Wind and Eq Design

BECHTEL CORPORATION
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE FOR

WIND AND EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004, July 31, 2002
Prepared by: S. Wu
Approved by: Susan Mullen
Reason for Issue: General revision to incorporate updated Codes
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
LIST OF TABLES 3
LIST OF FIGURES 3
LIST OF SYMBOLS 4
1.0 PURPOSE 7
1.1 Wind Loads 7

1.2 Seismic Loads on Structures and Equipment 7
1.3 Seismic Loads on Tank Foundations 8
2.0 WIND LOAD DESIGN 9
2.1 Basic Wind Speed (V) 9

2.2 Design Wind Pressure (p) and Forces (F) 9
2.3 Importance Factors (I) 9
2.4 Exposure Category 9
2.5 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient (Kz), 9
Topographic Factor ( Kzt ), and Wind
Directionality Factor ( Kd )
2.6 Gust Effect Factors (Gf, G ) 10
2.7 Projected Area (Af) 11
2.8 Area Increase Factors (E) 13
2.9 Force Coefficients (Cf) 13
2.10 Shielding 14
Electronic documents, once printed, are non-controlled and may become outdated. Refer to the electronic
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parties without Bechtels prior written permission.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev . 004 PAGE 1 OF 48

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
3.0 SEISMIC LOAD DESIGN STRUCTURES and EQUIPMENT 15
3.1 Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) 16
3.2 Design Spectral Response Accelerations 16
( SDS & SD1 )
3.3 Seismic Design Category (SDC) 16
3.4 Structural Systems 17
3.5 Structural Configurations 17
3.6 Methods of Analysis 17
3.7 IBC Static Method 18
3.8 Dynamic Method 25
3.9 Simplified Static Method 28
4.0 SEISMIC LOAD DESIGN - STORAGE TANK
FOUNDATIONS 29
4.1 Theory Method 29

4.2 Equations for Cylindrical Tanks 29
4.3 Procedure for Short Tanks 31
4.4 Procedure for Slender Tanks 32
4.5 Selection of Seismic Acceleration 32
5.0 REFERENCES 33
EXAMPLE 1: Short Tank 41
EXAMPLE 2: Slender Tank 43
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3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 2 OF 48

LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1 Vertical Vessel Platform Sizes 35
Table 2 Area Increase Factors (E) 35
Table 3 & 4 are intentionally deleted.
Table 5 Typical R Values for Industrial Structures 36
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Diaphragm Deflection Plan and Elevation 37
Figure 2 Idealization of Fluid Motion in Tanks 38
Figure 3 Natural Frequency Ratios of Tanks with Bending and Shear 39

Deformation versus Tanks with Bending Deformation Only
Figure 4 Fluid Response for Tanks with Height Greater than 1.5R 40
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 3 OF 48

LIST OF SYMBOLS
For Wind Load Design (Section 2.0)
Af projected area of vessel or equipment
C wind exposure coefficient normally used
Cf wind force coefficient from Tables 6-9 through 6-13 of ASCE 7-98
Cp external pressure coefficient to be used in determination of wind loads for buildings

per ASCE 7-98
D outside diameter of circular vessel or equipment
E increase factor selected from Table 2 for the projected area (Af)
e ratio of frame center line spacing to frame depth (shielding)
F design wind force
G gust response factor for the main wind force resisting system and for components
and cladding
Gf gust response factor for the main wind force resisting system of flexible buildings
and other flexible structures
h total height of structure
I importance factor
I.D. inside diameter of vessel or equipment
Kd Wind Directionality Factor
Kz velocity pressure coefficient
Kzt Topographic Factor
m frame shielding effects factor
N number of pipes or cable trays in a plane on a piperack level
O.D. outside diameter of vessel or equipment

3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 4 OF 48

p design wind pressure
qz wind velocity pressure
V basic wind speed
solidity ratio of frame
For Seismic Load Design - Structures (Section 3.0)
Use symbols defined in IBC 2000
For Seismic Load Design - Storage Tank Foundations (Section 4.0)
A1 maximum displacement of W 1
a0 maximum acceleration from the acceleration response spectrum for the impulsive
force
a1 maximum acceleration from the acceleration response spectrum for the convective
force
C Ratio of natural frequency of a tank acting as a cantilever including bending and

shear deformation to natural frequency with bending deformation only (from Figure 3
of this Design Guide)
dmax maximum water-surface (sloshing) displacement
E modulus of elasticity of the tank wall
g acceleration of gravity
h height of water surface above the bottom of the tank
h0 vertical distance from tank bottom to W 0 including bottom pressure (IBP)
h0w vertical distance from tank bottom to W 0 excluding bottom pressure (EBP)
hT vertical distance from tank bottom to tank centroid
h1 vertical distance from tank bottom to W 1 including bottom pressure (IBP)
h1w vertical distance from tank bottom to W 1 excluding bottom pressure (EBP)
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 5 OF 48

I moment of inertia of the tank cross section
M total overturning moment on a horizontal plane just below the bottom of the tank
M0 total overturning moment on a horizontal plane just below the bottom due to the
impulsive forces on the wall and bottom of the tank; (IBP)
M0w overturning moment on a horizontal plane just above the bottom due to impulsive
wall force (P0); (EBP)
M1 total overturning moment on a horizontal plane just below the bottom due to the
convective forces on the wall and bottom of the tank; (IBP)
M1w overturning moment on a horizontal plane just above the bottom due to convective
wall force (P1); (EBP)
P0 impulsive seismic force on the wall of the tank
P1 convective seismic force on the wall of the tank
R radius of a cylindrical tank
V total base shear just below the bottom of the tank
W total weight of fluid in a cylindrical tank
WT total weight of the tank
W0 equivalent weight of fluid to produce the impulsive force (P0) on the tank wall
W1 equivalent weight of fluid to produce the convective force (P1) on the tank wall
x horizontal distance from the z axis
z horizontal distance from the x axis
h angular amplitude of free oscillations at the fluid surface (see Figure 2), based on
the assumption of a plane fluid surface
mass per unit height of the tank including fluid and tank
0 circular frequency of vibration of the tank acting as a cantilever including both

bending and shear deformation
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 6 OF 48

1 sloshing frequency of free oscillations of the fluid surface
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 7 OF 48

1.0 PURPOSE
The purpose of this Design Guide is to cover the general requirements for wind and
seismic loads acting on domestic petrochemical, industrial, telecommunication and
power plant structures. These structures include buildings, heaters, furnaces, open
frame structures, wireless cell site equipment shelters, piperacks, vessels,
exchangers, cooling towers, stacks, storage tanks, hoppers, piping, etc.
1.1 Wind Loads
The design wind loads acting on buildings, structures and equipment are
determined in accordance with the procedures in ASCE 7-98 (Ref. 5.1), Section 6,
"Wind Loads" and Commentary. Unless noted otherwise, references to
subsections, paragraphs, tables, equations, and figures in Section 2.0 of this Design
Guide shall be to ASCE 7-98, Section 6. Symbols, definitions and notations used in
Section 6 are also applied in this Design Guide. When Project contractual
documents refer to other codes or standards such documents must also be complied
with, and be used in conjunction with this design guide.
ASCE 7-98 does not provide recommendations for computing wind forces on multi-
bay open frame structures common to the types of facilities covered by this design
guide. ASCE has, however, published a document, entitled Wind Loads on
Petrochemical Facilities for reference (Ref. 5.17). The shielding effect is considered
by the windward frame to the second and subsequent frames. References 5.5 to 5.7
address shielding within open structures, or within an array of structures. Section
2.10 provides guidance for considering the shielding effect.
Note that in the Design Guide, ASCE 7 refers to ASCE 7-98.
1.2 Seismic Loads on Structures
Section 3.0 of this Design Guide provides the requirements for calculation of seismic
loads on structures and equipment. The basis of the design shall be the
"International Building Code (IBC)", 2000 edition, Section 1613 (Ref. 5.20), unless
local codes or the client require otherwise. This section is not intended to replace or
duplicate the IBC but to supplement and/or clarify and provide guidance for its use.
Definitions and nomenclature used in Section 3.0 of this Design Guide are the same
as used in IBC.
The IBC seismic code specifies the design detailed requirements related to the
structural classification of Seismic Design Category (SDC). Also, the seismic hazard
maps are related to the spectral response accelerations of SS & S1 that correspond
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parties without Bechtels prior written permission.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev . 004 PAGE 8 OF 48

