Fluent Combustion 15.0 L04-DPM

Lecture 4:
Discrete Phase Modeling (DPM)

15.0 Release
Advanced Combustion Training
1 2013 ANSYS, Inc. July 18, 2014 ANSYS Confidential

Outline
Solid and liquid fuels and modeling approaches
Discrete Phase Model (DPM) overview
Physical Processes and Coupling
Injections/particle Types
Incorporating turbulence
Evaporating liquid fuel droplets and spray modeling
Solid particle combustion
Best practices for DPM reactive flows
Appendices
A: Examples
B: Post-processing
C: Atomizer Models
D: Breakup and Coalescence models
Solid and Liquid Fuels
Solid fuels
Types of solid material used as fuel to
produce energy
Consists of volatiles, char, moisture and ash
Examples: Coal, Biomass, Tires, Waste
Liquid fuels
Hydrocarbons existing in the liquid form at room
temperature
Fumes (vapor) of liquid fuels are flammable
instead of liquid itself
Examples: Petroleum (gasoline, diesel, kerosene),
CNG, biodiesel, ethanol, methanol
Modeling Approaches
Discrete Phase Model (DPM)
Volume loading less than ~10 %
Liquid droplets or solid particles tracked in Lagrangian reference frame
Multiphase Models
Euler-Euler (E-E) model for gas-liquid flows
Euler-Granular (E-G) model for gas-solid flows
Volume of Fluids (VOF) model when gas-liquid interface needs to be captured
Dense DPM (DDPM)
Lagrangian tracking with volume blockage considered in Eulerian reference
frame
Discrete Element Method (DEM)
Lagrangian tracking with particle collision using DEM
DPM for Solid or Liquid Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Internal combustion engines
Gas turbines
Liquid rocket engines
Oil fired boilers
Scrubbers, etc.
Solid Fuels
Pulverized coal/biomass fired boilers
Entrained flow gasifiers
Flash calciners, etc.

Lagrangian Particle Tracking (DPM): Overview
Continuous Phase
Flow Field Calculation Particle Trajectory
Mass, Momentum and
Heat Exchange
Particle Trajectory
Calculation
= + +

Update Continuous
Phase Source Terms + = +

Two way coupling: Continuous phase source term (SDPM) updated

One way coupling: SDPM = 0
Particle Tracking Single
Group
Particle injection Hollow Cone

Surface
Particle motion
Force balance
Integration over time
Gives velocity and new location of
particle
= + +
t governs the accuracy and speed
of calculation
=
Particle reaching boundaries
Outlet: escape +

= +
Walls: trapped, reflect

Incomplete + = + + +


Heat and Mass Transfer
Heat transfer

= + +

= = . + .

Mass transfer
Particle
Due to Type
evaporation/boiling/devolatilization/heterogeneous-reactions
Heat and Mass Transfer
Mass-less No drag! Used for Residence Time Distribution Studies
Inert Inert Heating and Cooling
Droplet Heating, Evaporation and Boiling
Multi-component Multi-component evaporation
Combusting Heating, Devolatilization and heterogeneous reaction
Particle Life Cycle
The Entry State
Properties updated to the values at the exit
from the Previous Cell
Previous
The particle is tracked through the Current Cell Current
Cell based on t Cell
Entry State
The Current State Current State
Properties are updated at every tracked
position
Exit State
The Exit State (Entry State to next cell) Injection State
(Entry to next cell)
Particle reaches boundary
Particle Reaching Boundary
During its motion, particle can
Exchange mass, momentum and heat with
continuous phase
Change composition
Particle Tracking Options
Steady particle tracking with
steady state solution
Unsteady particle tracking with
steady flow
Unsteady particle tracking with
unsteady flow
Same particles and continuous
phase time step size
Different particles and continuous
phase time step size

Steady Particle Tracking with Steady Flow
DPM calculation at each Nth continuous phase iteration
Particles tracked from injection point till final state/fate N
Tracking parameters
Max. number of steps and
Length scale or step length factor
Integration time step is calculated as
If length scale is specified

