high-isolation wideband characteristics, an isolation circuit using
coupled lines and a resistor on the branch-line structural balun
was used. Both theoretical and measurement results were pro-
vided for the validation. For experimental validations, a high-
isolation wideband balun using a coupled line were designed,
simulated, and fabricated. The measurement results were in
good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed struc-
ture is simple to design and fabricate and is expected to be
applicable to wideband RF systems.
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C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V sheet of Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric
1234 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 5, May 2015
LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNA DESIGN
USING QUARTER-MODE
SUBSTRATE-INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE
Dongju Lee and Sungjoon Lim
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang
University, 221 Heukseokdong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756,
Republic of Korea; Corresponding author: sungjoon@cau.ac.kr
Received 1 October 2014
ABSTRACT: A leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is designed using quarter-
mode substrate-integrated waveguide (QMSIW). The LWA unit cell is
miniaturized because the QMSIW size is quarter of SIW cavity. A travel-
ing wave leaks away from open edges of the QMSIW. Its performance is
verified with full-wave simulation and measurements. The main beam
direction varies from 0 to 28 when frequency varies from 12.5 to
15.4 GHz. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett
57:12341236, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.
DOI 10.1002/mop.29059
Key words: leaky-wave antenna; traveling-wave antenna; substrate-
integrated waveguide; quarter-mode substrate-integrated waveguide
1. INTRODUCTION
Waveguide structures have been widely used for millimeter-
wave or high-power applications that require high performance
owing to their numerous advantages, such as low-transmission
loss, high-Q factor, and high-power handling capability [1].
Moreover, electromagnetic (EM) sensitivity and crosstalk can be
reduced because of its enclosed structure. Nevertheless, their
applications are still limited because of bulky size and difficult
fabrication process.
Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology was first
proposed in [2,3]. The EM properties of a waveguide can be
realized using an SIW, which is manufactured using printed cir-
cuit board (PCB) process. With a waveguide, low profile and
simple fabrication can be achieved while maintaining the
performance.
Numerous techniques have been developed to reduce the
cavity size of SIWs. Half-mode SIWs (HMSIWs), quarter-mode
SIWs (QMSIWs), eighth-mode SIWs, and substrate-integrated
folded waveguides have been proposed in [48]. These miniatur-
ization techniques have been mostly used for small resonant
antennas.
In this study, a microstrip line-fed leaky-wave antenna
(LWA) is designed using SIW technology. The previously
reported SIW-based LWAs used a composite right/left-handed
transmission line [9] and an HMSIW [10]. However, a QMSIW
has not yet been used for LWA applications. To reduce the unit
cell size, a QMSIW is used, and the open sides of the QMSIW
are used as leakage slots. The radiation performance of the pro-
posed LWA is verified through full-wave analysis and experi-
ments. Its scanning angle can be varied from 0 to 28 by
varying the frequency from 12.4 to 15.4 GHz.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
The proposed LWA is designed as a periodic structure. For peri-
odic LWA applications, the unit cell must operate in a slow-
wave mode. The unit cell is designed using a QMSIW. An
ANSYS high-frequency structural simulator is used for three-
dimensional full-wave EM field analysis. Figure 1 shows the
geometry of the unit cell with dimensions. It is fabricated on a
DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 4 Simulated and measured S-parameters of proposed LWA.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

2np
bn 5b0 1 ; (1)
d

where d is the period, and b0 is the fundamental space har-

Figure 1 Geometry of QMSIW unit cell. [Color figure can be viewed
monic. For the radiation of a space harmonic, the propagation
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
constant must satisfy the following equation:

constant (er) of 2.2 and thickness (h) of 0.508 mm. Instead of b n < k0 ; (2)

where k0 is the free space wave number.

Figure 2 Expected scanning angle versus frequency from b-x disper-

sion diagram. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

cylindrical via holes, rectangular via walls are fabricated. The

via walls can be easily fabricated using a typical PCB manufac-
turing process.
For the proposed LWA, radiation is generated from space
harmonics as follows:

Figure 3 Photograph of fabricated LWA prototype with magnified Figure 5 (a) Simulated and (b) measured normalized radiation patterns
unit cell. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is avail- at different frequencies. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
able at wileyonlinelibrary.com] which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 5, May 2015 1235

Figure 6 Relationship between simulated and measured scanning
angles and frequency. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
In this study, the unit cell is designed such that Eq. (2) is
satisfied. The propagation constant of the TE10 mode of the
QMSIW is shown in Figure 2. From the relationship between b
and frequency, the scanning angle (h) can be expressed as
 
21 bn
h5sin ; (3)
k0
3. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS
To increase the peak gain and efficiency, the proposed LWA is
realized by cascading 15 unit cells. Each QMSIW unit cell is
connected to 50-X microstrip lines. Two SMA connectors are
soldered onto the feeding microstrip lines to measure its S-
parameters and radiation patterns. Figure 3 shows a photograph
of the fabricated antenna prototype with an overall size of 84 3
316 mm2. The bottom plane is completely gold plated.
The simulated and measured S-parameters are shown in
Figure 4. Although the simulated 10-dB return loss varies from
12.85 to 15 GHz, the measured 10-dB return loss varies from
13.2 to 14 GHz. The difference between the simulation and
measurement results is due to fabrication error. To demonstrate
the beam-scanning capability of the proposed antenna, the radia-
tion patterns are measured in a frequency range of 12.5
Figure 7 Variation in measured peak gain and radiation efficiency
with frequency. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which
is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
1236 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 5, May 2015
15.4 GHz. Figure 5 shows the simulated and measured normal-
ized radiation patterns at 12.6, 13.4, 14.4, and 15.2 GHz. As can
be seen, the scanning angle varies from 0 to 28 when the fre-
quency varies from 12.5 to 15.4 GHz. The relationship between
the scanning angle and frequency is in good accordance with
the expected results, as shown in Figure 6. The peak gain and
radiation efficiency from 12.5 to 15.4 GHz are shown in Figure
7. The peak gain varies from 8.54 to 13.17 dBi in this frequency
range. The maximum and minimum radiation efficiencies are 55
and 66% at 12.6 and 13 GHz, respectively. The relatively low
gain and efficiency below 13.2 GHz are due to high-return
losses.
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, an LWA is designed using a QMSIW. Because of
the QMSIW cavity, the unit cell size is reduced to one fourth of
full SIW cavity. The QMSIW unit cell is designed for space har-
monic radiation using a dispersion diagram. Therefore, the pro-
posed LWA radiates from 12.5 to 15.4 GHz. Moreover, the
maximum scanning angle can be continuously steered from 0 and
28 . The peak gain varies from 8.54 to 13.17 dBi in this range.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research
Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea
(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology (2012R1A1A2040160).
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V
DOI 10.1002/mop