to the maximum considered earthquakes (MCE). The traditional UBC seismic zones
are no longer applied to the IBC.
1.3 Seismic Loads on Tank Foundations
The analysis method used for the design of storage tank foundations shall meet with
the approval of the Chief Civil Engineer. However, unless dictated by local codes or
client requirements, the Theory Method presented in Section 4 of this Design Guide
should be applied for critical tanks and be used for calculating the base shear,
overturning moment, and the maximum vertical displacement of the
sloshing/impulsive fluid surface due to the ground acceleration of an earthquake.
The basis of design is in accordance with Chapter 6 and Appendix F of TID-7024
(Ref. 5.10), with the exception that the amplified seismic spectral acceleration is
used for calculating the impulsive force in order to account for the tank flexibility
effect. Reference 5.10 assumes that the tank walls are rigid, where more recent
research, however, has proven that rather these walls should be considered flexible.
Refer to references 5.22, 5.23, and 5.24 for additional information. When inelastic
deformation of the tank is allowed, the calculated seismic force and moment can be
reduced by a ductility factor (R). Definitions and nomenclature used in Section 4 are
the same as used in TID-7024. This procedure applies to foundation design only of
ground supported storage tanks containing water, hydrocarbons, LNG, or other
liquid products. The procedure does not provide loads or forces intended for use in
the design of the tank components (i.e., shell, base, ring, anchors, anchor bolts, etc).
The tank components are typically designed by the tank supplier, in accordance with
the requirements of the specified governing tank standard(s), i.e., API 650 (Ref. 5.4),
AWWA D100 (Ref. 5.25), AWWA D103 (Ref. 5.26) API 620 (Ref. 5.27), etc.
No differentiation shall be made in the basic procedure for LNG storage tank
foundations, other than for the separate consideration of the outer shell, roof,
insulation, inner shell, and source of the design acceleration. Horizontal loads from
the liquid shall be applied to the inner shell only. For design of LNG tank and
foundation, all related requirements of NFPA 59-A (Ref. 5.3), Section 4.1.3, "Seismic
Design", shall apply.
The derivation of all equations used herein can be found in Appendix F of TID-7024.
Also, similar procedures are presented in Section 7 of Ref. 5.28 for seismic design
of storage tanks.
The design procedure outlined in Section 4.3 of this Design Guide is for cylindrical
tanks on the ground with h 1.5R. Tanks with a greater height to radius ratio are
considered in Section 4.4.
Alternatives to the Theory Method approach, such as the concepts covered in the
governing tank standards noted above, may be utilized upon approval for non-
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 9 OF 48

critical tanks. In such situations, the forces and moments that are typically provided
and submitted by the tank supplier should be used.
2.0 WIND LOAD DESIGN
2.1 Basic Wind Speed
The basic wind speed (V) defined in ASCE 7, Section 6.5.4, as the 3-second gust
speed at 33 ft above ground for Exposure C category, should be used as design
wind speed where geographically applicable. To obtain V, refer to Figure 6.1 for
locations in the continental United States including Alaska, Hawaii, Virgin Island and
Puerto Rico. For other geographical locations, V should be determined in
accordance with the Job Criteria. Local conditions should always be checked to
verify adequacy of basic design wind speed.
The basic wind speeds defined in other national codes, such as the British Code,
may be different from those presented in ASCE 7, and should be used judiciously
when applied to this design guide.
2.2 Design Wind Pressure (p) and Forces (F)
Velocity pressure (qz) shall be calculated in accordance with Section 6.5.10, Eq. 6-
13. Design wind pressures (p) for enclosed and partially enclosed buildings are
calculated per Section 6.5.12 of ASCE 7. Design wind forces (F) for open buildings
and other structures are presented in Section 6.5.13, Eq. 6-20.
2.3 Importance Factors (I)
The importance factor (I) shall be taken from Table 6-1 of ASCE 7 for the
appropriate classification of structural category, considering whether the structure is
located in hurricane (V > 100 mph) or non-hurricane prone regions. Classifications
listed in Table 1-1 shall be used as described.
2.4 Exposure Category
Exposure category is defined in ASCE 7, Section 6.5.6. Normally, either exposure B

or exposure C is used for design of industrial structures; however, exposure
categories may vary, even within large plants, and must be carefully established by
the Project Civil Engineering Group Supervisor (EGS).
2.5 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient (Kz), Topographic Factor (Kzt ), and
Wind directionality Factor (Kd )
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 10 OF 48

Velocity pressure exposure coefficient (Kz) shall be taken from ASCE 7, Table 6-5.
Case 2 listed in Table 6-5 is typically applied for design of open framed industrial
structures. It is not necessary to use a curved pressure profile vs. height. A stepped
function is permissible using the pressure at the mid- height of the step for the
pressure over the full step.
The topographic factor, Kzt, is defined in Eq. 6-1, Section 6.5.7, of ASCE-7. This
factor, and the parameters defined in Fig. 6-2, is intended to account for wind speed-
up over hills and escarpments. Typically, this factor is set to 1.0 for application of
industrial structure design.
The wind directionality factor, Kd defined in Table 6-6, is intended to account for
the reduced probability of the maximum wind or force coefficient coming from any
direction. This factor has been implicitly included in earlier versions of the Standard,
and now for the first time explicitly introduced in the Standard. The Kd factor is
considered to be 0.85 for the design of the typical main wind force resisting system.
Due to the inclusion of the Kd factor in Eq. 6-13 of ASCE 7, the load factor for wind
load shown in Sections 2.3 & 2.4 of ASCE 7 is increased to account for the Kd factor
(1.3).
2.6 Gust Effect Factors ( G, Gf )
Gust effect factors (GEF) are defined in ASCE 7, Section 6.5.8. The GEF accounts
for the additional loading effects due to wind turbulence over the 3-second gust
wind, and loading effects due to dynamic amplification of flexible buildings and other
structures (f < 1 hz). The GEF does not include allowances for the effects of across
wind deflection, vortex shedding, or instability due to galloping or flutter.
The factors G and Gf used in ASCE & are defined below:
G: for structures considered to be rigid (f 1 hz), the factor G shall be 0.85.
Gf: for structures considered to be flexible (f < 1 hz), the factor Gf can be
determined based on the method presented in Section 6.5.8.2 of ASCE 7.
Loads that are caused by the dynamic effects associated with the wind loads on
vessels, stacks, chimneys, and other similar structures should normally be provided
by the Vessel Group or vendor. Calculation of these loads, when performed by the
Civil/ Structural group, for the design of chimneys and stacks shall be done in
accordance with the requirements of Design Guide 3DG-C01-00010 (Ref. 5.15).
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 11 OF 48

2.7 Projected Area (Af)
A. Vertical Vessels
The projected area (Af) is calculated based on the aggregated projected area
(OD + insulation) x length of the vessel. It should be increased, using the
area increase factors (E) defined in Section 2.8 -A, to account for the effects
of all projections from nozzles, manways, supporting piping and insulation,
but excluding platforms and ladders.
Platforms and ladders are covered in Section 2.7-D. The projected areas
should be based on vendor drawings and plant design drawings. It should
be normally assumed that wind is equally effective on vessel and
appendages from any direction. Rare exceptions resulting from unusual
piping or appurtenances may occur, which may require separate compilation
of design wind pressures. These may be considered tributary areas from
components. Pressures or forces from such components should be applied
to main system.
B. Horizontal Vessels and Heat Exchangers
The projected area (Af) is calculated based on (OD + insulation) x length of

the vessel or exchanger, associated nozzles, manways, supported piping,
and insulation. Platforms and ladders are covered in Section 2.7- D. The
projected areas should be based on vendor drawings and plant design
drawings. Unusual arrangements of piping or appurtenances may justify a
separate compilation of design wind pressures and forces. These items
should be components yielding tributary forces or pressures. See Section
2.8 - A for the area increase factors (E).
C. Miscellaneous Equipment
The projected area (Af) shall be based on the projected area of the
equipment, its supported piping, and insulation and should be determined
from vendor drawings and/or plant design drawings.
D. Platforms, Ladders and Handrail
The projected area (Af) for these items shall be equal to the projected width
times the length normal to the wind. An equivalent width of one foot may be
used for:
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 12 OF 48

