are then derived, which account for all the armature space harmonics. In this way the lowest harmonic Sum that gives satisfactory reactances can be used. An sltemative to the above method is 10 use a transmission: {ine analogue. However, although this method. yelds ‘magnetic field values without the intioduction of Bessel functions the solution is numerical. This is «disadvantage fof the method, since analytic Inductance expresions SSmplify iterative generator’ deslan techniques More recently, Alwash® has developed an analyte 3dimensional tmethod which ix expressed in Fourler-Bessel expansions ‘The solution requtes extensive computation for the bound: ay matchings, although it is capable of achieving high aveuraey. 2 Development ofan helical armature winding ‘As generator sizes increase, the length between bearings becomes a limitation, see Section 1. Increased output in Tanger machines can only be obtained by increasing the ‘output per unit length by an amount which keeps the Tength Between bearings down to an acceptable level. In the case of the conventional machine, elecse and magnetic Toadings ean only be Incteased mafginally and therefore the only remaining variable is the effective stator-vinding diameter. Statorwinding diameter is however closely tied to the rotor diameter because of the need to closely couple the two windings and So give an acceptable rotor man. and stator magnetic loading. Thus singe the rotor diameter is limited by rotatonal stress, so too indirectly i the Stator diameter (On the other hand such restrictions no longer apply to the superconducting machine, nd aconsiderable decoupling Dpetween rotor and stator windings becomes posible with: fut incuring the same penalties that would arise in the ‘conventional machine. This is because the superconducting Winding can operate at current densities at last ten times irsater than is current turbogenerator practice and this, in turn, permits magnetic loadings at least as high a5 those obtained in the conventional machine, ie, 07, but at a BE PROC, Yok 127, PG No.3, MAY 1980subtantaly increased stator dlameter; even though the’ totor dameter is stil limited by rotational stresses to 8 ‘ale not far diferent from current practice. Hence t fatordlameter can be increased from 1-6 in the conven: tional machine to 2m in the superconducting machine, ‘vith a consequent increase in the posible output permete. Furthermore, inthe conventional turbogeneator the salable winding space is limited by the need to support the windings i sots inthe lon core, whereas inthe ease ‘of the srgapwound superconducting machine the pro portion of the circumference svalable for the winding Incteases, ax does the posible winding depth; this allows the eletrc loading to. increase from typially 200kA/m ‘to 300KA/m ina 1300 MW design. The increased amature winding damneter and electric Loading combine in the cae Dr the superconducing generator to produce a short, age diameter amature winding with a power output of S00MW/m instead of the OOMW/e typical for the ‘conventional tarbogenerator "A secondary result of the absence of clearly defined closed magnetic circuits to constrain the fox i that the ‘stinetion betveen active and end regions becomesblurced Soe ert paton mc {OB PROC, Vo 127, Po No.3, MAY 1980 ecause of the way in which the active and end regions merge, it becomes apparent at fay early stage in the ‘design that the conventional winding might not necessarily be the best and that altematives should be examined. I 4 helical winding is used, then it ean be uniformly sup Ported Irom end to end; feature which is partiulasly Important now that the armature conductors ate no longer shielded from the main flux by the stator teeth and mst ‘therefore bear the full machine forces, “To understand how a helical winding works, consider the winding length of «diamond winding tobe progesively reduced, at in Fig, 2, by eliminating the so~lled central tetive region and allowing the two diamond-end windings to coalesce and form a helical winding. One phase of a tworpole helical winding i shown in Fig. 3, where each phise consists of two. panllelconnected_ lial loop, ich of which is termed phase group. Each phase group onsite f one sghthand (ine) helical phasoband con- rected ia sees with a returning lefchand (outst) helical pPhassband; right hand phasoband being defined as that ‘which traces a ight hand sre. Because the development of lange generator in the UI: {generally “concerned with tworpole 3000 rev/min? ‘machines, only twopole helical windings are considered in the present paper. 