Chapter 2

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Review of Related Literature

Depression is defined as a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects

how we feel, think and how we act. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of

interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems

and can decrease a persons ability to function at work and at home. Current reasearch suggests

that depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological environmental and

psychological factors (Anonymous, 2015). Known comorbidities with depression include

psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse, past suicide ideation and behavior, family factors

and other life stressors of adolescence (KappelmanBeyer, 2015). Other specific older

adolescences stressors is adjustment to the peer groups in college since during this period

students may experience loss of close friendships and also feels pressure from the peers with

different behaviors (Parade, 2007). Factors contributing depression may also include own-life

taking problems which may lead to suicide attempts and self isolation. Other contributing factors

are life stress, social isolation, deficient or maladaptive coping strategies and financial pressures

(Guiterrez, 2005).

From an article conducted by Jackson, (1990). Own-life taking ideation and suicide

attempts among Africans college students were increased in late 1980s and 1990s. This own

life taking problem seriously affects African-U.S over African American. The latter appears to be
a problematic identification on many points. Techinically, it applies equally to African descent

people throughout North, South and Central America.

In connection with, depression has been identified as the most frequent precursor to

suicide (Schotte & Glum, 1982). Similarly, a study entitled Depressios, Suicidal Ideation

Remain a Big Problem in Medical Schools showed that about 27 percent of the students in

medical schools reported depression or depressive symptoms. Additionally, 11 percent of the

students experience suicidal ideation. Out of those students with depression, only 16 percent

sought treatment. For the study, the researchers reviewed nearly 200 studies involving 129,000

medical students in 47 countries. The studies used were all published in peer-reviewed literature

and used either validated questionnaire or structured interview. The researchers found that the

overall pooled crude prevalence of suicidal ideation among the medical students was 11.1

percent, with summary prevalence estimates ranged across assessment modalities from 7.4

percent to 24.2 percent. Among those who have reported to be suffering from depression, only

15.7 percent received treatment (Raphael, 2016).

Furthermore, depressed students reported a pattern of increasing interference of

depression symptoms with academic performance. Diagnosed depression was associated with a

0.49 point, or half a letter grade, decrease in student GPA, while treatment was associated with a

protective effect of approximately 0.44 points (Hysenbegasi, 2005). According to the National

Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), many college students who struggle with depression are not

seeking help. They may not know of any resources, or they may believe that treatment will not

work for them. Some students do not get help because they think their symptoms are nothing out

of the ordinary and others worry about being judged or being made to feel weak if they seek

mental health care (Rodriguez, 2013).

 It has been reported that one six college students will experience depressive symptoms.

However, it can be treated through acquiring other form of intervention like psychological

services (Fehring, 1987).

Compared with usual care by a physician, prescribed exercise and clinician-supported

ICBT are at least equally effective long-term treatment alternatives for adults with mild to

moderate depression. (Pagan-Ortiz, 2016).

The study results that both exercise and ICBT have been found to be effective in reducing

symptoms of depression. The benefits of exercise in treating depression found it to be

comparable to psychological and pharmaceutical treatments. Pharmacological interventions to

which are seen as a mainline treatment for depression. Individuals in all three groups in the study

had reduced depression in severity between baseline and 3 months, and from baseline to 12

months. Also, individuals in the exercise group were found to have even higher rates of

improvement.

Moreover, students who are active in school and/or engaing sports activities are less

likely to be depressed (Armstrong, 2015). A study entitled Depression in Student Atheletes: A

Particularly at-risk group? A Systematic Review of the Literature showed that students

atheletes are actually less likely to be depressed when compared to their non-athlete peers due to

protevtive factors including levels of self-esteem and confidence, social support and

connectedness. However, there were distinct differences among collegiate athletes in how

depression manifests and factors that serve as barriers to treatment. Additional findings show that

sports provide the student athelete with additional interacions with peers and professionals,

which allow them to develop a stronger a social network than their non-athlete peers (Miller &
Hoffman, 2003). Depression intervention is very important for college student health because of

chronic, recurrent and progressive nature of disease along with student academic success, college

retention and overall quality of life (Buchanan, 2013).

In relation to our study we seek to identify the main factor of students depressions

affecting academic performance to prevent ideation of suicide and other effects of depression and

to further verify interventions approriate to students

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study is

Research Framework

Research Environment

Research Respondendents

The researchers will focus on the 2 nd year accountancy students of La Salle

University Ozamiz City. This group of students were the youngest college students as

of the moment. With that, they are

Research Instruments

Research Procedures

The researchers will be conducting a survey with a questionnaire answerable by

YES or NO. The survey will be conducted to obtain information and explanation

regarding the purpose of the study. The cooperation of the students is essential to

accomplish the needed information.

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