1. Ladder and cage; or,
2. Handrail and toeplate
If vertical vessel platform requirements have not been defined at the time of
foundation design, the following criteria may be used for estimating the
projected platform area:
1. One circular platform 2'-6" below each manway for all manways 15'-0"
or more above grade.
2. One rectangular platform on top of the vessel equal to the vessel

diameter or 3'-0" whichever is larger.
3. A minimum of one circular platform every 30 ft. of vessel height.
4. Circular platform size may be estimated from Table 1 of this Design

Guide.
5. Af for all vertical vessel platforms shall be based on the profile yielding
the greatest area irrespective of wind direction or platform orientation.
Where design wind forces have been determined using the above criteria,
verification of the calculations should be made when the actual platform
requirements are defined. Calculations and design should be modified if
required.
E. Piping
The projected width shall be equal to the diameter of the largest pipe,
including insulation, if any, plus 10% of the usable width of the piperack. The
usable width of a piperack is defined to be equal to the distance from inside
to inside the columns minus clearances required between columns and
piping. If pipe sizes are unknown assume a 12 3/4" O.D. pipe plus 2 inches
of insulation for the largest pipe. Refer to Section 2.9 -F for recommended Cf.
F. Cable Trays
The projected area Af shall be equal to the height of the cable trays plus 10%
of the net or usable width of the piperack. Refer to Section 2.9- G for
recommended Cf.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 13 OF 48

G. Open Structures
The projected area for open frame structures shall equal the projected area
of all elements, i.e., columns, beams, braces, stair stringers, and handrail for
a given column line.
2.8 Area Increase Factors (E)
A. Vessels and Exchangers
In order to approximate the effects of all projections such as supported

piping, manways, nozzles, etc., excluding platforms and ladders, the
projected area (Af) shall normally be increased by a factor "E". The factor
shall be selected from Table 2 of this Design Guide according to the vessel
diameter. For large and unusual piping configurations, the effects should be
evaluated by engineers and appropriate area adjustments made as required.
2.9 Force Coefficients (Cf)
Generally the force coefficient, Cf should be applied as interpreted in Tables 6-9 to

6-13 of ASCE 7. Note that the values specified are for wind pressure acting normal
to the surface of the structure. Resultant horizontal forces act parallel to the wind
direction. For applications not covered by the above Tables, the Cf values listed
below shall apply.
A. Vessels, Exchangers, etc.
For process vessels, exchangers, stacks, and similarly shaped structures, Cf

shall be obtained from Table 6-10 of ASCE 7. In most cases the factors for a
moderately smooth surface are acceptable. For horizontal vessels,
exchangers, etc. the value of h in the ratio h/D shall be the overall length.
B. Other Equipment
For other equipment such as skid-mounted equipment, etc. that does not
have a clearly defined shape, Cf may be conservatively taken from Table 6-
11 of ASCE 7. The dimensions M and N shall be determined based on the
projected area dimensions.
C. Tropical Shelters
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 14 OF 48

For double pitched roofs, the pressure coefficient Cp shall be taken from
ASCE 7, Figure 6-3. For monosloped roofs the force coefficient Cf shall be
taken from ASCE 7, Table 6-9. Cf for both the windward and leeward walls
shall be taken from Table 6-11 (above ground case), where M and N are the
dimensions of the siding. The total horizontal load on the structure need not
be greater than that obtained for a totally enclosed building.
D. Platforms
Cf for platform beams, handrail, and ladders shall be taken as 2.0.
E. Open Structures
Open structures generally consist of multiple frame equipment support

structures, piperacks, etc. Cf for such structures shall be determined based
on Table 6-12 for elements, i.e., columns, beams, braces, stair stringers and
handrails for each given column line. Cf from Table 6-12 is based on the
solidity ratio of the windward frame. The solidity ratio is defined as:
= Solid projected area / Gross area of frame
Shielding effects are discussed in Section 2.10 of this Design Guide.

Application of Cf shown in Table 6-13 and related procedure should be
limited to 3 or 4 column truss tower like structures.
F. Pipe/Piperacks
For pipes, Cf shall be taken from Table 6- 12 of ASCE 7. In most cases the
factor for D qz > 2.5 is acceptable. The minimum Cf should be 0.8.
When determining the solidity ratio , the solid area should include the
projected area of pipe, trays and related structural elements.
G. Cable Trays/Piperacks
For cable trays, Cf shall be taken from Table 6-12 of ASCE 7. The minimum
Cf should be 1.8. When determining the solidity ratio , the solid area should
include the projected area of cable tray, pipe and related structural elements.
2.10 Shielding
The following equation from Ref. 5.5 should be utilized to account for shielding
effects occurring in open structures:
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 15 OF 48

m = 1.0 - 1.7 [ - (e/100)]
where e= Frame spacing center to center / Frame depth
The value of m shall never be less than e/12 and never greater than 1, i.e., e/12 m
1. When e 12, m equals 1, irrespective of the value.
Frame depth shall be taken as the lesser of the two dimensions (vertical or
horizontal) defining the gross frontal area normal to the wind direction. For
equipment structures the frame depth would be either the distance from the ground
to the top level of the structure or the distance between the centerlines of the
exterior columns whichever is smaller. For piperacks and trussed bridge type
structures, i.e., structures that are very open at the ground level, the frame depth
would be either the distance from the lower support level to the upper support level
or the distance between the centerlines of the exterior columns whichever is smaller.
The shielding factor is to be multiplied times the area Af of the second and
subsequent frames, times the force coefficient Cf, from Section 2.9.5. The force
coefficient and solidity ratio used for determining the shielding factor shall be based
on the windward frame and the spacing of second frame.
The shielding factor calculated for the second frame should be used for all
subsequent frames without further reduction. No shielding effect should be
considered for wind force on piperacks with two-bay frames.
3.0 SEISMIC LOAD DESIGN STRUCTURES
A seismic design of non-critical industrial structures and equipment shall be based

on the IBC 2000 seismic code. The IBC seismic code has been developed in
accordance with the NEHRP seismic provisions (Ref. 5.21), and in collaboration with
the Code Committees of three model codes, UBC, BOCA, and SBC to become a
unified and single set of seismic code used throughout the States. The site
acceleration ground motions defined in IBC are the maximum considered
earthquakes (MCE) developed based on the latest USGS seismic hazard maps. The
seismic hazard is considered to be 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years (or
2475 years return period). This is conservative, as compared to the traditional
approach of 475 years return period in earlier UBC codes. Also, the traditional
classification of seismic zones is no longer applied.
The seismic forces calculated based on the IBC represent the strength-level design
(or LRFD) method. Therefore, the load factor of 1.0 should be used in the LRFD
load combinations with other static design loads. When the allowable stress design
(ASD) method is used, the seismic force should be divided by a factor of 1.4.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 16 OF 48

The code classifies industrial structures as nonbuilding structures with the following
two categories: 1) building-like structures with structural systems similar to buildings,
such as piperacks and equipment-support open framed structures; 2) non-building-
like structures such as vessels and tanks.
3.1 Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
The MCE are defined as the expected maximum ground accelerations, considering
the seismic hazard of 2475 years return period. The MCE ground motions
presented in IBC are to replace the traditional UBC seismic zone classification. Two
levels of the MCE accelerations are considered, one represents the spectral
response acceleration at 0.2 second period (SS ) and the other is the spectral
acceleration at 1-second period (S1). These spectral response accelerations are
evaluated based on the soft rock (SB ) condition, and are shown in Fig 1615 of IBC
for the States and other U.S. territories. For other areas not covered by IBC,
appropriate geological publications, local codes, Bechtel Geotechnical group,
project soil consultant, and client should be consulted for determination of the site-
specific seismic hazard.
3.2 Design Spectral Response Accelerations
Due to the conservatism of the SS & S1 values determined for 2475 years return
period, the design spectral accelerations are considered to be 2/3 of the SS & S1
values. The design spectral response accelerations at 0.2 seconds period, SDS, and
at 1 second period, SD1, are defined in the following. The Fa and Fv factors presented
in Table 1615.1.2 of the IBC are included to represent the soil amplification effect.
SDS = (2/3) Fa SS (3-1)
SD1 = (2/3) Fv S1 (3-2)
3.3 Seismic Design Category (SDC)
The IBC does not relate the seismic design provisions with the seismic zones
contained in the traditional UBC seismic criteria. Instead, the seismic design
category (SDC) presented in Table 1616.3 is defined to replace the seismic zones.
The SDC is a function of site location, seismic use group and soil type, and is used
to determine the seismic detailing requirements. Every structure should be assigned
a SDC category, and should be designed to meet the pertinent seismic detailed
requirements
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 17 OF 48