=
+
If step length factor is specified

=

Calculations for a given particle continue till it escapes
from the domain/reaches other fates/max no of steps t* Estimated time required for particle to
reached traverse the current cell
Step length factor
Unsteady Particle Tracking with Steady Flow
DPM calculation at each Nth continuous
phase iteration N
Each particle is ADVANCED from it's tp
last position in the previous DPM J
calculation
For specified particle time step size (tp )
With the integration time step calculated
from tracking parameters
For J number of time steps
Along with Injection mass flow rate, this
determines the mass of parcels that are
introduced in the system.
Unsteady Particle Tracking with Unsteady Flow
Different time step size for particles and
continuous phase
DPM calculation N
At the beginning of each flow time step tp
Also at Nth continuous phase iteration
within the same time step if N <
Nper_time_step
During each DPM calculation
Particles are ADVANCED from their
position in the previous flow time step
Till they move to their new positions at the end
of current flow time step
With specified particle time step size (tp )
Therefore, number of DPM time steps in a flow
time step = tflow / tp

Different time step size for particles and
continuous phase
Particle injection at
Particle Time Step
Injecting particles at each particle time step size
Integration time step is the specified particle
time step
Fluid Flow Time Step
Injecting particle in each flow time step
Integration time step is the specified particle
time step

Same time step size for particles and
continuous phase
DPM calculation N
At the beginning of each flow time step
Also at Nth continuous phase iteration within
the same time step if N < Nper_time_step
During each DPM calculation
Particles are ADVANCED from their position in
the previous flow time step
Till they move to their new positions at the end of
current flow time step
With flow time step size (tflow )
Therefore, number of DPM time steps in a flow
time step = 1

DPM Calculation - Steady Flow
Continuous phase Freeze the continuous
calculation phase flow field
Seed the particle at the current

injection point
Compute time step size based

on local cell velocity
Seed the next particle Integrate particle

equation of motion
No
Yes Yes No
End of particle list? Particle fate changes?
2012 ANSYS, Inc. July 18, 2014 16 Release 14.5

DPM Calculation - Unsteady Flow
Continuous phase time Particle at its current
step/iteration calculation location
Compute time step size based

on local cell velocity
Next particle at its Integrate particle

current location equation of motion
No
Yes Yes No
End of particle list? Particle changes fate?
Update the particle location

2012 ANSYS, Inc. July 18, 2014 17 Release 14.5
Source Calculations = +
Effect of Under-Relaxation Factor (URF)

DPM source terms calculated and updated at
every particle DPM iteration/time step
# of particle iterations required for achieving full
source term increases with decrease in URF
Must use URF of 1 if only one particle iteration is done
in a time step
Calculations may not be stable in some cases
Effect of update DPM Sources Every Flow
Iteration
Useful for unsteady calculations
Particle source terms calculated every DPM iteration
and updated every continuous phase iteration

Injections
Injection panel provides initial information about Single
Location, Velocity, Temperature, Start time, Diameter,
Composition, Flow rate, Stop time
Group
Several types of injection definitions available
Direct specification of initial conditions
Cone
Single, Group, Surface, Cone, etc.
Automated computation of initial conditions based on
the injector geometry
Surface
Atomizer Models
Specifically to characterize liquid sprays
More details in the Appendix

Turbulent Dispersion Models
When particles enter a turbulent eddy, they try to follow it for the
time they are crossing the eddy
This effect leads to lateral dispersion which has to be considered in
modeling
Two approaches are available
Discrete random walk model (Stochastic Tracking)
Particle cloud model (Cloud Tracking)

Stochastic vs. Cloud Tracking
Stochastic tracking
Accounts for the effect of turbulence on particle dispersion.
Sufficient number of tries (possible trajectories) required for
smooth distribution of the source terms
Recommended for use in complex geometry
Cloud tracking
Local variations in flow properties (e.g. temperature) get averaged
out inside the particle cloud
Smooth distributions of particle concentrations and coupling
source terms
Each diameter size requires its own cloud trajectory calculation

Evaporating Liquid Fuel Droplets
15.0 Release

Modeling Physical Processes
Vapor reacting in gas phase

Fuel evaporation and boiling
Droplet combustion steps

Inert heating
Tp < TEvaporation Tboil
Temperature
Evaporation Boiling
Gas Phase
Tboil < Tp < TEvaporation Tevap
Boiling Evaporation
Tp = Tboil Tinj
Mp > 0 Inert heating
Particle residence time
Evaporating Particle Models
Diffusion Controlled (Default)
= , ,

