Theorem

is a statement that has been proved on the basis of previously established statements, such as
other theoremsand generally accepted statements, such as axioms.

Formal Proof
Theorems are often described as being "trivial", or "difficult", or "deep", or even "beautiful". These
subjective judgments vary not only from person to person, but also with time: for example, as a
proof is simplified or better understood, a theorem that was once difficult may become trivial. On
the other hand, a deep theorem may be simply stated, but its proof may involve surprising and
subtle connections between disparate areas of mathematics .

Proving Angles Congruent

When two lines intersect to make an X, angles on opposite sides of the X are called vertical angles.
These angles are equal, and here's the official theorem that tells you so.
Vertical angles are congruent: If two angles are vertical angles, then they're congruent.

In geometry, parallel lines are lines in a plane which do not meet; that is, two lines in a plane that
do not intersect or touch each other at any point are said to be parallel. By extension, a line and a
plane, or two planes, in three-dimensional Euclidean space that do not share a point are said to
be parallel.

In three-dimensional geometry, skew lines are twolines that do not intersect and are not parallel. A
simple example of a pair of skew lines is the pair oflines through opposite edges of a regular
tetrahedron.

In geometry, a transversal is a line that passes through two lines in the same plane at two distinct
points. Transversals play a role in establishing whether two other lines in the Euclidean plane are
parallel.

When two lines are crossed by another line (called the Transversal): The pairs of angles on opposite
sides of the transversal but inside the two lines are called Alternate Interior Angles.

When two lines are crossed by another line (called the Transversal): The pairs of angles on opposite
sides of the transversal but outside the two lines are called Alternate Exterior Angles.

When two lines are crossed by another line (called the Transversal ): The angles in matching
corners are called Corresponding Angles.

The same-side interior angle theorem states that when two lines that are parallel are intersected
by a transversal line, the same-side interior angles that are formed are supplementary, or add up
to 180 degrees.

When parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, same-side exterior angles are formed, which are
outside of the parallel lines and on the same side of the transversal line. The theorem states that
when parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, the same-side exterior angles are supplementary.

Properties of Parallel lines

(1) If two lines are cut by a transversal, pairs of acute angles are equal in measure, pairs of obtuse
angles are also equal in measure, and any acute angle is supplementary to any obtuse angle.

If line m is || to line n, then:

(A) Alternate interior angles are equal in measure.

(B) Corresponding angles are equal in measure.

(2) The degree measures of two interior angles on the same side of the transversal will add up to
180.

(3) Also, the sum of the degree measures of any acute angle and any obtuse angle will be 180.

Conditions for Parallel Lines

If two straight lines are cut by a transversal, and if
the pair of corresponding angles is equal, then the two straight lines are parallel to each other.
the pair of alternate angles is equal, then the two straight lines are parallel to each other.
the pair of interior angles on the same side of transversal is supplementary, then the two straight
lines are parallel.
Therefore, in order to prove that the given lines are parallel; show either alternate angles are equal
or, corresponding angles are equal or, the co-interior angles are supplementary.

Proving Lines Parallel

The first is if the corresponding angles, the angles that are on the same corner at each
intersection, are equal, then the lines are parallel. The second is if the alternate interior
angles, the angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal and inside the parallel lines,
are equal, then the lines are parallel.

Triangle Congruence
Triangles are congruent when they have
exactly the same three sides and exactly the same three angles.

Polygons
A polygon is any 2-dimensional shape formed with straight lines. Triangles, quadrilaterals,
pentagons, and hexagons are all examples of polygons. The name tells you how many sides the shape
has. For example, a triangle has three sides, and a quadrilateral has four sides.

Classification of Polygons

TRIANGLES
with all sides equal is called equilateral, a triangle with two sides equal is called isosceles, and a
triangle with all sides a different length is called scalene.
Kinds of Triangle

Special Segments In Triangles

The median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposing side.
Every triangle has exactly three medians, one from each vertex, and they all intersect each other
at the triangle's centroid.

The altitude of a triangle is a line segment through a vertex and perpendicular to (i.e. forming a
right angle with) a line containing the base (the opposite side of the triangle). This line containing
the opposite side is called the extended base of the altitude.

The angle bisector theorem is concerned with the relative lengths of the two segments that a
triangle's side is divided into by a line that bisects the opposite angle. It equates their relative
lengths to the relative lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.
The definition of the perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a line segment that is
both perpendicular to a side of a triangle and passes through its midpoint.

Reasoning and Proof

The ability to reason allows us to use mathematical knowledge and to generate and solidify
mathematical ideas that are new to us. As part of the reasoning and proof process, students
develop their mathematical ideas by making, testing, and refining conjectures. In the middle grades,
students sharpen and extend their reasoning skills by analyzing their assertions, using both
inductive and deductive reasoning.

Conditional Statements
A conditional statement, symbolized by p q, is an if-then statement in which p is a hypothesis and q
is a conclusion. The logical connector in a conditional statement is denoted by the symbol.
The conditional is defined to be true unless a true hypothesis leads to a false conclusion.

Converse
Converse means the "if" and "then" parts of a sentence are switched. For example, "If two numbers
are both even, then their sum is even" is a true statement. The converse would be "If the sum of
two numbers is even, then the numbers are even," which is not a true statement.

Reasoning
Reasoning is the process of using existing knowledge to draw conclusions, make predictions, or
construct explanations.

Kinds of reasoning
Intuition- a phenomenon of the mind, describes the ability to acquire knowledge without inference or the
use of reason.

Analogy-is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite
different from it.

Induction- is a mathematical proof technique used to prove a given statement about any well-
ordered set.

Abduction- is a form of logical inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts
for the observation, ideally seeking to find the simplest and most likely explanation .
Drawing Conclusion

Find the complement and supplement of a 32.7 angle.

Let x be the measure of the complement of the angle. Then, the measures of complementary angles
add up to 90, we have to have

x + 32.7 = 90
x = 90 - 32.7 = 57.3

Now let y be the measure of the angle's supplement. Since the measures of supplementary angles
add up to 180 this means we have to have

y + 32.7 = 180
y = 180 - 32.7 = 147.3

So the complement of the angle is 57.3 and the supplement is 147.3.

Postulate of Congruent Segments and Congruents Segments and Congruents Angles

Reflexive Property
A quantity is equal to itself.

Symmetric Property

If A = B, then B = A.

Transitive Property

If A = B and B = C, then A = C.

Addition Property of Equality

If A = B, then A + C = B + C.
Subtraction Postulate- if equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, then the
differences are equal.

Division Postulate- If equal quantities are divided by equal quantities, the quotients are equal.

Postulates
Geometry consists of a set of theorems, each derived from definitions, axioms, and postulates. A
postulate is a truth without formal proof.

Postulate 1: Through any two points, there is exactly one line.

Postulate 2: The measure of any line segment is a unique positive number. The measure (or length)
of AB is a positive number, AB.
Postulate 3: If X is a point on AB and A-X-B (X is between A and B), then AX + XB = AB
Postulate 4: If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point
Postulate 5: Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.
Postulate 6: If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.+
Postulate 7: If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that plane.
Postulate 8: The measure of an angle is a unique positive number.