Generally, the classification of the SDC can be related to seismic zones as follows:
Category A is equivalent to seismic Zone 0, Category B to Zone 1, Category C to
Zone 2, Category D to zone 3, and Category E & F to Zone 4.
3.4 Structural Systems
Structural systems that are designed to resist seismic forces are defined in Table
1617.6. When selecting the type of structural system to use, this Table should be
used to check the height and zone limitations.
3.5 Structural Configurations
Structures are classified as regular and irregular structures. Regular structures are
structures that have no irregularities and discontinuities in the lateral force resisting
system. Irregular structures are those structures having one or more irregularities
described in IBC Table 1616.5.1 for plan irregularity and 1616.5.2 for vertical
irregularity.
3.6 Method of Analysis
Determination of the analysis method, i.e static, dynamic or simplified static

approach is dependent on the following factors:
1. Whether structure is classified as "regular" or "irregular".

2. Seismic Design Category in high seismic areas.
3. Height of structure.
4. Fundamental period of structure in soil type SF
IBC, Table 1616.6.3 establishes the requirements for which of the methods should
be used. If the dynamic method is required/used, a specialist experienced in
dynamic analysis/design shall be consulted to assist in the design.
Generally, the static method is used for design of regular structures up to 240 ft in
height and irregular structures up to 65 ft or 5 stories. The dynamic analysis method
is used when the above limitations are exceeded, or when the site condition is
classified as Sf and the structural period is greater than 0.7 seconds. The simplified
analysis method is generally applied to any structures not exceeding two stories in
height, and assigned as Seismic Use Group I (ordinary structures).
When project schedule is not a constraint, a detailed finite element dynamic analysis
may be performed to determine if the seismic forces could be reduced relative to the
static seismic forces. This approach is intended for cost-saving optimal design of
structures.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 18 OF 48

3.7 IBC Static Method
A. Direction of the Seismic Load
For the SDC Category A & B, the IBC Section 1620.1.10 states that the
seismic forces may be considered to act nonconcurrently in each of the two
principle orthogonal axes. For the SDC Category C thru F and in particular
for irregular structures, the two orthogonal seismic effects should be
considered per IBC Section 1620.2.2 and 1620.3.5. This provision is
intended to account for earthquake effects in a direction other than the
principle axis for structures located in high seismic areas. Commonly used
methods (IBC, Section 1620.2.2) for considering the orthogonal effects are
the component factor method (1.0, 0.3) and the square root of the sum of
the squares (SRSS) method.
B. Design Base Shear
The following equations from IBC are used to calculate the total base shear
in a given direction for structures. Note that the calculated seismic forces
represent the strength-level force (LRFD method). When the working stress
level force is considered (ASD method), the seismic force shall be reduced
by a factor of 1.4, as discussed in Section 3.0.
1. For building structures and building-like structures with structural

systems similar to buildings (i.e., industrial open frame structures), the
base shear is calculated as follows (Section 1617.4.1):
V = CS W (3- 3)
The seismic coefficient CS is defined:
CS = SDS I / R , (3-4)
But, need not exceed
CS = SD1 I / (R T) (3-5)
The minimum seismic coefficient shall be:
CS min = 0.044 SDS I (3-6)
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 19 OF 48

where
I = importance factor given in Table 1622.2.5(2)
SDS & SD1 = the design spectral response accelerations at 0.2

second period and 1 second period respectively
(see Section 3.2 for definition)
W = total seismic dead load defined in Section

1617.4.1 & 1622.2.1.
R = response modification factor, as listed in Tables

1617.6 and 1622.2.5 of the IBC. See Table 5 for
recommended R values for industrial structures.
T = Structural natural period; can be estimated per

IBC 1617.4.2.
2. For nonbuilding self-supporting structures such as tanks, vessels,

exchangers, etc. supported on grade, the above equations shall be
used for calculating the total base shear, except that the values of R
are given in Table 1622.2.5(1). See Table 5 for guidance.
Per Section 1622.2.5, the minimum seismic force shall be:
Vmin = 0.14 SDS I W (3-7)
3. For rigid non-building structures (those with a frequency higher than

17 hz) defined in Section 1622.2.6, the base shear should be
calculated:
V= 0.3 SDS I W (3-8)
4. Anchors and required bracing for parts and portions of structures, i.e.,
structural members not part of the main lateral force resisting system
such as secondary floor beams and permanent nonstructural
components, i.e., wall partitions, etc., as well as equipment supported
by the structure, should be designed for a lateral seismic force of:
Fp = 0.4 SDS ap Ip (1+ 2 z / h) (W p / Rp) (3-9)
& Fp max= 1.6 SDS Ip W p (3-10)
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 20 OF 48

Fp min= 0.3 SDS Ip W p (3-11)
Where
Ip: component/equipment importance factor defined in

Section 1621.1.6.
W p: component / equipment operating weight.
ap : component amplification factor defined in Table 1621.2
z: component/equipment elevation with respect to grade.
h: structure top elevation with respect to grade.
Rp: equipment response modification factor defined in Table
1621.2.
The seismic force obtained from Equation (3-9) shall not exceed the result
from Equation (3-10). Note that judgment needs to be exercised when the
amplification effect due to the equipment locations, i.e. z /h should be
considered. For determining the seismic force for heavy equipment, such as
turbines, generators, supported on turbine pedestals (typically two story
high), use of Equation (3-9) may yield very conservative results, as compared
to the previous code requirements. Consult with Seismic Specialist if
questions arise.
C. Seismic Zone
The seismic zone classification defined in earlier versions of the UBC seismic
codes is no longer applied to IBC. This section is retained here only for
information and clarification. The seismic hazards represented by the MCE
earthquakes are discussed in Section 3.1. The spectral response
accelerations SS and S1 developed by USGS that correspond to the MCE
earthquake are shown in Fig 1615 of IBC.
D. Importance Factor (I & Ip )
The importance factors for structures, components and equipment are given
in IBC, Table 1604.5, Table 1622.2.5(2), & Section 1621.1.6.
E. Site Coefficients, Fa & Fv , and Soil Profile Types, SA to SF
The site coefficients, Fa & Fv, presented in Table 1615.1.2, are dependent
upon the seismic spectral accelerations, Ss & S1 and soil profile condition.
They are used to determine the soil amplification effect of site-specific
condition.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 21 OF 48

The soil profile types are presented in Table 1615.1.1. Six soil profiles,
ranging from hard rock condition (SA) to very soft soil condition (SF) are
classified based on averaged shear wave velocity or soil undrained shear
strength at the top 100 ft.
When the site is classified as the SF condition, the site-specific response

spectra shall be developed to determine the seismic coefficients. Consult with
Geotechnical Specialist for development of site-specific response spectra. In
this case, the seismic force may be determined based on the dynamic
analysis using the response spectra method.
F. Structure Period (T)
Structural period can be estimated following the procedures in the IBC,

Section 1617.4.2.1, or any other analytical methods using the computer
programs.
G. Response Modification Factors (R)
The response modification factors, R for building and nonbuilding structures

are given in IBC, Tables 1617.6 and 1622.2.5(1), and are associated with the
strength level design concept. The R factors represent the amount of seismic
force reduction due to energy dissipation and absorption of structural
systems during inelastic deformations. Typical R values used for design of
industrial open frame structures, tanks and vessels are presented in Table 5.
H. Seismic Dead Load (W)
The seismic dead load (W) is defined in IBC Sections 1617.4.1 and 1622.2.1.
I. Vertical Distribution of Horizontal Forces
Vertical distribution of the seismic force is outlined in IBC, Section 1617.4.3.