, = ; , =

= = . + .
,
For low evaporation rates

Convection/Diffusion Controlled

= +

, ,
=
,
For higher evaporation rates
Requires accurate specification of saturation
pressure and diffusion coefficients

Evaporating Particle Models (cont)
Boiling
,
= + . +
,
Many sub models are available in the DPM

panel
Temperature dependent latent heat option
Pressure dependent boiling
Breakup of droplets

Spray Modeling
Atomizer Model
Plain-orifice atomizer
Pressure-swirl atomizer
Injection Types
Solid Cone
Hollow Cone Spray
Special Spray Shapes
Droplet Breakup Models
Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB)
Wave
Kelvin-Helmholtz waves driven by
aerodynamic forces with Rayleigh-Taylor
(KHRT)
Stochastic Secondary Droplet (SSD) Penetration length
Spray Modeling (cont)
Additional models
Droplet collision and coalescence
Dynamic drag law
Rosin-Rammler particle distribution
Time varying injection velocity
Wall-film model
Turbulence dispersion of particles
PW6000
Courtesy of Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, CT
Solid Particle Combustion
15.0 Release

Solid Fuel Combustion
Water vapor
Drying
Moisture
Devolatilization/ Pyrolysis
Ash Volatiles
Residuals
H2, CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, Tar...
Char
Gasification/Combustion
Applications
Furnaces, Boilers, Incinerators (waste-to-heat), Gasifiers (production of syngas)

Modeling Physical Processes Drying
Particle combustion steps Moisture

Inert heating
Sensible Ash Volatiles
Tp < TEvaporation Heating
Drying (Moisture release) Devolatilization
Char
Mp > (M0 - Mmoisture)
Devolatilization Combustion
Mp > (M0 - Mmoisture - Mvol) Texit
Inert heating
Combustion
Temperature
Combustion
Mp > (M0 - Mmoisture - Mvol - Mcomb) Tdevol
Inert heating Devolatilization
Tboil Inert heating
Tevap Boiling
Tinj Evaporation
Inert heating
Particle residence time
Mass Transfer Laws
Evaporation and boiling of moisture
Same as droplet evaporation and boiling
Devolatilization
Constant rate model (default)
Single kinetic rate model
Two competing rates model (Kobayashi model)
CPD (Chemical Percolation Devolatilization) model
Char combustion
Diffusion-limited rate model (default)
Kinetics/diffusion-limited rate model
Intrinsic model
CBK (Carbon Burnout Kinetic) model (beta)
Multiple surface reactions model

Model Set-up
Species transport model
Switch on turbulence model
Switch on species transport model
Enable volumetric reaction
Select FR/ED or ED model
Set up solid fuel properties using coal
calculator
Mixture material would be set up automatically
Set up boundary conditions
Non-premixed model
Can also be used for modeling solid
combustion
Set up using coal calculator
One or two mixture fraction option

Injection Set-up
Set up the injection type
Select particle type as Combusting
Particle material name would be set as that
specified in the coal panel, automatically*
Set devolatilizing, oxidizing and product
species
Switch ON Wet combustion model
Liquid fraction would be set automatically*
Select H2O as evaporating species
Droplet material would be added in the
materials panel
Set up point properties and turbulent
dispersion model
*Assuming material set up is done using coal calculator
Best Practices
15.0 Release

Fuel Injections
Cone injection for liquid fuel with
enough number of streams to
define the spray
Surface injection with Rosin

Rammler distribution for solids
(coal, biomass, etc.)
Fuel using an external file (File (( x y z u v w diameter temperature mass-flow) name )

injection)

