Fuel Processing Technology 109 (2013) 4348

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Fuel Processing Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fuproc

Enhancement of coal char gasication using a pyrolyzergasier isolated circulating

uidized bed gasication system
Koichi Matsuoka , Sou Hosokai, Koji Kuramoto, Yoshizo Suzuki
Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 3058569, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present study, we attempted to promote the steam gasication of coal char at low temperatures
Received 25 June 2012 (below 1173 K). A novel circulating uidized bed gasication reactor was developed. This reactor consisted
Received in revised form 19 September 2012 of three units: a pyrolyzer, a gasier, and a combustor. The main feature of the reactor was that the pyrolyzer
Accepted 20 September 2012
was physically isolated from the gasier. Such physical isolation of the pyrolysis zone (pyrolyzer) from the
Available online 11 October 2012
char gasication zone (gasier) in the reactor can prevent char gasication from being inhibited by contact
Keywords:
of the char with hydrogen gas or the tar vapor formed by pyrolysis. Therefore, char gasication was certainly
Coal promoted by the physical isolation of the pyrolyzer from the gasier in comparison with the conventional
Gasication gasication reactor, in which pyrolysis and subsequent char gasication proceed in one unit.
Fluidized bed 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Inhibition

1. Introduction
There have been many types of coal gasication systems using
entrained bed, xed bed, uidized bed, and so on. The dual-bed gasi-
cation system based on uidized bed technology has lately attracted
attention [15]. The dual-bed system essentially consists of two units:
an endothermic gasication reactor (gasier) and an exothermic
combustion reactor (combustor). Because of this conguration, the
direct production of middle-calorie gas by the introduction of steam
into the gasier is plausible, and this could provide a great advantage
over other gasication techniques. On the other hand, there are some
issues for the realization of the dual-bed system. A smaller amount of
char should be combusted in the combustor in order to increase the
efciency of the dual-bed system while maintaining the heat balance
between the gasier and combustor. In other words, the promotion
of char gasication at lower temperatures is essential; otherwise,
the gasier would need to be huge to extend the residence time of
the char. It is well known that the steam gasication of coal char is
quite slow. Therefore, the promotion of char gasication is a critical
point in the design of the dual-bed system. One reason for the slow
gasication is the inhibition of char gasication by volatiles, including
the hydrogen gas formed by pyrolysis and/or the gasication of char
itself [6,7]. These reports [6,7] suggest that coal gasication can be
promoted by minimizing the inhibition of char gasication. Fig. 1
shows the concept of the coal gasication system for promoting
char gasication. The isolation of the pyrolysis zone (pyrolyzer)
from the gasication zone (gasier) in the gasication process can
Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 29 861 8019; fax: +81 29 861 8209.
E-mail address: koichi-matsuoka@aist.go.jp (K. Matsuoka).
prevent the direct contact of the char in the gasier with volatiles
including the hydrogen gas formed by pyrolysis. However, so far, no
attempt to isolate the pyrolyzer from the gasier using a continuous
reactor has been reported. In the present study, we developed a
novel continuous gasication reactor in which the inhibition of char
gasication by volatiles including hydrogen gas is minimized, and
veried the promotion of char gasication by the novel reactor.
2. Experimental
2.1. Sample
Indonesian low-rank coal, Adaro coal, was used as the coal sample.
The sample properties are listed in Table 1. The size of the raw coal
was in the range 0.51.0 mm. The sample was dried at 353 K under
vacuum for 8 h prior to use.
2.2. Procedure
Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the circulating uidized bed
gasication reactor developed here. The three bubbling uidized
beds (pyrolyzer, gasier, and combustor) were interconnected. The
raw coal was fed into the pyrolyzer at a rate of 0.8 g/min to evacuate
volatiles including hydrogen gas, and the char was circulated with the
bed material to be gasied with steam in the gasier. The partial pres-
sure of steam in the gasier was about 20 kPa. Then, the resulting
char was circulated with the bed material to the combustor to be
combusted. Non-porous silica sand or porous -alumina particles of
75150 m in diameter were used as the bed material. The pore vol-
ume and BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET) specic surface area of the