When the simplified analysis approach (Section 1617.5) is used, the seismic
force is distributed based on the effective dead weight at that level.
J. Horizontal Distribution of Horizontal Force
For structures with rigid diaphragms as defined in IBC Section 1602.1, the
horizontal force and horizontal torsional moment shall be distributed to the
column lines so that the diaphragm horizontal displacement and torsional
rotation produce forces at the column lines which equilibrate with the total
applied force and torsional moment. To determine this distribution, the
stiffness at each column line is required. The horizontal torsional moment is
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 22 OF 48

the horizontal force times the eccentricity between the center of mass and the
center of rigidity plus an accidental torsion.
1. The stiffness of a column line at a given level can be determined by

applying the force to that column line at that level and then dividing
the force by the deflection at the load point.
The following procedure can be used for determining the stiffness of a

typical shear wall and rigid frame combination. For a given level the
columns are considered fixed at the top and bottom and the total
stiffness for shear wall and rigid frame is:
K = 1/ (d1 + d2)
Where
d1 = h3/(12EI) Flexibility due to frame
columns.
d2 = 1.2h/(GA) Flexibility due to shear

walls.
A = Sum of the plan areas of the shear walls.
E = Modulus of elasticity of frame column.
G = Shear modulus of shear wall material.
h = Height between stories.
I = Sum of the story columns moment of

inertia.
Generally, the stiffness effects of any in-line columns of a shear wall

structure can be neglected.
2. To determine whether the structure has a rigid diaphragm, IBC

suggests the following approach (see Section 1602.1): apply a set of
horizontal unit loads that are based on floor tributary area. For these
loads calculate the maximum lateral deflection of the diaphragm from
a base line drawn from one end of the diaphragm to the other end
(See Figure 1 of this Design Guide). If the maximum diaphragm
deflection is less than two times the average story drift for all column
lines at the diaphragm level, then the diaphragm is considered rigid.
A diaphragm may consist of a concrete or steel deck or a series of
braces that form a horizontal truss that spreads the lateral load to all
the column lines according to their stiffness.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 23 OF 48

For structures with flexible diaphragms, or without diaphragms, the
horizontal forces shall be distributed to the column lines based on
tributary area.
The foregoing discussion on the distribution of horizontal seismic

forces does not include the effect of accidental torsion due to the
uncertainties in locations of loads. This effect is discussed in the
following section.
K. Accidental Torsion
Accidental torsion shall be considered in accordance with IBC Section

1617.4.4.4. The accidental torsional moment is the horizontal load times 5%
of the overall structure dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction
of the horizontal load. This load shall be distributed to the column lines in the
same way as the normal torsion; however, the plus or minus direction of the
resulting forces due to accidental torsion shall be chosen for each member,
to produce the worst design condition. Accidental torsion shall be amplified
in accordance with IBC Section 1617.4.4.5 when torsional irregularity exists.
The amplification factor need not exceed 3.0.
L. Seismic Load Effect with Vertical Forces
The horizontal and vertical seismic loads are combined per IBC Section
1617.1.1:
E = EH EV (3-12)
Where
= Redundancy coefficient obtained from Section 1617.2 (see

Section P of this Design Guide for explanation).
EV = seismic vertical force, equal to 0.2 SDS D
M. Overturning
IBC Section 1617.4.5 provides procedures for calculating the overturning

moments for structural and foundation design. For stability check, the stability
ratio for foundation design shall be a minimum of 1.5.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 24 OF 48

N. Story Drift
The story drift, Dx is the difference in the lateral deflection between the level
above and the level of the story under consideration, and is calculated per
Section 1617.4.6.1.
x = ( Cd xe / I )
where
Cd = the deflection amplification factor defined in Table 1617.6 and

1622.2.5(1).
xe = the deflection determined by an elastic analysis.
I= importance factor defined in Table 1604.5.
Drift limitations for building structures are given in IBC Table 1617.3. When
calculating drift, the redundancy factor shall be taken as 1.0. For design of
industrial structures, the maximum allowable deflections are specified in the
project structural design criteria.
O. P-delta Effects
The requirements for P-delta effect are given in IBC Section 1617.4.6.2.
P-delta effects are the secondary forces due to the total vertical loads and the
seismic lateral deflections. The stability ratio, , is defined as follows:
= W Tx / (Vx hx Cd )
where
W Tx = total dead and live load above level x.
Vx = the design story shear above level x.
hx = the height of the floor at level x.
= the design story drift calculated per Section

1617.4.6.1.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 25 OF 48

P-delta effect can be neglected when is equal to or less than 0.1. When
is greater than 0.1, P-delta effects need to be considered. In this case, the
design story drift, seismic forces, and moments shall be multiplied by a factor
of 1/ (1- ). The calculated value should be less than max (defined in IBC
Eq. 16-48), since the structure may be potentially unstable.
P. Overstrength ( 0 ) and Redundancy ( ) Factor
The overstrength factor (0) defined in Section 1617.1.2 and Table 1617.6
shall be considered when special seismic design is required. For steel
structures assigned with SDC Category D, E & F (in high seismic areas),
columns shall be designed by using the overstrength factor times the
calculated seismic force so that a strong-column weak-beam design
approach can be achieved. The 0 factor is 2.0 for braced frames, and 3.0
for moment resisting frames.
The maximum seismic load is considered as follows:
Em = 0 E 0.2 SDS D (3-13)
The redundancy factor () specified in Eq. 3-12 should be considered for

building structures and open framed structures with SDC category D thru F.
For structures with SDC category A thru C, the value shall be 1.0. Also, the
value determined based on IBC Section 1617.2.2 should not exceed 1.5.
For the design of piperacks, the redundancy factor should be taken equal to
1.0 due to its simple one bay layout, and no human occupancy.
3.8 Dynamic Method
A. General
IBC Table 1616.6.3 dictates the use of the dynamic method of analysis for
certain types of structures and for structures located at soft soil site, SE & SF
with structural period of 0.7 second or greater. Use of the dynamic method
shall be reviewed and approved by Chief Civil Engineer, or his designee and
the client.
D. Methods of Analysis
Two methods of dynamic analysis are generally used for calculation of the
dynamic response of a structure subjected to seismic ground motions,
namely response spectra analysis and time history analysis. The dynamic
response of deflections, member forces, and moments are normally obtained
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 26 OF 48

based on the mode superposition method. Description of the two methods
used in the dynamic analysis is also presented in Ref. 5.14 & 5.16.
1. In the response spectra analysis method, the input seismic motions

are defined by sets of ground acceleration response spectra applied
at the foundation level of the structure. The acceleration response
spectra curves, defined as acceleration versus frequency or period of
vibration, are developed based on the soil type, structural damping
value, and local geological and seismological considerations. The
spectral curves developed can be site-specific to meet particular site
requirements, SF, (needs to be coordinated with the geotechnical
consultant), or can be the standard design response spectra
prescribed in IBC, Section 1615.1.4, and Figure 1615.1.4 for 5%
damping.
The maximum modal response is calculated for each structural

vibration mode and then combined by any rational method. The
method of square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) or the
complete quadratic combination (CQC) is recommended for use when
combining the modal responses and accounting for the other
directional effects. Note that the vertical design response spectrum
may be considered to be 2/3 of the horizontal design response
spectrum or consulted with the Geotechnical Consultant.
2. In the time history analysis method, the input seismic motions are
defined by a set of time history data applied at the foundation level.
These sets of time history data, in the form of a digitized acceleration
versus time, need to be developed. The response spectra of these
digitized time history data must envelope the IBC design response
spectra, or be developed by geotechnical consultants based on the
site-specific seismic data. This analysis procedure requires the
calculation of the structural response at each time increment and for
each mode. Then all modes are combined algebraically to yield the
total response. Since the dynamic calculations are performed at small
time increments, the time history analysis method is more tedious and
time consuming and therefore less efficient than the response
spectrum method.
3. It should be noted that the soil-structure interaction effect is generally

not significant for most industrial structures since they are considered
to be very flexible structures. The fixed-base approach is generally
used in the dynamic analysis. If soil-structure interaction is to be
considered, particularly for design of critical safety-related structures,
the soil-structure composite damping values shall be evaluated for
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 27 OF 48