Checklist
Evaporating particle properties
Evaporation temperature for droplets is slightly higher than the particle injection temperature
Make sure that the following properties are properly prescribed
Saturation vapor pressure, Binary Diffusivity, Latent Heat, Boiling Point, Specific heat
Combusting particle properties
Devolatilization temperature for combusting particle is set higher than boiling temperature of
droplet material
Volatile and char fraction are specified on dry basis
If char is oxidized to CO, burnout stoichiometry ratio and heat of reaction for burnout are
modified accordingly
Default values are for char oxidizing to CO2
Wet combustion liquid fraction is on volume basis
For the multiple char reaction model, the solid species mass fractions are defined in the
injection panel
Some Tips & Tricks
Solution Controls
Default Under Relaxation Factors (URFs)
Fine for simple cases
Too aggressive for complex cases
Solution can become unstable
Effect of under relaxation is highly non-linear
Under-relax density when using the mixture-fraction PDF model (~0.7)
Under-relax velocity for high buoyancy flows
Under-relax species, energy to start up the solution (~0.9)
Once solution is stable, attempt to increase species, energy, mixture and radiation
URFs to 1

Some Tips & Tricks (cont)
For better convergence in steady state analysis
Start with non-reacting flow without radiation (first order solution)
Disabled reactions, radiation equations and fluid-particle interaction
Patch higher temperature (~1500-2000K) in the flame region
Do 1 iteration with continuous phase iteration per DPM iteration set to 1
Set required DPM iteration frequency (25 or more)
Run reacting flow calculation with lower species and energy with under-
relaxation factors (URF) ~ 0.9
Gradually ramp up these URFs to 1
Reduce the DPM URF for non-converging simulations (~ 0.1 or lower)
Include radiation (DO radiation model is recommended)
Include particle-radiation interactions
Coupled heat and mass solution option
May need to lower energy URF
Solve until mass/energy balance is obtained and solution monitors stabilize
Some Tips & Tricks (cont)
Some general notes on convergence
Often the problem in converging a combustion simulation is related to the
high source term generated in certain cells
Distribute these sources more evenly
Increase the number of DPM stochastic tries
Note that this will increase the CPU time
Increase the number of gas phase iterations per DPM iteration
Residuals should be less than 10-3 except for Energy, radiation and mixture
fraction, which should be less than 10-6
The mass and energy flux reports must balance
Monitor variables of interest (e.g. mean temperature at the outlet)
Solution is stable and not changing if the case is run further
Ensure contour plots of field variables are smooth, realistic and steady
Ash tracking may increase the DPM tracking time
Can be removed via a UDF

Node Based Averaging Volume fraction
standard average
Node based averaging of DPM source terms and

DDPM volume fraction
Standard averaging dumps all volume fraction into 0.013
one cell
Node based averaging distributes volume fraction
over several cells by collecting data on mesh nodes
Several methods available
Strongly reduces grid dependency
Improves convergence behavior for steady
simulations 0.0
Allows for larger time steps in transient simulations
Requires more memory Volume fraction
node based average
Source Term Linearization
Robust source term linearization
for momentum, energy, and
species with respect to cell
variable
, = + ,
Can be combined with

Node Based Averaging
for simulations without
mass transfer

Summary
Solid and liquid fuels and modeling approaches
Discrete Phase Model (DPM) overview
Evaporating liquid fuel droplets and spray modeling
Solid particle combustion
Best practices for DPM reactive flows
Appendices
A: Examples
B: Post-processing
C: Atomizer Models
D: Breakup and Coalescence models

Appendix - A:
Examples
15.0 Release

Example-1: Spray in a Port-Injection Engine
Fluent dynamic mesh is used to model the moving valve
DPM and spray model is used in conjunction with the dynamic mesh model

Spray Images

Wall Film Images

Wall Film Images

Example-2: Spray in a Diesel Engine
A Caterpillar engine is used to demonstrate the spray in a direct-
injection diesel engine
A 60 degree sector is used due to the symmetric geometry and injections
Fluent dynamic mesh is used to model the moving piston
DPM and spray model is used in conjunction with the dynamic mesh
model
Particle and vapor fraction are plotted together

Case Study 2: Spray Images

Example-3: Spray Modeling in a Diesel injection
Injector: Proprietary air inlet
(T = 710 K,
p = 5 MPa)
Seven holes quartz glass
window pressure
chamber
Injection pressure = 1600 bar common-rail

injector
Orifice diameter = 0.167 mm incident

beams
Injection profile is given liner
Spray chamber: 100 mm outlet
Air flow velocity = 0.05 m/s

