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1 SIZE AND SHAPE ANALYSIS OF MINERAL PARTICLES

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SIZE AND SHAPE ANALYSIS OF MINERAL PARTICLES USING IMAGE PROCESSING
TECHNIQUE
D. Karaku, A. H. Onur, A.H. Deliormanl, G. Konak
Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey

ABSTRACT: Detection of size and shape of minerals are important for the information about minerals.
Different size and shape of same mineral can be effective in classification of them. Therefore it is necessary to
know the size and shape of mineral exactly. In this study, using possibilities of image processing techniques in the
detection of shape and size of mineral was discussed and a sample study was carried out. According to this,
successful results can be obtained about size and shape features of minerals by using image processing techniques
especially in thin section images whose third dimension effect was decreased.
Keywords: Image processing, thin section, minerals size, minerals shape

1. INTRODUCTION micro sized researches were carried out and spaces

With the development of technology image taking
technology has also developed and image processing
methods have taken their place in many disciplines as
standard measurement and evaluation method. Fast
taking of images, detection of color and physical size
over image, advantage of analysis in short time made
image processing methods superior over
conventional analysis methods. Parallel to this, being
adherent to common image processing terminology
studies were carried out in different disciplines.
Especially in the fields in which measurement is
difficult such as physical and engineering
characteristics of rocks, researchers evaluated image
analysis methods alternatively. Studies were carried
out under microscope on the identification of
minerals, detection of void ratio (porosity) of rocks,
analysis of discontinuity, detection of mineral
boundary, detection of grain boundary, grain size
distribution and formal analysis.
With the development of image taking technology
with electron microscope and polarized microscopes
studies about identification of minerals, detection of
texture characteristics were carried out.
In their study carried out in 1991, Clelland and Fens
did element assignment with the images taken from
electron microscope in a short time(1). Tovey and
Krinsley (1991) searched the analysis and
classification of structural analysis of minerals by
developing same methods (2). Later on, image
analysis methods were especially used in quality
control of industrial minerals. For example, the
relationship of potassium control with the texture
and degree of freedom of minerals in the production
of iron was observed by Stirling (1989) (3).
Image processing techniques were also used in the
detection of void ratio of rocks. In these studies
were detected on the images taken from optic and
electron microscope. Studies on images taken by
electron microscope from the surface of polished
rock was observed by Bodziony et al., (1993) and
Towey and Huslow (1995), this method was used on
many rocks and surfaces (4,5). Meng (1996) have
done analysis between spaces in marbles and fractal
size by using image processing techniques (6). With
these studies approaches have been carried out on
the gas absorption of marbles.
The analysis of micro cracks on rocks with image
processing techniques was carried out with the
principle in porosity studies. Cracks on rocks can be
seen under microscope and images can be taken.
Especially filled and empty cracks are seen as black
and analysis can be carried out. Studies with this
technique was carried out by Zheng (1989), especially
development of micro cracks on rocks under load
was detected by image processing techniques (7).
Although these studies were limited by the two-
dimensional analysis of three-dimensional cracks; this
problem was solved with the application of streonet
models.
With image processing, studies on detection of grain
boundary were carried out. In order to do this, image
passes through preprocessing and segmentation
processes and grain boundaries become evident. In
their study (1998) Goodchild and Fueten expressed
and analyzed grain boundaries of grained rock image
taken from electron microscope in line by using
image processing techniques (8). With the same
principle, Jenkins et al., (1991) studied industrial
practice of image processing method, and studied the
effect of grain sizes in refractor magnesite
production (9).
In the studies about grain size distribution, two-
dimensional effect of image was tried to be resolved
2 Volume 12 - Issue 23
with high-resolution images. It was expressed that
even in this condition grain shape has effect on grain
size distribution. Comparison of grain size
distribution with image processing techniques with
sieve analysis values was carried out by Friedman for
the first time (1962). In his study Friedman did
statistical studies in sandstone thin sections and
obtained high correlation coefficients. Particle-size
distribution found a utilization place especially in
aggregate production (10).
Persson (1996), Wang (1997), Maerz (1998), Kemeny
et al. (2002) carried out studies on size distribution
after detonation and grain distribution on carriage
band (11,12,13,14).
In the science and engineering of geology, mineral
particles are important elements for analysis. To
obtain quantitative information about particle size
and shape from mineral, it is common that optical
microscopy and image technique were used in the
characterization of the surface roughness and
microstructure of the minerals (15, 16, 17).
1.1 Image Processing
Image is a two-dimensional sign record. It can be
either visible like photograph or a record on
magnetic band or numerical values in computer
memory. Images can be continuous-discrete, analog-
numerical or continuous-numerical. Luminance on
Figure 1. General flow chart of image processing (19)
Examples involve quantifying quartz micro crack
patterns to analyze stone deterioration, conducting
porosimetric studies of stone, examining grain-size
distribution and grain shape in stone,
comprehensively evaluating deterioration
mechanisms of stone, studying conservation
treatments of stone, characterizing cementitious
materials, analyzing ceramic materials, and measuring
layer thickness on a variety of materials. Background
issues that must be understood before undertaking or
evaluating image analysis include experimental design
an image is a variable that changes continuously both
as level and as location (18). Detection of boundaries
of different substances and objects of luminance
values in image as pixels in computer enabled
usability of image processing methods. In this sense
producing data with analysis of images obtained by
imaging devices especially in the field of medicine has
been pioneer studies and later on found a utilization
field for itself being a fast and easy measurement
technique in many disciplines.
Application of image analysis methods in geology
were carried out for the first time in the field of
measurement and identification of spaces. Parallel to
this, analysis of discontinuity and grain sizes on rocks
were carried out by using different features of image
that can be identified such as color.
In addition to many commercial programs that
perform numerical image analysis, processes of the
analysis common in all of them are given by and
large in Figure 1.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Material
In the study, size and shape analysis of minerals were
carried out with image analysis method. Many studies
were carried out on thin section images for
petrographic description.
and statistical validity, calibration, image quality, and
image enhancement (preprocessing of images). Early
work often required in-house computer programs;
recent studies make use of new comprehensive image
analysis packages. With the emergence of these pack-
ages that provide fast preprocessing and
measurement of a wide range parameters (20)
Here, application on thin section with image analysis
method was presented and a sample was carried out
D. Karaku, A. H. Onur, A.H. Deliormanl, G. Konak / The Journal of ORE DRESSING 2010 3