each vibrational soil-structure system mode. The seismic response is
then obtained by using the calculated system damping values. Since
the system damping is usually much higher than the structural
damping values, use of the soil-structure model tends to reduce the
structural response.
C. Modeling Technique
Two types of modeling techniques are used in the dynamic analysis. The
first is the lumped-mass approach, and the second is the finite element
approach. The choice for using one or the other of the two approaches
should be based on the complexity of the structural layout, cost, and/or
schedule. Specialists should participate in the selection of the modeling
technique.
1. The lumped-mass approach is based on a stick model with masses

lumped at each floor elevation, and supported by massless elastic
beam columns. In general, six dynamic degrees of freedom (three
translations and three rotations) are assigned to each mass. Any
structural irregularities can be accounted for by considering the
eccentricity between the center of mass and center of rigidity. This
approach is very cost-effective and efficient for calculating the overall
response of a structure at each floor elevation. Distribution of the
seismic loads to each individual structural member at each elevation
has to be performed separately and then, the structures are analyzed
and designed based on the distributed loads.
2. In the finite element approach, the structure is modeled as a three-

dimensional finite element model by using the beam and finite plate
elements. The lateral torsional effect, if there is any, on the structural
response is automatically accounted for without calculating the
eccentricity between the center of mass and center of rigidity.
Although the input data for this method is more complex and time
consuming, the results are more readily available for the design of
each individual structural member.
D. Mode Combinations and Three Directional Effects
In the response spectra method of analysis, the modal combination and the
directional (two horizontals and one vertical) effects should be combined by
the SRSS method or other rational method presented in Ref. 5.14.
In the time history analysis method, each modal time history response is
combined algebraically. The directional effect is considered by using either
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 28 OF 48

the SRSS method or the algebraic summation method. The SRSS method is
used to combine the co-directional response when the time history input
motion is applied in one direction at a time. The algebraic summation method
is used to combine the co-directional response when three statistically
independent time history input motions (two horizontals and one vertical) are
applied simultaneously.
E. Modal Damping
The modal damping values to be used in the dynamic analysis for both
reinforced concrete and steel structures are given by the Project Design
Criteria. Where these criteria do not specify damping, seven percent is
generally used for reinforced concrete and bolted steel structures. For
prestressed concrete and welded steel structures, a 5% damping value
should be used. Use of other modal damping values shall meet with the
approval of the Chief Civil Engineer.
When the soil-structure interaction (SSI) seismic analysis is considered, the

system damping values for each SSI modes should be evaluated based on
the procedures presented in Section 3.2.1 of Ref. 5.14.
F. Scaling of Dynamic Results
The dynamic results should be obtained by dividing the elastic seismic

response by the R factor. IBC Section 1618.7 prescribes the minimum
dynamic forces to be used in the seismic design of structures when the
dynamic method is used. The dynamic base shear need not exceed the
base shear calculated from the equivalent static method.
For irregular structures located in Site class E & F, the minimum dynamic
base shear shall not be less than that determined from the equivalent static
method. The story shears and displacements shall be adjusted
proportionately.
3.9 Simplified Static Method
For structures with height not exceeding two stories, and assigned as Seismic Use
Group I (non-critical structures), the following simplified analysis procedure can be
used to calculate the seismic base shear (see Section 1617.5 of IBC):
V = (1.2 SDS / R ) W (3-14)
The force at each level is distributed based on the effective weight at that level:
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 29 OF 48

Fi = (1.2 SDS / R ) W i (3-15)
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 30 OF 48

4.0 SEISMIC LOAD DESIGN - STORAGE TANK FOUNDATIONS
The Theory Method outlined in Section 4.1 through 4.5 is recommended.

Supporting materials for this method, consisting of example calculations and
Figures 2, 3 and 4 are included. Application of the theory method is presented in
Section 1.3.
4.1 Theory Method
The mathematically precise procedures for determining seismically induced fluid

pressures developed in a tank are very complex. The Theory Method presented
below is based on simplifications that involve some approximation; however, the
results are sufficient for practical design of tank foundations.
When a tank containing fluid of weight W is accelerated in a horizontal direction, a

certain portion of the fluid acts as if it were a solid mass of weight W 0 in rigid contact
with the walls. To account for the tank flexibility effect, the natural frequency of the
tank-fluid system is evaluated based on Figure 3. The force P0 associated with the
weight W 0, and the amplified spectral acceleration, is identified as the impulsive
force. The ground acceleration also induces oscillations of the fluid, contributing
additional dynamic pressures on the walls and bottom, in which a certain portion of
the fluid, of weight W 1, responds as if it were a solid oscillating mass flexibly
connected to the walls (sloshing part). The maximum amplitude, A1, of the
horizontal excursions of this mass relative to the walls determines both the maximum
vertical displacement, dmax, of the fluid surface (slosh height) and the horizontal force
exerted on the walls. This force is defined as the convective force, P1, since it
involves fluid motion.
These considerations lead to the idealization shown in Figure 2 of this Design

Guide, in which the tank in (a) is replaced with the unsprung and sprung masses
represented by weights W 0 and W 1, respectively, in (b). Ground accelerations
induce the impulsive forces P0 and the convective forces P1 shown in (c).
Dynamic fluid forces are also generated on the bottom of the tank. These pressures
are incorporated in the vertical couples, M0 and M1.
The weight of the tank is usually small compared to the weight of the fluid and is
conveniently accounted for by adding the weight of the tank W T to W 0.
4.2 Equations for Cylindrical Tanks
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 31 OF 48

All equations use consistent units. The frequency parameter, C, is considered for
calculating the fundamental natural frequency of the tank systems in order to
account for the effect of shear deformation.
A. Impulsive Force Equations
W0 = W tanh(1.73R/h)/(1.73R/h)
h0 = 0.125h{[6.93(R/h)/tanh(1.73R/h)] - 1} (IBP)
h0w = 3h/8 (EBP)
P0 = (W 0 + W T) a0 / g
M0w = P0h0w (EBP)
I = R3 t
0 = 3.52C(E I/ h4)
M0 = P0 h0 (IBP)
B. Convective Force Equations
W1 = W (0.46 R/h) tanh(1.84h/R)
12 = (1.84g/R) tanh(1.84h/R)
A1 = a1/ 12
h = (1.53A1/R)tanh(1.84h/R)
P1 = W 1 a1 / g = 1. 2 W 1 h
h1 = h{1 - [cosh(1.84H/R) - 2.01]/ (IBP)

[1.84(h/R)sinh(1.84h/R)]}
h1w = h{1 - [cosh(1.84h/R) - 1]/ (EBP)

[1.84(h/R)sinh(1.84h/R)]}
M1w = P1h1w (EBP)
M1 = P1h1 (IBP)
dmax = 0.408R coth(1.84h/R)/[g/(w2qhR) - 1]

3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 32 OF 48

= 0.837 a1 R / g
C. Total Base Shear and Moment
V = P0 + P1
M = M0 + M1 (IBP)
Mw = M0w + M1w (EBP)
Notes:
1) Page 187 of TID-7024 contains equations for rectangular tanks. The IBP case
should be used for design of tank foundation supported on piles.
2) EBP means "Excluding Bottom Pressure" and IBP means "Including Bottom
Pressure".
4.3 Procedure for Short Tanks
For a tank supported on the ground with a height less than or equal to 1.5R the
procedure for calculating the base shear and overturning moment is as follows:
1. Calculate the impulsive weight of liquid W 0.
2. Calculate the height h0 and h0W of W 0.
3. Calculate the first natural frequency 0 of the tank and contents system;
modify, as appropriate, using Fig. 3.
4. Determine the maximum seismic acceleration a0 of the impulsive liquid and

tank based on 0 from a response spectrum. See paragraph 4.5 for selection
of acceleration a0.
5. Calculate the impulsive seismic force P0.
6. Calculate the impulsive overturning moments M0w and M0.
7. Calculate the weight of the convective fluid W 1.
8. Calculate the height h1 and h1w of W 1.
9. Calculate the natural frequency 1 of the convective fluid (sloshing