3 Method of analy 3.1 Notation adopted inthe desriotion of haical vinding ach phaseband is described by thee parameters: {@)+1 oF 1 depeadiag om whether a ight-tand (r4.) ‘orletehand (Li) Relixed phaseband is considered () the cscamferetil angular postion a st which the conte of the phaseband cxoses 2 =O, Fig-3 (6) the radius of the phasedand ‘eg. Keley ty + 1) refers tothe ial component of linear Cnrent density forthe ith righthand phaseband centred ‘at angler position eand eds “The angular postion ofthe two phasebands in a phase- soup are elated as, a1) = at +e o hile the angular postion ofa phasegroup i defined as the ‘ngulr position ofits sighthand phaseband; % = a+ 1) ® and the angular poston of phase as ry jeattra; I —— 53 Out par ofhle wnes mOm = ate @ because the complete phase is symmetrical. 22 Ropreentation of shai! winding Each phaseband of the helical armature winding (scope sented by a linear cuvrent density sheet of negligible racial thicknesr, with axial and tangents near cument-density ‘components as described in Section 11-1. In order to yield ‘closed analyieal solution to Laplace's equation, a period Saristion & introduced In the axial disetion in sia ‘manner to that suggested by Harsmond,® by astuming the halal winding to be one of an infinite mamber of helical windings placed end to end. Such a winding i termed an infinite peioic heal winding. 3.3. Ropresoncation ofthe environmental szreen A superconducting 2. generator equies an environmental fereen which is nomully constructed from laminated ‘magnetic iron in order to screen the enseonment from the ‘magnetic folds produced Inside the generator. Howevet, ‘conducting environmental sreens have een sugested Particulmy for aiborne applications. and this analysis ‘contains solutions for bath typos of sreen. The general ‘effect of the iron envionmental sreen is, a expected, to enhance the main magnetic eld, whereas the con Alucting soren ha a demagnetising effect. ‘The environmental sicen is asumed to be infinitely Jong in the axa direction. IF iis constructed from lam hated. magnetic iron it is assumed to have infinite per- rmeabiity and zero conductivity, Le. there are no eddy ‘cma, Ion the other hand iti constructed from non- Magnetic conducting material, itis assumed to have a relative permeability of unity and infinite conductivity. In ther ene the elfct of the screen is included in the ‘magnetic eld analysis by using an image winding with the appropriate current polaty placed ouside the actual Aelical winding. Inthe case of the ron eneironmental sersen, the image winding asiss the radial eld and there- fore i of the same polarity asthe armature winding. In the cae of « conducting sree, the image winding must oppone the radial eld and therefore is of opposite polarity to the armature winding. Ih practice, the iron environmental screen tends 10 be shorter than the hella! srmature winding, as indicated In Fig. 1, and it likely oo that « conducting end sexeen ‘would be used. Consequently th sumption ofan infinitely Tong environmental soreen, whist necessary 10 enable a realy solution to the problem, sives «high value of reac: tance and is mainly responsible forthe diference between Caloulated and measured reactance values. However, 0 the Model sults of Section 6, the afference in the synchron- fous reactance is less than 2, indicating how itl the ends omtsbute to the reactance 34 Mathematica solution method The infinite pesiodke helical winding is analysed in ein Aricl polar co-ordinates with the origin of the coaxdinate fytem taken atthe axal cent ofthe winding such that the actal winding extends {fom z= +1 to 2=—1 and onstittes one hallperiod of the ‘infinite pesiodle helical ‘winding’. The magneuc field due to an individual phase band at the genera eeumferential positon as obtained ma {om a solution of Laplace's equation, expresed in teans of ‘magnetic salar potential, by the method of separation of ‘arable. Mantis salar potential terms prodused by the Image winding which represents the envionment sereen ae combined with thse from the heel armature winding tnd magretiesield distibulions ae then obtained in the ‘manner described in Section 112 4 Magnetic