0378-3820/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.036
44
CO2 /N 2
Coal
Pyrolyzer Bed material circulation
Volatiles
Combustor
Syngas
Gasifier
Steam Air/O2
Fig. 1. Concept of pyrolyzergasier isolated circulating uidized bed gasication
system.
-alumina were 0.4 cm 3/g and 200 m 2/g, respectively. The -alumina
can capture almost all the tar and reform it as light gas and coke
[813] in the pyrolyzer. On the other hand, the silica sand was inert
for tar capture and reforming, and the tar was evacuated from the
pyrolyzer. Mean residence time of the solids in the pyrolyzer and
gasier was about 600 and 1200 s, respectively. The circulating rate
of the bed material relative to the coal feeding rate on a weight
basis was about 75. Even though the density of the char was different
from the bed material, no segregation was observed within the pres-
ent condition. The temperature of the pyrolyzer and gasier ranged
from 973 to 1173 K, and the temperature of the combustor was
xed at 1223 K. The temperature of the connecting parts in the sys-
tem was kept at more than 673 K to avoid agglomeration of the bed
material by the tar, especially in silica sand case. The product gas
evacuated from the pyrolyzer, gasier, and combustor was analyzed
independently by micro gas chromatograph.
As a comparison, the raw coal was fed independently into the gas-
ier at a rate of 0.8 g/min. In this case, char gasication occurred
in the presence of the volatiles formed by pyrolysis, and char gasi-
cation was inhibited in the gasier. Hereafter, the case in which coal
was fed into the gasier is called the non-isolated case, while the
case in which coal was fed into the pyrolyzer is termed the isolated
case.
Table 1
Properties of Indonesian Adaro coal.
C H N O (diff)
[wt%, daf]
Adaro 70.4 5.3 0.8
K. Matsuoka et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 109 (2013) 4348
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effect of isolation of pyrolyzer from gasier
In a preliminary experiment, good circulation of the -alumina
bed material and a stable outlet gas concentration from the pyrolyzer,
gasier, and combustor were conrmed over a period of 5 h. When
the coal was loaded into the pyrolyzer of the alumina bed material
(isolated case), volatiles (inorganic gases such as H2, COx, and hydro-
carbon gases such as CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3 gas, and tar) were formed.
The tar formed by pyrolysis was rapidly captured by the alumina to
form coke in the pyrolyzer. Then, the coke-deposited alumina bed
material was circulated to the gasier with the char to be gasied
with steam. On the other hand, in the non-isolated case, the coal
was rapidly pyrolyzed in the gasier, and the inorganic gas and
hydrocarbon gases were evacuated from the gasier. The tar was rap-
idly captured by the alumina in the gasier, and then the coke on the
alumina was gasied with steam as well as the char. In both cases
(isolated and non-isolated), the un-gasied coke and char were circu-
lated to the combustor for complete combustion. As described above,
almost all the carbon in the coal was converted into gas in the pyro-
lyzer, gasier, and combustor of the alumina bed material. Therefore,
the carbon material balance determined from the analyses of outlet
gas from the pyrolyzer, gasier, and combustor was fairly good.
In Fig. 3, the yields of carbon-containing gases such as COx, CH4,
C2H4, and C2H6 as well as H2 gas evacuated from the pyrolyzer in
the isolated case are plotted against pyrolyzer temperature. Alumina
was used as the bed material. The yields of C-containing gas and H2
gas gradually increased with increasing pyrolyzer temperature. The
evacuation of H2 gas from the pyrolyzer in the isolated case should
bring about a decrease in the H2 partial pressure in the gasier in
comparison with the non-isolated case. The decrease in the partial
pressure of H2 gas in the gasier was calculated, and the results are
shown in Fig. 3b. It is evident that the H2 partial pressure in the gas-
ier is decreased in the isolated case. In other words, char could be
gasied with steam at a lower H2 partial pressure in the gasier in
the isolated case at a higher pyrolyzer temperature. The quantitative
contribution of the decrease in H2 partial pressure to the char gasi-
cation in the isolated case will be discussed later.
Fig. 4 shows a comparison of the carbon yields in the product gas
between the isolated and non-isolated cases. Here, the sum of the
yield of C-containing gas formed from the gasier and pyrolyzer
was used to evaluate the advantage of the isolated case over the
non-isolated case. As described above, in the isolated case, volatiles
were evacuated from the pyrolyzer, and the resulting char (+ coke
on the alumina) was gasied with steam in the gasier. On the
other hand, in the non-isolated case, no gas was produced from the
pyrolyzer, and C-containing gas was produced by pyrolysis and sub-
sequent char (+ coke) gasication in the gasier. It is clearly seen in
Fig. 4 that the product gas yield in the isolated case was larger than
that in the non-isolated case, indicating that the isolation of the pyro-
lyzer from the gasier is an effective way to promote gas production.
As shown in Fig. 3, a certain amount of H2 gas as well as volatiles was
evacuated from the pyrolyzer in the isolated case so that char/coke
gasication was promoted.
Fig. 5 shows typical examples of the yields of product gas evacu-
ated from the pyrolyzer and gasier under different pyrolysis temper-
atures. The yield of product gas in the non-isolated case is also listed
as a reference. In Fig. 5ac, the pyrolysis temperature was varied from
973 to 1173 K for each gasication temperature. When the pyrolyzer
temperature was higher than the gasier temperature (Fig. 5a), most
of the gas in the isolated case was formed from the pyrolyzer. Since
Ash little char and/or coke gasication occurred even in the isolated
[wt%, dry]
case at the gasication temperature of 973 K, the difference in gas
yield between the non-isolated and isolated cases was due to the pro-
23.5 0.6
motion of pyrolysis by the increase in temperature. The inhibition of
 K. Matsuoka et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 109 (2013) 4348 45