frequency).
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 33 OF 48

10. Determine the maximum seismic acceleration a1 of the convective liquid
based on 1 from a response spectrum. See Section 4.5 for selection of the
acceleration a1.
11. Calculate the maximum displacement A1 of the convective fluid.
12. Calculate the angle of free oscillation h at the fluid surface.
13. Calculate the convective seismic force P1.
14. Calculate the convective overturning moments M1w and M1.
15. Calculate the maximum sloshing height of the convective wave, dmax.
16. Calculate the total base shear V and the total overturning moment M above
and below the tank bottom.
4.4 Procedure for Slender Tanks
For tanks with a height greater than 1.5R, the entire mass of fluid below a depth of
1.5R tends to respond the same as the impulsive portion. See Figure 4 of this
Design Guide. To determine the base shear and overturning moment follow the
same procedure as for short tanks except with the following modifications.
For purposes of evaluating the impulsive force P0, the tank can be considered as
having a fictitious bottom at 1.5R below the fluid surface. The procedure in Section
4.3, steps 1 and 2 can be used to calculate W0 and h0 for the fluid above the
fictitious bottom (h = 1.5R). The portion of fluid below the fictitious bottom is treated
as a solid mass and is represented by its actual weight located at its centroid. The
portions above and below the fictitious bottom are combined to form the total
impulsive force.
The acceleration is determined the same as in Section 4.3, steps 3 and 4 using the
actual height h of the fluid.
The concept of dividing the tank with a fictitious bottom does not apply to the
convective portion of the design. These forces continue to use the full depth of the
fluid.
4.5 Selection of Seismic Acceleration
Projects that require the use of the design response spectra shall obtain the
accelerations from the IBC design spectra, from the client, or from the geotechnical
consultant.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 34 OF 48

A structural engineer involved in the design of such tanks should be experienced in
the use and interpretation of the acceleration response spectra. This method may
be applied for LNG facilities, and possibly where hazardous materials are contained.
The accelerations a0 and a1 are read from the acceleration response spectrum
corresponding to the frequencies w0 and w1 respectively. For the impulsive part,
damping coefficients of four and seven percent should be used for steel and
concrete tanks, respectively. For the convective part, a damping coefficient of
percent should be used for the fluid.
5.0 REFERENCES
5.1 ASCE 7-98, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures", by
American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998 Edition.
5.2 Uniform Building Code (UBC), published by International Conference of Building

Officials (ICBO), 1997 Edition.
5.3 NFPA 59-A, National Fire Protection Association "Standard for the Protection,
Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas".
5.4 API-650, American Petroleum Institute "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage",
Latest Edition, Appendix E.
5.5 Rules for minimum design loads on structures, AS1170, Part 2, Standards
Association of Australia, Sydney.
5.6 P.N. Georgiou and B.J. Vickery, "Wind Loads on Building Frames", The University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, Proceeding Fifth International
Conference on Wind Engineering, Colorado State University, July 1979.
5.7 Peter Sachs, "Wind Forces in Engineering", 2nd Edition, Pergamon Press.
5.8 ACI 318, "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete", American Concrete
Institute 1999 Edition.
5.9 AISC American Institute of Steel Construction, ASD, 9th Edition.
5.10 U.S. Department of Commerce "Nuclear Reactors and Earthquakes" TID-7024,

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, August 1963, Chapter 6 and Appendix F.
5.11 "BOCA" National Building Code, published by Building Administrations

International, Inc.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 35 OF 48

5.12 "SBC" Standard Building Code, published by Southern Building Code Congress
International, Inc.
5.13 Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary, by Seismology

Committee of Structural Engineering Association of California (SEAOC).
5.14 Bechtel Design Guide 3DG-C01-00004, "Seismic Analysis of Structures and

Equipment for Nuclear Power Plants".
5.15 Bechtel Design Guide 3DG-C01-00010 "Chimneys and Stacks".
5.16 ASCE Petrochemical Energy Report, Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design
of Petrochemical Facilities, prepared by ASCE Seismic Task Committee, 1997.
5.17 ASCE Petrochemical Energy Report, Wind Loads on Petrochemical Facilities,

prepared by ASCE Task Committee on Wind Induced Forces, 1997.
5.18 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, 1997.
5.19 Bechtel Design Guide 3DG-C15-00011, Structural Steel Design Special Design
Provisions for Seismic Design.
5.20 International Building Code (IBC), 2000 Edition.
5.21 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and
Other Structures, 2000 Edition.
5.22 D.W. Coats, Recommended Revisions To Nuclear Regulatory Commission Seismic

Design Criteria, Prepared By Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory For The U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG/CR-1161, May 1980.
5.23 A.S. Veletsos and J.Y. Yang, Dynamics of Fixed-Base Liquid Storage Tanks, U.S.-
Japan Seminar For Earthquake Engineering Research With Emphasis on Lifeline
Systems, Tokyo, Japan, November 1976.
5.24 A.S. Veletsos, Seismic Effects In Flexible Liquid Storage Tanks, Proceedings of Fifth
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, 1974.
5.25 AWWA D100, American Water Works Association, Welded Steel Tanks For Water
Storage, Latest Edition.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 36 OF 48

5.26 AWWA D103, American Water Works Association, Factory-Coated Bolted Steel
Tanks For Water Storage, Latest Edition.
5.27 API-620, American Petroleum Institute, Design and Construction of Large, Welded,
Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Latest Edition.
5.28 Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems, prepared by
ASCE Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, 1984.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 37 OF 48

Table 1
VERTICAL VESSEL PLATFORM SIZE
Vessel I.D. Degree of Platform
48" or less 180

48" to 96" 135
96" to 144" 90
Over 144" 60
Table 2
AREA INCREASE FACTORS (E)
Vessel I.D. Area Increase Factor
36" or less 1.50

36" to 54" 1.40
54" to 78" 1.30
78" to 102" 1.20
Over 102" 1.18
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 38 OF 48

Table 3 & Table 4 have been intentionally deleted.
Table 5
TYPICAL R VALUES FOR INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES

(Strength Design or LRFD Method)
(Ref. 5-16 & 5-19)
TYPE OF STRUCTURE R
Concentric Braced Frames - 4

Steel and Concrete
Eccentric Braced Frames - 6
Steel only
Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frames -
Steel & Concrete 4
Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frames 5
Concrete only
Special Moment-Resisting Frames - 6
Steel and Concrete
Vertical Vessel on Skirt Support,
Horizontal Vessel on Concrete Piers, 2.5
Stack, Chimney
Piperacks moment and braced frames - Steel
and Concrete 4
Tanks, Vessels, and Spheres on Braced with 2.5
Unbraced Legs
Induced Draft Cooling Towers 3.5
Invert Pendulum-type Structures 2
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 39 OF 48

Figure 1 - Diaphragm Deflection
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 40 OF 48

Figure 2 - Idealization of Fluid Motion in Tanks
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 41 OF 48

Figure 3 - National Frequency Ratios, C, of Tanks with Bending and Shear
Deformation Versus Tanks with Bending Deformation Only
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 42 OF 48

Figure 4 - Fluid Response for Tanks with Height Greater than 1.5R
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 43 OF 48

Example 1: Short Tank
A steel cylindrical tank 26 ft. in diameter and containing 15 ft. of water is supported
on the ground. Assume the accelerations are from a response spectra. Determine
the impulsive and convective forces and moments and displacement of the water
surface.
Solution
Impulsive Force
h/R = 15/13 = 1.15 < 1.5 therefore a short tank
W = (132)p(15)62.4/1000 = 496 kips
W0 = (496)tanh[1.732(13/15)]/[1.732(13/15)]
= 299 kips
h0 = 0.125(15){6.93(13/15)/tanh[1.73(13/15)] - 1} (IBP)
= 10.6 ft.
h0w = (3)15/8 = 5.63 ft. (EBP)
Assuming the tank has 3/8 inch wall and bottom
WT = (26)p(15)15.3/1000 = 18.7 kips

3 4
I = p(156 )0.375 = 4,470,000 in
= (496 + 18.7)/[180(386.4)] = 0.00740 kip sec2/in2
For h/R = 1.15, C = 0.335 from Figure 3
0 = 0.335(3.52)[29000(4470000)/0.00740/(1804)]
= 152 rad/sec
Assuming a0 = 0.33g from a response spectrum for 0 = 152 rad/sec and

damping equal to 4 percent.
P0 = (299 + 18.7)0.33 = 105 kips
M0w = 105(5.63) = 591 kip ft (EBP)
M0 = 105(10.6) = 1113 kip ft (IBP)
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 44 OF 48