about the detection of size and shape analysis of Histogram equalization is a suitable image
minerals. enrichment method for the images whose color
values were not distributed uniform. It can either be
2.2. Experimental Methods applied all through the image or only on a specific
part. It is called global histogram equalization if
Thin section image to be used was taken and
applied all through the image and called local
prepared from a marble sample. Image enrichment
histogram equalization if applied on a specific part of
processes were done on thin section image first of all
image.
and image was edged.
In histogram equalization method, equalization
In this process, contrast enrichment and histogram
algorithm is applied on original image and equal pixel
equalization treatments were applied.
is provided per ton. With this algorithm it is ideally
Linear Contrast Enhancement, luminance values expected from the histogram graphic to have linear
between 0-255 in grey level image is narrow in some level that gives close values. In histogram
of the images. For example minimum luminance equalization, first of all cumulative histogram is
value of an image can be 50 and maximum 100. In found by making use of the histogram of original
such condition, recognizing the details in the image is image. Cumulative histogram is the graphic that
difficult. By contrast enhancement, luminance value includes the values obtained by the addition of each
of the image is withdrawn between 0-255 and point luminance value with the ones previous of it and
of image is enriched. itself (Figure 2). Cumulative histogram values are
Contrast improving is about how far does the object normalized by multiplying maximum luminance
histogram to be displayed is widened. In other words value we want in enriched image and dividing the
it is the minimum and maximum size of ranges to be total pixel number in the image. If normalized
displayed. While this range is better displayed, values histogram values and luminance values of the image
above and below this range would not be displayed. is updated we have succeeded in applying histogram
equalization method on that image.
In linear contrast improving method, a linear
relationship is carried out between original image
values and values displayed. Linear contrast
improving gives the best result in Gauss distribution
of image histogram. An ideal gauss histogram is a
histogram in which values are places in single-mod
range and mod is distributed symmetrically at both
sides. If there are materials which give close
reflection values in the image, histogram will be gauss
or close to gauss. Values to be obtained in linear
contrast improving method are detected according to
Equation 2.

f ( x, y) f ( x, y) min
g ( x, y) ( ) * 255
f ( x, y) max f ( x, y) min
Figure 2. Histogram equalization method
Applying contrast enhancement and histogram
g ( x, y ) equalization method on the original image, the image
: Pixel value to be displayed is prepared for segmentation process. In this process
f ( x, y ) which is called image enrichment, boundaries in the
: Original image pixel value image are edged and the success of segmentation
f ( x , y ) min : Original image minimum pixel value process is enhanced.
In Figure 3, sample image application of contrast
f ( x, y) max : Original image maximum pixel value enhancement and histogram equalization is given.
4 Volume 12 - Issue 23
Figure 3. Image enhancement of sample image, (a)
Original Image, (b) Contrast Enhancement, (c)
Histogram Equalization
After preprocesses are carried out segmentation
treatment begins. Segmentation is the process of
separating object and background in an image or
different parts studied in the image from themselves.
Segmentation is the most difficult application of
image processing and a specific error ratio may occur
at the end of segmentation techniques. Image
segmentation produces raw information such as the
boundaries, shape and area of the object in the
image. If we are concerned about the shape of
objects, we expect segmentation to give us
information about the sides, edges and boundaries of
that object. But if we are concerned about the
internal features such as surface cover, area, colors
and frame of the object local segmentation must be
used. For the solution of very complex problems
such as identification of characteristics or generally
pattern, both segmentation methods can be used
(21). Edge detect application for the thin section
image after enrichment process is given in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Segmentation of sample image, (a)
enhancement image, (b) edge detect application of
sample image
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Size Analysis of Mineral Particles
The most common measurement used for the sizes
of irregular grains under microscope is Ferret
diameters of grains. Ferret diameter limits can be
D. Karaku, A. H. Onur, A.H. Deliormanl, G. Konak / The Journal of ORE DRESSING 2010 5

defined as the farthest distance in the boundaries of a
grain. In Figure 5 ferret diameter of a grain is given.
Ferret diameters of the grain in the image are
detected. According to this, average ferret diameter
of 151 mineral grains in sample image is 808.0
micronmeter. Distribution graphics according to
ferret diameter is given in Figure 7.