fala of «helical winding ‘The magnetie fold distbutions for an individual phase- band ofan infinite periodic helical winding with an environ mental sreen are shown in Table 1. The environmental Screen modifies the magnetic eld distibutions of the lanereened winding bY the geomet factors defined In Table? ‘The magnetic field distributions described in Table 1 ‘nelude terms that ate Independent of axial ot tangential positon. The effect of these zero-order terms is reflected fn the magnoue feld dstibutions as solenoidal field which ie produced by the zeroweder companent ia the {angeatial linear current density Kelty, a, © 1). Because the winding is pit ofan infinite hell, a magnetic Feld component is produced only inside the winding, just 35 {hough were an inte solenoid. The zero-order com ponent of axl linear current density, Kel, ay 21), Produces a tangentl magnetic fel outside the winding that varies, ia accordance wth Ampee's law, inversely wh falas, ‘Using superposition to combine alefthand anda rght- hand plaseband to give a phaseproup, asin Table 3, elm. inates"the zero-order tangent magnetic Beld. This because the zero-order eomponent of axial current density in the righthand phaseband, Ky(%, a4, + 1), opposes the guivalent component in’ the” lefthand phaeband Kult ay; —1), 25 shown in Fig. 4. However, because the couesponding zero-order components of tangential linear futent density, Ke( 4+ 1) and Ka(,cy,~1)are both inthe same dection their effec is addive andthe sle- ‘oidal magnetic Feld. increas. Thi is also shown ‘chematically in Fig. 4. When two phasgeoups are com: bined to produce a phase, the relative phaseshift of 180° which exits between the to phaseproups ensures that this folenoidal magietic sid i eliminated. The influence of this effeet on measured and computed inductances is ‘eseribed in Section 6. 5 Reactance calelations 5.1 Synchronous reactance Reactance expressions are obtained by suming that the stvature winding i concentrted atthe geometric mean ‘winding radon 7, and bY only taking account of the Fundamental tine harmonic ‘Consider the two helical loops shown la Fig. 5; one ceniod at @ = 0 and the other at 8 =a, and assume there {bea phazeproup of Z/b turns cenied about the second Toop. he fox from this phaegroup which links the fist hola turn is, by Gauss theorem, equal to the Mux that éosses nomally any surface bounded bythe fist ke that ‘hoon in Fig. Evaluating the resulting surface integra as Aevebed in Section 11.4 allows the inductance between plasegroups fo be expressed as in eqn. 51. If the phase [roup Inductance values are combined appropriately, phase tnd generator inductances ave obtained, se eqas. 53 and {RE PROC, Vo. 127, CMa. 3 MAY 1960nar erent encty dibatone 1: Mogi ald ditions produced bya bail shamband Ayltuoq et) = 120g 2880 F yy cos ata —9, 42 stoops = «Be 5 228 F yqect ate 042) Zang, Fane § Karuepans = 2888-5 Beta F sygcunte ay t woes = ate 5 Zone 5 as) Inlet winder Zane $ Jot aloe al a ee tin nla —a, 5 k2) ‘ wb Na bgt watz sata -ta en et] Milruaeet "Lanny —ai 2) Hiro n = at neat) mopar) = «Zane = coun ott) Heweue = +Zoba § TE dane Natwopan) = 6Zei8 Zona Mlewag 2 0 = — Zhe F Hntagkaint ai 2, Ealing) ose connie ay $A) Enon sien ators Ri ys fy dined Tale 2 Syl) = Uy) tre 5S. The synchronous veactance ofa helical winding, given nega, $5, can be expresied in the more usual form a8 Kan = et Tsk Ohms. n= rm #1, rany intense o with he winding factor Kg = Ela © ‘iy the skew factor defined by eqn, 48 and Koy the mth hhetmonie radial £UX environmental sereen enhancement factor defined inthe frst column of Table 2. 62. Subtransont and transient reactance Under feult condition the armature fluxisintaly deflected round the outside ofthe outer rotor, aif this outer rotor ‘were perfectly conducting screen. This effect is included in the analysis by represonting the outer rotor sereen by an finage winding at the surface of the outer rotor, which Is ‘equal in magnitude, but opposite in phas, tothe armature {EE PROC, Vol 127, PG Na. 3, MAY 1980 current, This current introduces an additional magnetic falar potential term into the magnetic field solution as described ia Section 11.44, such that the resulting inte tation over the Gaussian surface of Fig. $ gives for the fubteanslent reactance , — ant ‘a(etro) i — falta) ‘raltro)] (6) where the factors 7th) ad (nr) ae defined in eqs. 4437 and 44b, respectively. Ths expression ls ilar to that for the synchronous reactance except for the peometric ‘modifying féstors, both of which depend, through Bessel functions, on the armature length. ‘The two modifying factors eat othe diferent generator components as i = bn = Piety TBakbn2l al “yall alr) 13‘9 goometse factor seluting armature and puter rotor hi fata] ralriey). 