gas a 100
H2 yield

Yield [mol/100mol-C in coal]

80
COx, CH4, C2 gas
cyclone
60

40

20
riser
gas
0
950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Pyrolyzer temperature [K]
Coal(Isolated case) b
combustor Coal gas 20

P H2 in the gasifier [kPa]

15

air Coal
(Non-isolated case)
Coal 10

N2
downer 5

gasifier
0
950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Pyrolyzer temperature [K]
steam
Fig. 3. (a) Yields of carbon-containing gas and H2 gas volatilized from pyrolyzer at
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of pyrolyzergasier isolated circulating uidized bed gasi- different temperatures and (b) decrease in partial pressure of H2 in the gasier by
cation system. the evacuation of H2 from the pyrolyzer.

char and/or coke gasication by the isolation of the pyrolyzer from the
gasier was not effectively minimized at a low gasier temperature
(973 K). On the contrary, at higher gasier temperatures (Fig. 5b
and c), the difference in the total product gas yield between the
non-isolated and isolated cases was substantial. For example, at the
temperature of gasier/pyrolyzer of 1073 K, the gas yield from
the pyrolyzer was almost the same as that from the gasier in the
non-isolated case. This suggests that the extra-gasication of the
char and/or coke would proceed in the pyrolyzer, which is likely in-
duced by the steam generated from the pyrolysis of the coal fed.
Furthermore, char and/or coke gasication proceeded through sup-
pression of the contact of char and/or coke with volatiles including
important point in this gure is that in the isolated case, a higher
yield of combustible gases (apart from CO2) can be achieved than in
the non-isolated case.
3.2. Effect of bed material on gas yield
Fig. 7 represents the product gas yields during pyrolysis or gasi-
cation under different gasier temperatures using different bed mate-
rials. The product gas yields in the non-isolated case are shown in this
gure to determine the role of the bed material on gas formation in
100
Carbon yield into product gas

hydrogen gas in the gasier. Because of the above two effects, gasi- Isolated
cation of char and/or coke would be promoted as observed in
[mol/100mol-C in coal]

80 Non-isolated
Fig. 5b and c.
Fig. 6 shows the product gas distribution in the non-isolated and
isolated cases at gasier temperatures of 973 K (a) and 1073 K (b) 60
under different pyrolysis temperatures. As shown in Fig. 6a, when
the pyrolyzer temperature was higher than that of the gasier, the
40
total product gas yield (especially H2 and CO gas yields) was in-
creased by the isolation. Char and/or coke gasication was not pro-
moted by this isolation when the pyrolyzer temperature was higher 20
than that of the gasier (Fig. 5a), so the increase in the amounts of
these gases (H2 and CO) resulted mainly from the enhancement of
0
pyrolysis at higher temperatures [14]. On the other hand, in Fig. 6b, 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
the difference in the total product gas yield between the isolated
Gasifier temperature [K]
and non-isolated cases was mainly due to H2, CO, and CO2. This sug-
gests that char and/or coke gasication and the subsequent water Fig. 4. Total yield of product gas from pyrolyzer and gasier in non-isolated or isolated
gas shift reaction were enhanced in the isolated case. Another case at different gasier temperatures.
46 K. Matsuoka et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 109 (2013) 4348

a 100
by the alumina to form coke. The residence time of the coke in the
gasier was similar to that of the char particles. The coke can be gas-
Gas yield [mol/100mol-C in coal]