Air temperature = 710 K
Air pressure = 50 bar
Fuel: EN 590 summer diesel fuel
SAE 2006-01-0241, Adjustment and Verification of Model Parameters for Diesel Injection CFD Simulation
Prof. Dr. Winfried Waidmann, Fachhochschule Aalen, Aalen, Germany
Dr. Andreas Boemer, DEUTZ AG, Kln, Germany
Dr. Markus Braun, Fluent Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
Modeling Setup by Authors
Models Parameters Comments
Solid cone injection 10 degree cone half angle Primary break-up, value metered from the shadowgraphs
KH-RT breakup model B0 = 0.61, B1 = 18, C3 = 2.5, c = 30 Secondary break-up
Droplet collision Default Necessary in combination with the secondary break-up model
Initial droplet diameter 0.167 mm Identical to nozzle diameter
Fuel injection temperature 330 K 50 K below measured nozzle temperature
Aerodynamic drag Dynamic drag coefficient Includes droplet deforming due to aerodynamic forces
Injection velocity Variable, max. 430 m/s Calculated from measured time dependent mass flux (Figure 2)
Turbulent droplet dispersion Default Turbulent tracking of the droplets
Number of injected particle streams 500 parcels per time step Distributes the discrete phase source terms onto the flow
Time stepping 50 ms Corresponds to 0.5 degree of crank angle
Turbulence Standard k, e-model Turbulence model not varied
Fuel N-Heptane To represent the diesel fuel

Modeling Setup (Modifications)
Models Parameters Comments
Solid cone injection 10 degree cone half angle Primary break-up, value metered from the shadowgraphs
KH-RT breakup model B0 = 0.61, B1 = 18, C3 = 2.5, c = 30 Secondary break-up
Droplet collision Default Necessary in combination with the secondary break-up model
Initial droplet diameter Sqrt(C_D) * 0.167 mm The discharge coefficient needs to be included
Fuel injection temperature 330 K 50 K below measured nozzle temperature
Aerodynamic drag Dynamic drag coefficient Includes droplet deforming due to aerodynamic forces
Injection velocity 430 / (C_D * Anozzle * Rholiq) The discharge coefficient needs to be included
Turbulent droplet dispersion Default Turbulent tracking of the droplets
Number of injected particle streams 500 parcels per time step Distributes the discrete phase source terms onto the flow
Time stepping 50 ms Corresponds to 0.5 degree of crank angle
Turbulence Standard k, e-model Turbulence model not varied
Fuel C12H26 A better representation for spray modelling

Results: Shape of the Spray
Experimental
Simulation

Results: Penetration Length

Results: Drop Size Distribution
Measuring planes

Example-4: 2550 TPD Coal Gasifier
Two stage, up flow, prototype entrained flow gasifier
Operating pressure 2.84 MPa
Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis (DAF)
Volatiles 30.84 % Carbon 79.22 %
Fixed Carbon 42.85 % Hydrogen 5.55 %
Post processing Ash 11.23 % Oxygen 9.7 %
surface Moisture 15.28 % Nitrogen 1.65 %
HHV, J/kg (As received) 2.476e+07 Sulfur 3.38 %
Coal, water and oxygen inlets

Oxygen + Nitrogen 2 X 11.44 kg/s, 440K
Oxygen mass fraction 0.944
Fuel (Combustible Discrete Phase) 2 X 10.93 kg/s, 450K
Water (Evaporating Discrete Phase) 2 X 4.53 kg/s, 450K
Coal, water inlet
Fuel (Combustible Discrete Phase) 6.17 kg/s, 450K
Water (Evaporating Discrete Phase) 2.56 kg/s, 450K
Models
Turbulence : Standard k- model
Gas Phase: Eulerian
Solid phase: Lagrangian
Moisture vaporization
Convection/Diffusion Controlled Model
Coal Devolatization
Two-competing rates model
Char oxidation and gasification reactions
Multiple particle surface reaction model
Radiation: Discrete Ordinate
Reaction: Eddy dissipation/finite rate model
9 gas phase reactions
4 particle surface reactions

Results: Contours
Temperature (K) Velocity (m/s)

Syngas Composition at Outlet

Appendix - B:
Post-processing of Particle Variables
15.0 Release

Time Statistics of Particle Variables
Ability to post process DPM
variables
Mean and RMS values for transient
simulations