4 eeometric Factor resting the ion envionment sreen tal te outec rote. (Note: For a conducting environmental screen y_(mtkr,) replaces jy (nkr,) Table etal al the peomsation) ‘Ae the fat pedod ropes fan will penetrate the cmt jotor an fo futher waclae extant kinins the fiat being ssosned with the radiation Seven, when Mux is deflected round the outside of this Seren and the svond the trae reactance when oes defied ind the ove of the ror held windlng ‘hose can be obtained Ieom ega. 6 by subsiuting the tater rotor diva, ty the radio seen radian the saperontbeting td winding tadus rp, rspestney. The tanslent reactance fs unusval in he sepercondtng seneritor becuse 1 svated wih» tansont open Stet ime constant grate than {00 eompared with one offs than 10sin the conventional uboyenerstor 53. Effect of harmonics on reactance calculation ‘The reactance batweon phases and the synchronous reac- tance are computed for the 1300MW dasiga of Table 5. This generator has a sixphase armature winding with ‘opposite phaseproups conaected in parallel. The results ‘of the reactance calculations are shown in Table 6 fst for the fundamental harmonic only and secondly for the harmonic um of n= 110 50. ‘The Table shows that when consiering a. phase or ‘hasegroup, the space harmonies form an important con- ¢ factor aint) ot} ‘nlntel alors nga Bntnde aos ost ey stituent of the reactance and consequently smust be taken into account. However, one all three phases sre combined 10 give the three-phase synchronous magnetising reactance, eqn. 4, many of the space hatmonic terms eancel out and tly those terms with m= 2rme 1 are left to contribute to the reactance. The effect of individual harmonies 1s reflected into any reactance expression through both the skew and environmental seen factors but, more dom: nantly, by the factor Kon.» Kan being the breudth Factor. For a sixphase winding” with 30° phase. spread, har rmonis introduced are the 11th, 13th, 23x, 25th ete for Which the vatition of Abq/ft i shown in Table 7. The first harmonic. dominant such that the synchronous reactance calculated wilh 7 = 1 shows negligible error when compared with the value calculated using the harmonic ‘The variation of kn for the three-phase winding with a phase spread of 60 is also shown in Table 7, the har ‘monies now being Sth, 7th, 11th, 13th et. Again, the first harmonic is dominant, indicating that in calculating synchronous, subtransient and transient reactance, only Aistharmanie terms need be considered, 54 Comparison of rasctance of ahelical winding with those of sraight winding By assuming the armature winding tobe infinitely long and ‘each phase {obe represented by a eurcentsheot of the form Hanks sn Aim o ‘the synebronous reactance is Ken = pp DTK Fob 6) here Fa the winding factoris Fiat Zeroorder componons of plaseband and plaserour Tice uments dans Poser eee IEE PROC, Yol. 127, P60. 5, MAY 1980Tot: Manat al tans rund yi pare inert dey ne ta = PE ny oe nt en ke + ons on sin a8 ap nae Zou sinks + 8S ky corn — a) 68 ke Tree te wining 0h scat = agg tog oni a eS erie) oss ten ian § oe , Mites se Eero ie z SS ee ee rin) i re agen so Ee ce a a 1 nae x Sache ot re Beene ners Wilda . uke mab imi alike) | sin nkz cosmo —aj) neve Fenton] EK. tne « Malate : as : stan a wa Hatred = a ‘Salakril ‘sie nkz sin af —ay) never A disk im es aia Sci ea ; altel web net Eylnkey) 6 | sin nkz sin ole —ap) even = cick Valet i= Rani — Hing 5 Koen) Ta tars | eae oni nee ronal sree factor Fr Rog Fan deine io Table 2 Salah) = Ky lnke) — ralakrinlnked Tobie 6 i | : aa | “sr reasons forthe nh space hamanie combina anvionmental nd ott san facto is Aanhin f Tot) for ron environmental aon ani) Yor onauctng enamel seen Blond ercrnmestal seen onip) fr canducting ofr ean 188 PROC, Vol. 127, PG No. 3, MAY 1980Aig being the nth harmonic pitch factor. This equation of" ihe same form am that for a hell winding, eqn. 4, xcept for the winding fct0r, Ky, and environmental Seren factor ky, Te enionsnental screen factors obtained