Gasifier temp. ied with steam in addition to the char; this is the main reason for the
80 difference in gas yield when silica sand or alumina is used as the bed
material.
Next, the effect of the isolation of the pyrolyzer from the gasier
60 on the product gas yield was examined with the different bed mate-
rials. The char conversion in the silica sand case is plotted against gas-
40 ier temperature in Fig. 8a, while the conversion of char + coke in the
Non-isolated Gasification alumina case is shown in Fig. 8b. The conversion of char and coke in
the alumina case was higher than in the silica sand case. If the coke
20 reactivity is the same as that of char, conversion of char + coke in
the isolated case (Fig. 8b) would be same as that of char (Fig. 8a).
Pyrolysis
Comparing Fig. 8a and b, conversion of char + coke was higher than
0
900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 that of char only. This result suggests that the reactivity of coke was
higher than that of char. In our previous study [15], the steam gasi-
Pyrolyzer temperature [K]
cation of char and coke on the alumina prepared by pyrolysis of
woody biomass sawdust was examined kinetically. Those results
b showed that the reactivity of biomass coke was higher than that of
100
char, because the structure of the coke on the alumina was not devel-
oped. The results observed in Fig. 8 are consistent with our previous
Gas yield [mol/100mol-C in coal]

80 Gasifier temp. reports [15], which suggests that the structure of Adaro coke is not
developed in comparison with that of char. The extent of the promo-
60
tion of char/coke gasication by isolation (difference in conversion
between isolated and non-isolated cases) in the alumina case was
Non-isolated somewhat higher than that in the silica sand case. Though not
40 shown in Fig. 3b, the decrease in H2 partial pressure in the gasier
in the isolated case with the alumina bed material was similar to
Gasification that in the silica sand case. As stated above, the alumina can capture
20
the tar rapidly. This rapid capture means that the concentration of
Pyrolysis
tar in the bed can be decreased, and gasication inhibition by the
0 tar can be suppressed by the alumina. Although the details have
900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 not yet been claried quantitatively, as Bayarsaikhan et al. [7] and
Pyrolyzer temperature [K] Kajitani et al. [17] suggested, tar is also a critical factor in the inhibi-
tion of the gasication of char and/or coke.
c 100
3.3. Kinetic analysis
Gas yield [mol/100mol-C in coal]

80 The extent of the promotion of char gasication by the isolation of

the pyrolyzer from the gasier was examined. Since only the char was
Non-isolated
gasied in the gasier with the silica sand bed material in the isolated
60
case, it is easy to understand the phenomena in the gasier. Hayashi
reported that steam gasication of Adaro char obeyed the Langmuir
40 Gasification Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism [16]. Assuming that char gasication
occurs under the LH mechanism, the char gasication rate can be
described as follows:
20
Gasifier temp.
Pyrolysis ka P H2 O
r char kapp 1X char 1X char
0 1 kb P H2 kc P H2 O
900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Pyrolyzer temperature [K] where kapp is the apparent rate constant, Xchar is the conversion of char,
ka, kb, and kc are the rate constants, and PH2 and PH2O are the partial pres-
Fig. 5. Carbon yield into product gas formed in pyrolyzer and gasier in non-isolated or sures of hydrogen and steam, respectively. On the basis of the kinetics
isolated case at gasier temperatures of 973 K (a), 1073 K (b), or 1173 K (c) under of the LH mechanism, the effect of PH2 on the inhibition of char gasi-
different pyrolyzer temperatures.
cation can be explained quantitatively. According to the reports by
Hayashi [16], the rate constants of Adaro char at 1123 K are as follows:
the gasier. The yield in the pyrolysis case means the product gas ka = 2.99 103 atm1 s 1, kb = 8.10 atm 1, kc = 1.69 atm1. In
yield evacuated from the gasier when no steam was loaded in the Fig. 9, the char conversion is calculated on the basis of the above con-
gasier. The yield of the product gas formed during pyrolysis using stants under different H2 partial pressures at 1123 K and with PH2O =
the alumina bed material was slightly higher than that with silica 20 kPa (PH2O of the present gasier in the non-isolated case was calcu-
sand. This is because the tar formed during pyrolysis was captured lated to be about 20 kPa). It is evident that the char gasication rate
rapidly by the alumina, and a small amount of tar was cracked to increased with decreasing PH2. Under the present experimental condi-
form coke and gas [813]. On the other hand, the difference in the tions, PH2 in the gasier in the non-isolated case was determined exper-
gas yield between the cases using silica sand and alumina as the imentally to be around 10 kPa at 1123 K, and about 5 kPa of PH2 could
bed material was signicant. The tar was mostly evacuated from be lowered by the isolation (Fig. 3b). Judging from the results in Fig. 9
the gasier in the case of silica sand, while it was mostly captured at the gasication time of 1200 s (mean residence time of solids in the
 K. Matsuoka et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 109 (2013) 4348 47