Convective Forces
W1 = 496[0.318(13/15)]tanh[1.84(15/13)]
= 133 kips
h1 = 15(1 - {cosh[1.84(15/13)] - 2.01}/ (IBP)

{1.84(15/13)sinh[1.84(15/13)]})
= 11.2 ft.
h1w = 15(1 - {cosh[1.84(15/13)] - 1}/ (EBP)

{1.84(15/13)sinh[1.84(15/13)]})
= 9.44 ft.
1

= {1.84(32.2/13)tanh[1.84(15/13)]}
= 2.10 rad/sec
Assume a1 = 0.17g from a response spectrum for 1 = 2.10 rad/sec and

damping equal to percent.
A1 = 0.17(32.2)/2.102 = 1.24 ft.
h = 1.534(1.24/13)tanh[1.84(15/13)] = 0.142 rad
P1 = 1.2(0.142)133 = 22.7 kips
M1 = 22.7(11.2) = 254 kip ft. (IBP)
M1w = 22.7(9.44) = 214 kip ft. (EBP)
dmax = 0.408(13)coth[1.84(15/13)]/{32.2/[2.102(0.142)13] - 1}
= 1.84 ft.
Total Tank Forces
V = P0 + P1 = 105 + 22.7 = 128 kips
Mw = Mow + M1w = 591 + 214 = 805 kip ft. (EBP)
M = M0 + M1 = 1113 + 254 = 1367 kip ft. (IBP)
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 45 OF 48

These are the seismic foundation design loads resulting from the tank structure,
applied at the top of foundation level. For design of pile-supported foundation, the
seismic loads induced by foundation mass should also be included.
Example 2 : Slender Tank
A cylindrical tank 26 ft. in diameter and containing 30 ft. of water is supported on the
ground. Determine seismic forces and moments on the tank bottom and the
displacement of water surface. Accelerations are assumed from a response
spectrum.
Solution
h/R = 30/13 = 2.31 > 1.5 therefore a slender tank
Impulsive Force
To determine the impulsive force assume a fictitious bottom 1.5R from the top.
h = 1.5(13) = 19.5 ft.
therefore
h/R = 1.5 and R/h = 0.667
W = (132)p(19.5)62.4/1000 = 646 kips
W0 = (646)tanh[1.732(0.667)]/[1.73(0.667)]
= 458 kips
h0 = 0.125(19.5){6.93(0.667)/tanh[1.73(0.667)] - 1} (IBP)
= 11.3 ft.
h0w = 3(19.5)/8 = 7.31 ft. (EBP)
Weight of water below the fictitious bottom
W 0 = (132)p(10.5)62.4/1000 = 348 kips
h0 = 10.5/2 = 5.25 ft.
Assuming tank has 3/8 inch wall and bottom.
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 46 OF 48

WT = (26)p(30)15.3/1000 = 37.5 kips
hT = 30/2 = 15 ft.
For frequency calculation h/r = 2.31 and C = 0.63 from Figure 3.
= (646+348+37.5)/[360(386.4)] = 0.00742 kip sec2/in2
0 = 3.52(0.63)[29000(4470000)/0.00742/(3604)]
= 71.5 rad/sec
Assuming a0 = 0.33g from a response spectrum for 0 = 71.5 rad/sec and damping
equal to 4 percent.
Also, let the constrained water experience the same acceleration value.
P0 = 0.33(458 + 348 + 37.5)

= 151 + 115 + 12
= 278 kips
M0w = 151(7.31 + 10.5) + 115(5.25) + 12(15) (EBP)

= 3473 kip ft.
M0 = 151(11.3 + 10.5) + 115(5.25) + 12(15) (IBP)

= 4076 kip ft.
Convective Forces
W = 646 + 348 = 994 kips
W1 = 994(0.318)(13/30)tanh[1.837(2.31)] = 136 kips
h1 = 30(1 - {cosh[1.84(2.31)] -
2.01}/{1.84(2.31)sinh[1.84(2.31)]}) (IBP)
= 23.3 ft.
h1w = 30(1 - {cosh[1.84(2.31)] - 1}/{1.84(2.31)sinh[1.84(2.31)]})

= 23.1 ft.
1 = {1.84(32.2/13)tanh[1.84(2.31)]} = 2.13 rad/sec
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 47 OF 48

Assuming a1 = 0.17g from a response spectrum for 1 = 2.13 rad/sec and
damping equal to percent.
A1 = 0.17(32.2)/2.132 = 1.21 ft.
h = 1.534(1.21/13)tanh[1.837(2.31)] = 0.143 rad
P1 = 1.2(136)0.143 = 23.3 kips
M1 = 23.3(23.3) = 543 kip ft. (IBP)
M1w = 23.3(23.1) = 538 kip ft. (EBP)
dmax = 0.408(13)coth[1.837(2.31)]/{32.2/[2.132(0.143)13] - 1}
= 1.88 ft.
Total Tank Forces
V = Po + P1 = 278 + 23.3 = 301.3 kips
M = Mo + M1 = 4076 + 543 = 4619 kip ft. (IBP)
Mw = Mow + M1w = 3473 + 538 = 4011 kip ft. (EBP)
3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 48 OF 48

Wind and Eq Design

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BECHTEL CORPORATION

ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE FOR

Reason for Issue: General revision to incorporate updated Codes

1.1 Wind Loads 7

2.0 WIND LOAD DESIGN 9

2.1 Basic Wind Speed (V) 9

3DG-C01-00001, Rev . 004 PAGE 1 OF 48

4.1 Theory Method 29

EXAMPLE 1: Short Tank 41

EXAMPLE 2: Slender Tank 43

Bechtel Confidential Copyright Bechtel Corporation 2002. All rights reserved.

3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 2 OF 48

Table 1 Vertical Vessel Platform Sizes 35

Table 2 Area Increase Factors (E) 35

Table 3 & 4 are intentionally deleted.

Table 5 Typical R Values for Industrial Structures 36

Figure 1 Diaphragm Deflection Plan and Elevation 37

Figure 2 Idealization of Fluid Motion in Tanks 38

Figure 3 Natural Frequency Ratios of Tanks with Bending and Shear 39

Bechtel Confidential Copyright Bechtel Corporation 2002. All rights reserved.

3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 3 OF 48

For Wind Load Design (Section 2.0)

Af projected area of vessel or equipment

C wind exposure coefficient normally used

Cp external pressure coefficient to be used in determination of wind loads for buildings

D outside diameter of circular vessel or equipment

e ratio of frame center line spacing to frame depth (shielding)

F design wind force

h total height of structure

I.D. inside diameter of vessel or equipment

Kd Wind Directionality Factor

Kz velocity pressure coefficient

Kzt Topographic Factor

m frame shielding effects factor

N number of pipes or cable trays in a plane on a piperack level

O.D. outside diameter of vessel or equipment

Bechtel Confidential Copyright Bechtel Corporation 2002. All rights reserved.

3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 4 OF 48

qz wind velocity pressure

V basic wind speed

solidity ratio of frame

For Seismic Load Design - Structures (Section 3.0)

Use symbols defined in IBC 2000

For Seismic Load Design - Storage Tank Foundations (Section 4.0)

C Ratio of natural frequency of a tank acting as a cantilever including bending and

dmax maximum water-surface (sloshing) displacement

E modulus of elasticity of the tank wall

h height of water surface above the bottom of the tank

h0 vertical distance from tank bottom to W 0 including bottom pressure (IBP)

hT vertical distance from tank bottom to tank centroid

h1 vertical distance from tank bottom to W 1 including bottom pressure (IBP)

Bechtel Confidential Copyright Bechtel Corporation 2002. All rights reserved.

3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 5 OF 48

P0 impulsive seismic force on the wall of the tank

P1 convective seismic force on the wall of the tank

R radius of a cylindrical tank

V total base shear just below the bottom of the tank

W total weight of fluid in a cylindrical tank

WT total weight of the tank

x horizontal distance from the z axis

z horizontal distance from the x axis

0 circular frequency of vibration of the tank acting as a cantilever including both

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3DG-C01-00001, Rev. 004 PAGE 6 OF 48