by the two dimensions! analyse outlined above, see Ref tence 23,24 and 6, are shown In Table 2 along withthe orresponding vast forthe hell winding, the funds imental diference ‘between the environmental sreen factor belag the dependence on winding length introduced by the hell winding. However, fitetength fects ‘become lee prominent athe lngth/lameter ratio of the Teles winding increases, Hence, as this ratio tends t0 fnsinty (ee. 8 the winding ingih tens to infaly) the fnvconmnental ren fatter the helical winding tend to bbevome the tame at those for a Tong straight winding. In the same way, the modifying factors associated with the fubtiansent naetance of the hebeal winding, defined in ean. 6 tend 10 baa] ba] (seca sercen ondvting environmental screen 4s the winding length tends to infinity. This i enticl With the expression obtained forthe long straight winding With + conducting environmental screen by Appleton and UAnderson and an iron environmental sreen by Miler and Maghes* ‘inlke the environmental seeen factors, which tend to the same vale a winding length increases, te skew factor, Sure of terion for caeation of cree dy, ofthe hei winding does nt tnd to 1 a the arm {0 length tends to infty, but to O'S. This ares because, ‘whatever the length of the generator, a proportion ofthe Mion must be lost de to skewing ofthe conto hough 180" over the total generator length. The variation of skew factor Hy wih engih/damter ratio isshown in Fig, 6. ‘One silect of skewing the amature conductors is to edoce the amount of rotor fx king the armature wind ing, snd consequently the induced ef. However, asthe ‘otra deny atthe armature winding falls ff towards {he ens ofthe machine, the majority ofthe generated cn Bs towards the cente of the Machin. Henee in praca ‘dsgs this los of fax found tobe less than 10%. “Thi los of fax in the helical winding is compensated for by the superior winding support and by the reduction of synehronous retctanoe (an! n consequence the reduced Simature reaction). This drop in syachvonous reactance Sues becuse the skew factor for «elie winding i ess than unity and because the environmental sreen factor Jeg i aao fess than it would be fora siralght winding EZ has a vale of 154 Tora straight winding and 1°38 oF the helical winding desan of Table 5. © Comparivon of imsuctance eleultions with mode rewute ‘To ases the acourncy of the inductance exprstons of, ‘ae: 190084. generator ein paras warning 1s ei aig (masta te Irma rem Goma) eatin Ne pum seohse 5 Ie: panbnenghng 2 my Feeardra oe ‘Os2am “Tia 6: Caled reactance vate or hail wining wih ton crnmana neon showing esto pen harmon Rn gg wl) oly) “able 7 tact ot hamonis on te brat tor of Spt a ‘eho wn ieee ~ Sphee a rey Bh BB PROG, Yok 127, Fe G.NO.3,MAY 1980Section 5.1, extenive measurements have been made using 21:9 seale’ model of a 1300 MW turbogenerator™™ at Leeds University. The helical winding model has 2 mean radius of 105mm and length of 406mm and is shown in Fig. 7. To simplify construction, it employs comparatively few conductors, 24 por layer, which ate disposed in three phases with opposite phaseproups conneeted in series to ‘minimise errors due to cigculating currents. The inductance between individual turns ean be measured. The son enviton- mental screen model, shown in Fig. 8, is manufactured from laminated iron and has an inner radius of 1345 mm and length of 356mm. The ends of the environmental seeen are manufactured fom aluminiom with an inner radius of 150mm and extended 88 mm to the aluminium end plates of the model. The relevant dimensions of the model are ‘summarised in Table 8, Measured and computed values of intertum mutual Inductance, both for the helical winding in air and inside the iron environmental screen, ae shown as a function of call separation in Figs. 9 and’10, respectively. Computed inductance values ae obtained by assuming a phasespread of 15° (the total spread of each conductor) and summing to a harmonic order of 81; this being the maximum order accomodated by the computation Fig? Model lca! wining {88 PROC, Vol. 127, PC, No. 3, MAY 1980 Fig.8 ron enrvonmontl ree \ oa oa Fie 9 term mural inductance o function of seperation for ‘model winding ele rh eee rT 2 Fi. 10. nvr ual inductance et function of seperation Por model ica winding de von enoraental reer aTab 8: Medal hati winding dimensions caper rs too hte se