CO2
CO
CH4
C2H4
a b H2

1173 CO2 1173

CO

Pyrolyzer temperature [K]

Pyrolyzer temperature [K]

CH4
1123 C2H4 1123
H2
Isolated

Isolated
1023 1073

973 973

Non-isolated Non-isolated
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Yield [mol/100mol-C in coal] Yield [mol/100mol-C in coal]

Fig. 6. Product gas distribution in non-isolated case or isolated case at gasier temperatures of 973 K (a) and 1073 K (b) under different pyrolyzer temperatures. In non-isolated
case, gasier temperature was the same as that of pyrolyzer.

gasier was calculated to be about 1200 s), the decrease in PH2

corresponded to the promotion of 5% char gasication, and the predict-
ed promotion was similar to that observed in Fig. 8a. Even though the
role of tar vapor in the inhibition must be taken into consideration in
a
60
Conversion [mol/100 mol-C in char]

addition to that of hydrogen gas, it can be said that the extent of the pro-
motion of char gasication observed in Fig. 8a was appropriate. Detailed 50
kinetic analyses of coke as well as char under different temperatures on
the basis of the LH mechanism will be presented for a quantitative dis- 40
cussion of the isolation effect in another paper.
We have experimentally demonstrated the concept of isolation of 30
pyrolyzer from gasier in the present system. However, cracking of
the tar evolved from the pyrolyzer is still an important issue that 20
needs to be further investigated. Recently, Matsuhara et al. [18]
reported that the tar can be completely cracked by the coal char. In
10
the present system, the char can be used as a tar cracker by optimiz-
ing the operating conditions. If the extent of the char combustion is
0
controlled, the char can be recycled to the pyrolyzer from the com- 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
bustor, where it can be used to crack the tar. Possibility of the tar Gasifier temperature [K]

b
Conversion [mol/100 mol-C in char+coke]

100
60
Pyrolysis(Al2O3)
Gasification(Al2O3)
Carbon yield in product gas

80 Pyrolysis(SiO2) 50
[mol/100mol-C in coal]

Gasification(SiO2)
40
60

30
40
20

20
10

0 0
1050 1100 1150 1200 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Gasifier temperature [K] Gasifier temperature [K]

Fig. 7. Effect of bed material on carbon yield in product gas under different gasication/ Fig. 8. Conversion of char (a) or char + coke (b) in isolated and non-isolated cases at
pyrolysis temperatures. different gasier temperatures. Bed material: (a) silica sand, (b) -alumina.
48 K. Matsuoka et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 109 (2013) 4348

100
References
PH2: 0vol%
PH2: 5vol% [1] D. Kunii, O. Levenspiel, Fluidization engineering (2nd Edition), Butterworth-
80
[mol/100mol-C in char]

Heinemann, Stoneham, 1991. Chapter 2.

PH2: 10vol%
[2] J.-I. Hayashi, S. Hosokai, N. Sonoyama, Gasication of low-rank solid fuels with
Char conversion