25 Mean 808.0
23 StDev 474.7
N 151

20
18 18

16
15
15

Frequency
13

11
10
10 9

5 4 4

2
1 1

0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Feret Diameter (mikronmeter)

Figure 7. Distribution graphics according to ferret

Figure 5. Definition of Ferret diameters in x direction
(Fx), y direction (Fy), and maximum Ferret diameter,
Fm (maximum dimension, Dm) (22)
As a result of image enrichment and segmentation
processes of different minerals in sample thin section
image, edges are detected. While detecting the edges,
shape features of all the grains in the image are
presented regardless of the type of minerals.
However it is possible to do optional grain analysis
according to image type by using image processing
methods.
With image analysis program, grains in the image are
assigned to the variables according to their
boundaries. The image located according to their
boundaries is given in Figure 6. Following this
process, size analysis can be carried out by making
use of each grain and located boundary of that grain
in computer memory.
diameters
3.2. Shape Analysis of Mineral Particles
Dozens of size parameters are possible; therefore,
they can be combined in hundreds of ways into a
formally dimensionless expression that might be used
as a shape descriptor. In fact, only a few relatively
common combinations are possible, but even these
are plagued by total inconsistency in naming
conventions. Table 1 summarizes some of the most
widely used shape parameters calculated as
combinations of size measurements.
Table 1. Representative shape descriptors

Figure 6. Image located with its boundaries

6 Volume 12 - Issue 23

Formal features of grains described as ratio generally With the formula described in Table 1, an approach
aims to produce numerical data about the forms of can be presented for the shape of grains in the image.
them by using diameter, perimeter and area When the statistical evaluation of data as a result of
information of grains. Formal features of 151 mineral analysis is done, numerical data can be produced
grains described in sample image and identifies in about the form, roundness, compactness ratio with
Ferret diameters are calculated according to the average values and solution offers can be suggested
equations given in Table 2. According to this, form for the other mechanical features in which the shape
factor, roundness, compactness, aspect ratio and of grain is important. Statistical evaluation of data
solidity normal distribution graphics are given in obtained as a result of sample image shape analysis is
Figure 8. given in Table 2.

30 Mean 0.5985 20 Mean 0.5826

StDev 0.1464 StDev 0.1791
N 151 N 151
25
15
20
Frequency

Frequency
15 10

10
5
5

0 0
0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90
Form factor Roundness

(a) (b)

Mean 0.7538 80 Mean 1.968

25 StDev 0.1238 StDev 1.100
N 151 N 151
70

20 60

50
Frequency

Frequency

15
40

10 30

20
5
10

0 0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Compactness Aspect Ratio

(c) (d)

50 Mean 0.8375
StDev 0.09579
N 151

40

30
Frequency

20

10

0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Solidity

(e)
Figure 8. Normal distribution graphics: (a) form factor, (b) roundness, (c) compactness, (d) aspect ratio,
(e) solidity
D. Karaku, A. H. Onur, A.H. Deliormanl, G. Konak / The Journal of ORE DRESSING 2010
Table 2. Statistical evaluation of shape parameters
Variable Total Count Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Value
Form Factor 151 0.59
Roundness 151 0.58
Compactness 151 0.75
Aspect Ratio 151 1.97
Solidity 151 0.84
5. CONCLUSIONS
Results obtained in this paper in which the utilization
possibilities of image processing techniques in
mineral size and shape analysis are given in articles
below:
Image processing used commonly in different
disciplines and has commercial aspect can be used
in mineral identification, size and shape analysis
as well. According to the academic studies about
the issue, mineral size and shape analysis of image
processing methods are in the way of forming and
using commercial products.
Restrictive side of image processing methods in
application is their third-dimension effect.
Therefore in this study thin section image on
which the third-dimension effect is not
determining was detailed and size and shape
analysis of grains in the image are presented.
Ferret diameters of grains in the sample image are
calculated by using image processing methods.
Formal features of grains in the same image; such
as the ratio of long diameter by short diameter,
form roundness are calculated.
Apart from the disadvantage of third-dimension
effect of image processing techniques, there is
sampling disadvantage as well. While image
processing techniques that enable two-
dimensional analysis in the image area are applied,
sampling size must be detected well. Size of
masses must be regarded during sample taking,
and if required numerical data must be produced
by taking many images among recurrent ranges.
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