io ‘inant 8 Sonaweror amar 7 Tron Core: iar res aes lena 358) “The presence ofthe ‘Yolenoldal” inductance term in the phasegroup inductances, and intertum inductances, makes fomparton of meanufed and computed. phasegioup, of iertun, ndutnce values difficult because the solenoidal Inductance value computed by the ‘iafinite periodic helical ‘winding’ is that of an infinite solenoid, whereas that ‘eased i ofa solenoid of finite length. Te later ean be ‘Mbstanially different from the formes. The interturn fmutuel inductances measured in air (Fig. 9), however, show very clove agreement with the calculated value, being fon average higher by 10% of the solenoidal inductance term, These rsuls suggest that the inevitable overestimation fof solenodal inductance has been countered by main ux Tinkage around the winding ends. When measured in the laminated ion core (Fig. 10) a more pronounced dis- crepancy, on average 50% of the solenodal inductance, is shown, This ares because the model cove is shorter than the winding and the boundary extended to the machine fend plates by aluminium rings of inner radius 150mm. ‘Consequenty, any measured results may be expected tobe less than those predicted by the infinite periodic model swith the infltely long envizonmental screen assumption ‘Also shown, in Fig. 10 i an interturn inductance’ com: putation wing the fundamental hmmonic component only. ‘Ths clesly demonstrats the high space harmonic content oF interturn, or equally phasegroup, mutual inductances ‘A comparison of Selfinductances is showm in Table 9 and ves two measured and two calculated values of Inductance forthe winding in air and inside the laminated ‘ton core. The fist column gives direely measured values, whist the second gives values derived from measurements fon the previous subgroup. For example, the phase self Induetanee wae derived from the measurements on 60” spread phasegroups, showing a discrepancy of 2% with tho directly measured value. This discrepancy, absent fom mutual values, is attributable to the conductor necessary to form the series connection spanning 180°. The promi rence of this effects Because of the aircored nature ofthe geometry, even in the iron core, and exaggerated in the ‘model by the small numberof conductors, 16, that form a phase. The computed values of slfinduciance depend on ‘conductor sizo, The rst column in Table 9 assumes a full spread forthe curent sheet of 15° pr turn, whereas inthe ‘stcond column a spread of 75° has been used. The true ‘angle subtended by the conductors approximately 3°, but IF this spread is used with infinitesimal depth then excess- Fvely gh inductance values result. In other words if a ‘continuous current sheet 1 used 10 represent discrete ‘conductors fai model results. “The error between computed and measured values in ‘Table 9 sin al cases less than 10% and the synchronous reactance values agyee to within 2%. The final row of Table ‘uses only the fundamental component in eqn 4 to com pute synchronous reactance and gives results t0 within 2; indicating that only the fundamental component need be’ considered. when computing. synchronous and_ sub ‘wansient reactances. 7 Design ofa heicl armature winding for use in 8 superconducting ac. generator For the generator design of Table 5, the radial fix density rodueed bythe superconducting field winding at the rmature in the presence of an iron environmental sereen ‘was computed by GFUN with account being taken of ‘environmental steen length, and the length, depth and slotting arrangement of the superconducting field winding, ‘The computed radial ux density variations are shown as 2 funetion of angular postion and axal postion in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively. ‘Ansiysit of the vacations in radial Mux deasty with tangential poston at the armature radius indicates a ‘maximum harmonic content at the axial centre of the machine of under If Hence the exm..induced in phase fan be asumed to be due to the fundamental harmonic only and is iven by eta? [a ceycas ae volts 6 = RE [Betedooe 5; de vl ao) ‘where the vation of eda x density with axial pos BG) shown n Fi. 12 {Computation ofthe ei reques numeral integration ofthe all vaaton of ral ux denaly produced by the field winding, By(e), while the lngth and diameter af the Helical winding” determines the machine indvctances amt dated dna deind ont ea Hate earn 08 oes 09s? oan” «0am 0" praegoup 236 se oer er zea 2 298 0 praesroup Geo bas iy jeu 0 prey Br 18, ws 008 196. 