Data sampling for Time Statistics of DPM post processing
variables

Accum Provides accumulated values
within a cell Distributes contribution of a parcel
t residence over all cells crossed within a time step
accum
time steps p in cell
n p p
t flow solver Accum results can be used to assess
statistical errors
Mean Provides mean averages
t
n t p p
residence Averages over all particle

time steps p in cell flow solver events in the cell during
t residence

np
t flow solver
sampling time for statistics
t residence
p2 2

RMS Provides RMS values
np
t flow solver

t residence

np
t flow solver
Appendix - C:
Atomizer Models
15.0 Release

Plain-Orifice Atomizer
Pipe with a round hole
Three regimes
Single phase
Liquid Jet
Cavitating
Flipped Downstream
Decreasing
Orifice Walls
Gas
cavitation
Inputs parameter
Atomizer location Vapor
p1 pv
Axis (3D) Liquid Jet K
Mass flow rate Vapor
p1 p2
Downstream
Start and stop times Orifice Walls
Gas
Vapor pressure
Inner diameter
Orifice length
Liquid Jet
Inlet corner radius of curvature
Spray angle Constant A Orifice Walls
Downstream
Gas
Azimuthal start and stop angles (3D)

Pressure Swirl Atomizer
Implemented Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization (LISA) User Inputs
model of Schmidt et al. (1999)
Atomizer location
Assumes that KH waves break the sheet up into ligaments Axis (3D)
which then break up into droplets due to varicose instability Mass flow rate
Start and stop times
Inner diameter
Spray half angle
h0 Upstream pressure
Lb Sheet constant
Ligament constant
h
Azimuthal start and
dL Stop angles (3D)
d0
Air-Blast Atomizer
Additional air is directed through the nozzle, User Inputs:
leading to smaller droplet diameters
Atomizer location
Modeled as a variation of pressure-swirl atomizer Axis (3D)
Mass flow rate
Inner diameter
Gas Flow Init ial
Angle
Outer diameter
Inner Diamet er Spray half angle
Out er
Diamet er Maximum relative velocity between
Liquid Flow
central air and sheet
Sheet constant
Ligament constant
Azimuthal start and stop
Note: Gas flow is NOT setup for you automatically Angles (3D)

Flat-Fan Atomizer
Liquid enters as a flat sheet User Inputs:
Atomizer location
Sheet breakup is taken from pressure-
swirl atomizer Axis (3D)
Normal (3D)
Mass flow rate
Normal vector
2 Spray half angle
Orifice width
Virtual Center point Flat fan sheet constant
origin

Effervescent Atomizer
Super-heated or very hot liquid is User Inputs:
discharged Atomizer location
Axis (3D)
Liquid is evaporating rapidly when leaving Mass flow rate
nozzle Start and stop times
Inner diameter
A dense liquid core surrounded by a Vapor pressure
shroud of smaller droplets
Mixture quality
m Mass fraction of superheated
u
l C ct A Injected liquid that vaporizes
Saturation temperature
d m ax d C ct
2
Dispersion constant

Maximum Half Angle
d 0 d m axe S
Azimuthal start and stop angles (3D)

Appendix - D:
Breakup and Coalescence models
15.0 Release

Secondary Spray Models
Several advanced secondary spray models are available:
Collision and Coalescence Model (ORourke)
Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) Model
Kelvin-Helmholtz (Wave) Breakup Model
KHRT Model
SSD Model
Dynamic Drag Model for Distorting Drops
Since droplets do deform, it is important to use the right drag law
These models are fully compatible with the primary atomization

models

Collision and Coalescence Model
Particles move around and may collide with each other
The mean expected number of collisions between one drop in a parcel 1
with all droplets in parcel 2 is calculated from (ORourke, 1981)
The probability distribution for the number of collisions of a drop in
parcel 1 with all the drops in parcel 2 is Poisson Distribution
r2
r1

Collision and Coalescence Model (Cont)
What happens after collision?
Droplets may bounce or coalesce
Head-on collision leads to coalescence
Oblique collisions tend to bouncing depending on the Weber number and a
critical offset
r2
b > bcrit => bouncing r1
The properties of the coalesced drops are determined from conservation laws
while momentum conservation determines the velocity of grazing droplets
Model is applicable only for We < 100
pu2d p
Only one collision per time step assumed We

Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) Model
Raleigh-Taylors analogy between an oscillating, distorting droplet and a
spring mass system (ORourke, 1981):
Surface tension Spring restoring force
Drag External force
Droplet viscosity Damping force
CF g u 2 C C
y k 3 y d 2l y

Cb l r 2
l r l r
Droplet breaks up if distortion exceeds some level, then, energy balance is
used to determine child drop size
Number of drops from mass conservation
Child droplets have a velocity component normal to the parent drop
velocity

TAB Model (Cont)
After breakup, the number of DPM parcels remains constant, number of
particles in a parcel increases and diameter decreases
Valid for low Weber number sprays (We<100)
Validation done by comparing to the spray bomb experiments of
Hiroyasu
10
8
Penetration[cm]
6
0.1MPa
1.1MPa
4 3MPa
5MPa
TAB 0.1MPa
2 TAB 1.1MPa
TAB 3.0MPa
TAB 5.0MPa
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time[ms]
Wave Breakup Model
Aerodynamic shear causes waves on
droplet, unstable Kelvin-Helmholtz
waves grow and small droplets
stripped off
Reitz (1987) derived from a jet
stability analysis the maximum
growth rate and corresponding
wavelength
The size of the child droplets is
proportional to the fastest growing
wavelength

Wave Model (Cont)
When a prescribed mass of droplets has been shed, a new particle forms
Applicable for high Weber number sprays
Validation done by comparing to experimental spray bomb data
10
8
Penetration[cm]
0.1M Pa
4 1.1M Pa
3M Pa
5M Pa
2 Wave 0.1 M Pa
Wave 1.1 M Pa
Wave 3.0 M Pa
0 Wave 5.0 M Pa
0 1 2 3 4 5
T i m e[m s]

Stochastic Secondary Droplet (SSD)
SSD breakup methodology provides a statistically realistic model for
simulating high Weber number sprays under diesel conditions
Parameters for the size distribution are based on local conditions
Liquid injected into the domain is represented by blobs with a known size (set by the
user)
The breakup model predicts the time at which breakup occurs, the number and
properties of the new drops
Drops larger than a critical radius, rc , are subject to breakup:
Wecr l
rc
g urel
2
l r
The breakup time is defined as: tbu B
g urel
Reference:
Apte, et.al., LES of atomizing spray with stochastic modeling of secondary breakup, IJMF 29, 2003, pp 1503-1522

Stochastic Secondary Droplet (SSD)
Wecr l
rc
g urel
2
l r
t bu B
g urel
Average NP for
daughter parcels

Fluent Combustion 15.0 L04-DPM

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Lecture 4:

Discrete Phase Modeling (DPM)

Advanced Combustion Training

1 2013 ANSYS, Inc. July 18, 2014 ANSYS Confidential

5 2013 ANSYS, Inc. July 18, 2014 ANSYS Confidential

Two way coupling: Continuous phase source term (SDPM) updated

Particle injection Hollow Cone

7 2013 ANSYS, Inc. July 18, 2014 ANSYS Confidential

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Seed the particle at the current

Compute time step size based

Seed the next particle Integrate particle

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Compute time step size based

Next particle at its Integrate particle

Update the particle location

Effect of Under-Relaxation Factor (URF)

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Particle cloud model (Cloud Tracking)

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Advanced Combustion Training

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Vapor reacting in gas phase

Droplet combustion steps

For low evaporation rates

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Many sub models are available in the DPM

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Advanced Combustion Training

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Particle combustion steps Moisture

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Advanced Combustion Training

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Surface injection with Rosin

Fuel using an external file (File (( x y z u v w diameter temperature mass-flow) name )

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Node based averaging of DPM source terms and

Can be combined with

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Advanced Combustion Training

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Injection pressure = 1600 bar common-rail

Orifice diameter = 0.167 mm incident

Injection profile is given liner

Spray chamber: 100 mm outlet

Air flow velocity = 0.05 m/s

KH-RT breakup model B0 = 0.61, B1 = 18, C3 = 2.5, c = 30 Secondary break-up