PH2: 20vol%
60 PH2: 30vol%
40
20
0 19801985.
0 600 1200 1800 2400
Gasification time [sec]
Fig. 9. Char conversion predicted on the basis of the LangmuirHinshelwood mecha-
nism at 1123 K under different H2 partial pressures.
cracking using the char in the present system will be examined in a
future study.
4. Conclusions
A new circulating uidized bed gasication reactor, in which the
pyrolyzer was isolated from the gasier, was developed. This isolation
successfully prevented the contact of coal char in the gasier of the
circulating uidized bed gasication reactor with volatiles (including
hydrogen gas). A decreased partial pressure of hydrogen and tar
vapor in the gasier of the new gasication reactor was achieved by
the isolation, and as a result, the char gasication rate was enhanced.
We have demonstrated that the isolation of the pyrolyzer from the
gasier in the circulating uidized bed gasication reactor is an effec-
tive way to increase the coal gasication rate at low temperatures.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial support provided
by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organiza-
tion (NEDO), Japan.
thermochemical energy recuperation for hydrogen production and power gener-
ation, Trans IChemE Part B - Process Safety and Environmental Protection 84 (B6)
(2006) 409419.
[3] C. Pfeifer, R. Rauch, H. Hofbauer, In-bed catalytic tar reduction in a dual uidized
bed biomass steam gasier, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43
(2004) 16341640.
[4] G. Xu, T. Murakami, T. Suda, Y. Matsuzawa, H. Tani, Gasication of coffee grounds
in dual uidized bed: performance evaluation and parametric investigation, Energy
& Fuels 20 (2006) 26952704.
[5] K. Matsuoka, K. Kuramoto, T. Murakami, Y. Suzuki, Steam gasication of woody
biomass in a circulating dual uidized bed system, Energy & Fuels 22 (2008)
3000 [6] K. Httinger, W. Merdes, The carbon-steam reaction at elevated pressure forma-
tions of product gases and hydrogen inhibition, Carbon 30 (1992) 883894.
[7] B. Bayarsaikhan, N. Sonoyama, S. Hosokai, T. Shimada, J.-I. Hayashi, C.-Z. Li, T.
Chiba, Inhibition of steam gasication of char by volatiles in a uidized bed
under continuous feeding of a brown coal, Fuel 85 (2006) 340349.
[8] S. Hosokai, M. Sugawa, K. Norinaga, C.-Z. Li, J.-I. Hayashi, Activity of mesoporous alu-
mina particles for biomass steam reforming in a uidized-bed reactor and its appli-
cation to a dual-gas-ow two-stage reactor system, Industrial and Egineering
Chemistry Research 47 (15) (2008) 53465352.
[9] H.J. Franke, T. Shimizu, A. Nishio, H. Nishikawa, M. Inagaki, W. Ibashi, Improve-
ment of carbon burn-up during uidized bed incineration of plastic by using
porous bed materials, Energy & Fuels 13 (1999) 773777.
[10] S. Hosokai, J.-I. Hayashi, T. Shimada, Y. Kobayashi, K. Kuramoto, C.-Z. Li, T. Chiba,
Spontaneous generation of tar decomposition promoter in a biomass steam
reformer, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 83 (2005) 10931102.
[11] K. Matsuoka, T. Shimbori, K. Kuramoto, T. Nanba, A. Morita, H. Hatano, Y. Suzuki,
Mechanism of woody biomass pyrolysis and gasication in a uidized bed of
porous alumina particles, Energy & Fuels 20 (2006) 13151320.
[12] T. Teramae, Effect of catalysis on tar elimination and gas production from uid-
ized bed gasication of biomass, Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 33 (2007) 246256.
[13] K. Matsuoka, T. Shimbori, K. Kuramoto, H. Hatano, Y. Suzuki, Steam reforming of
woody biomass in a uidized bed of iron oxide-impregnated porous alumina
particles, Energy & Fuels 20 (2006) 27272731.
[14] K. Matsuoka, Z.-X. Ma, H. Akiho, Z.-G. Zhang, A. Tomita, T.H. Fletcher, M.A.
Wjtowicz, S. Niksa, High-pressure coal pyrolysis in a drop tube furnace, Energy
& Fuels 17 (4) (2003) 984990.
[15] K. Matsuoka, K. Kuramoto, T. Murakami, Y. Suzuki, Kinetics of steam reforming
of tar and char in a circulating dual bubbling uidized bed of porous alumina par-
ticle, in: Proceedings of International Symposium on Gasication and Its Applica-
tion, 2008, p. 20.
[16] J.-I. Hayashi, Study on production of tar-free solid energy carrier by pyrolysis and
coking/gasication of coal, in: Report of Japan Coal Energy Center, 2006.
[17] S. Kajitani, H.L. Tay, S. Zhang, C.-Z. Li, Mechanisms and kinetic modelling of steam
gasication of brown coal in the presence of volatilechar interactions, Fuel
(2011), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.09.059.
[18] T. Matsuhara, S. Hosokai, K. Norinaga, K. Matsuoka, C.-Z. Li, J.-I. Hayashi, In-situ
reforming of tar from the rapid pyrolysis of a brown coal over char, Energy &
Fuels 24 (1) (2010) 7683.