2 har il Me 200 toe Saenz ‘et ‘ea 53 Srrchvonowindacunen ty 191198. ae) ar ‘Sratronoue mates Itendonontal 09 mor aa phasors Nowe: 7 Thee ‘anata story adig @ pm ts wth a VS sepa EY 1 esto addon ot a with SSS sopra by {EB PROG, Vol 127, PCN. 3, MAY 1980through eqns. 4 und 6. Fora comet design ata preselected terminal voltage and sucent, the two quantities of induced voltage and synchronous reactance wil satisly the general ‘hasor dagen shows ia Fig. 13, To design an armature winding, the generator dimen- sions, reactanees and elec and magnetic loadings ace obtained using an tleratve design technique! which assustes the generator windings (0 be insite long and to be represented. oy fundamental harmonic current shects at their respective geometric mean winding radi this educes the magnetie fled problem to two dimensions. A fleldowinding lengli is Unen selected and a Mux plo such ae that shown in Fig. 2 obtained for the thee dimensional ‘wnerstor con‘iguration. An iterative computer progam then computes the induced es. using murnerical inte. Fg. 11 cocumfovental variation of radial component of fax ty pra hy mierda la eisag at, = £0 mat fompuad by GFUR a 1078 exci 083 © 0s 10 ys g0 25 3035 Fis 12 Graph showing axel rriton of ra! component of {fic dvs produc by mpeaoeucine fd woe as soot [ated by GFN ot 100 exo) wih vane postin of or (nd windines and tononntl eo sen tse Fig 13 amor diyran for epreontuctng 3° sensor TBE PROC, Yo 127, C,No.3, MAY 1986 ‘ration of eqn. 10 and an estimate of the induced em 25" isobtained from the phasor diagram as Bt = TF x, OTH pu, ao Fora comeet design the em. # and its estimate £* must be equal If # and &” are noi comparable then armature length andjor the aumbor of armature conductors are varied until @ solution is obtained and tho subtransent ‘eactance obtained by eon. 6 is equal to, or eter than, the value computed in the twoclimensional design. This ensures that outer rotor stresies ding a short circuit are scceptable- Mf varying bot armature length and the number Of conductors will not yield satisfactory solution, then the length of the rotor Feld winding must be changed and the iteration repestod Foran armature of sivem length the helical winding has been shown to have a lower synchronous reactance (higher shorteireult ratio) than that predicted by twosimensiona analysis for 4 section ofa infinite stright winding of the sume length. Hence armature reaction elfects ace reduced with an helical winding. 8 Conclusion ‘A closed analytical solution has been presented for th Imagnetie fold dsebution and machine zeactances of 2 Superconducting 2c. muchine with an helical armature Winding. There isa signicant harmonic content in the Dhisearoup and the phase inductances, but when all three Phases are cumbined to sie the synchronous, subtransiet ‘nd transient inductances many a the harmonics cancd, except those of order r= 2rm #1, where mis the number ff phases and any positive integer. Hence the important synchronous, subtranient and. assent inductancos are largely dominated by the fundamental and therefore can be realy calculated. The reactances ean be expresied in a Similar form 10 these fora yetion of an ifinito stright winding, but are modified by two fators, namely a skew factor Ady and an environmental seroon factor fy, both of Which contain Bese fupetions that depend onthe ratio Gf Tength to dlameter (ky = for a srxght winding). Laboratory messurements "on @ model heleal winding indicate that the synchronous teaclance exprcsions aro accurate to within 2%, 9 Acknowlndgments Pe shoe would ke fo thank IRD Co, Lid, and NEL sons Lid. for permicson to publish this pape. They thank their former colleagues in the Flectial Engiering Department of IRD Co. Lid. for their help and avice and ‘in particular J... Ross and M. Reay ‘The authors would also lke to thank Professor PJ Lawrenson of the University of Leeds for making avaiable the facies for she model winding. measurements and Dr. TLE, Miller formetly ofthe University of Lees hi initially designed the model helical winding. ‘The asistance of CW. Trowbridge and J Simpkin ofthe Rutherford Laboratory in producing Figs. 1 and 12 i ‘telly acknowledged. ‘BL. Hassall is much indebted to the Seience Research ‘Council for financial support 19