International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)

E-ISSN: 2321 4767 P-ISSN: 2321 - 4759

www.ijmsi.org Volume 5 Issue 1 || January. 2017 || PP-62-71

A Moment Inequality for Overall Decreasing Life Class of Life

Distributions with Hypotheses Testing Applications
L.S. Diab and E.S. El-Atfy
College of Science for (girls), Dept. of Mathematics, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City,11884, Egypt

ABSTRACT:A moment inequality is derived for the system whose life distribution is in an overall decreasing life
(ODL) class of life distributions. A new nonparametric test statistic for testing exponentiality against ODL is
investigated based on this inequality. The asymptotic normality of the proposed statistic is presented. Pitman's
asymptotic efficiency, power and critical values of this test are calculated to assess the performance of the test.
Real examples are given to elucidate the use of the proposed test statistic in the reliability analysis. Wealso
proposed a test for testing exponentiality versus ODL for right censored data and the power estimates of this test
are also simulated for censored data for some commonly used distributions in reliability. Finally, real data are
used as an example for practical problems.

KEYWORDS:life distributions, ODL, Moment inequalities,exponentiality U-statistic, asymptotic normality,

efficiency, Monte Carlo method, power and censored data.

I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION

The mathematical theory of reliability has developed in two main branches. The first branch is mostly constructed
on the mathematical aspects of practical problems that face reliability and design engineers and reliability analysis
specialists. The second branch concentrates on the mathematical and statistical aspects of reliability such as life
testing and estimation.
Note that the assumption of exponentiality is the back bone in life testing, the theory of reliability, maintenance
modeling, biometrics and biological science. It is very important because of its implications concerning the
random mechanism operating in the experiment under consideration. In reliability theory, the exponential
assumption may apply when one is dealing with failure times of items or equipment without any moving parts
such as, for example, fuses, transistors, air monitors and bulbs. In these examples the failure is caused due to
sudden shocks rather than wear and tear. The exponential assumption corresponds to assuming that this shock
follows a Poisson process distribution. Testing for exponentiality of the failure time is, in effect, the same as
testing the Poisson assumption about the process producing the shock that causes failure. An assumption of
exponentially distributed life time's indicate that a used item is stochastically as good as new, so there is no reason
to replace a functioning unit. This distribution is the most commonly used life distribution in applied probability
analysis primarily. See Barlow and Proschan[10] and Zachks[33].
For more than four decades, investigates have led to declaring many families of life distributions to characterize
aging. There are a several number of classes that have been presented in reliability, see for example Siddiqui and
Bryson [31] Ahmad and abouammoh[7], Abu-Youssef [3], Mahmoud et al. [27] and Diab ([13],[14]). To
categorize distributions based on their aging properties or their dual. Among the most practical aging classes of
life distributions, the increasing failure rate (IFR). Many other have been extensively studied in the literature
Barlow et al. [9],Proschan and Pyke[28]. For testing against increasing failure rate in expectation (IFRA), see
Aly[8] and Ahmad [6]. For testing versus new better than used (NBU), see koul[24], and Kumazawa[25].
Ahmad [4], one of the authors presented moments inequalities for classes of life distributions IFR, NBU, NBUE
and harmonic new better than used in expectation (HNBUE). For testing exponentiallity against an alternative
among the classes NBUE, HNBUE, NBUFR, NBAFR, NBURFR, HNBUE, NRBU, DMRL, NBUC, NBUL and
DVRL classes, we refer to Klefsjo ([22],[23]), Deshpaned et al. [11] Ahmad and Abuammoh[5], EL-Arishy et al.
[16], Abdul Alim and Mahmoud [1], Mahmoud and Diab[26] and Diab et al. [12] respectively. Finally, for
exponentiallity testing versus an alternative RNBU and HNRBUE, see El -Arishy, et al. [17] and Diab and
Mahmoud [15].
LetX be a nonnegative continuous random variable with distribution function F , survival function = 1 ,
with finite mean, with survival of a device in operation at any time 0 is given by,

1
= 0 .

Sepehrifar et al. [30] defined the ODL .And investigated the probabilistic characteristics of this class of life
distribution.
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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

Definition 1.1: A life distribution Fon 0, , with 0 = 0 is called overall decreasing life (ODL) if,

, 0, (1.1)


Where = 0
.
() 1
Remark 1.1:Life distribution F belongs to ODL if and onlyif < .
()
The rest of the article is structured as follows. The moment inequality developed in section 2, for ODL class of life
distribution based on these inequalities test statistics for testing 0 is exponential against 1 is ODLand not
exponential. In section 3, a new test statistic based on U-statistic is established and have exceptionally Pitman
asymptotic efficiency of some of well-known alternatives, Monte Carlo null distribution critical points are
simulated for sample sizes = 5 1 30 5 50and the power estimates of this test are also calculated at the
significant level = 0.05 for some common alternatives distribution followed by some numerical example. In
section 4, we dealing with right-censored data and selected critical values are tabulated. Finally, the power
estimates for censor data of this test are tabulated and numerical example are calculated.

II. MOMENT INEQUALITY

In this section we derive our main results. The following theorem gives the moment inequality for the ODLclass of
life distributions.
Theorem 2.1:IfF is ODL ,then for all integer 0,

1
+2 , 0. (2.1)
( + 3) +3

Where

() = = 1 .
0

Proof: Since Fis said to be overall decreasing life ODL class, then from (1.1) we multiplying both sides by
, 0 and integrating over (0, )with respect tot,we get

, (2.2)
0 0

Now,

. . = ,
0

1
= +1 ,
+1 0

1
= +1 ,
+1 0
1
= . (2.3)
+ 1 + 2 +2
Also,

. . = ,
0

1
= +2 ,
+1 +2 0
1
= . (2.4)
+ 1 + 2 + 3 +3

Using (2.3),(2.4) in (2.2) the result follows.

2.1 Testing against ODL class for non-censored data

Let 1 , 2 , , be a random sample from a population with distribution function F. We test the null hypothesis
0 is exponential with mean against 1 is ODL and not exponential. Using Theorem (2.1), we can
use the following quantity as a measure of departure from 0 in favor of 1
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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

1
= (+2) (3.1)
+ 3 +3

Note that under 0 = 0,and it is positive under 1 .To make the test scale invariant under 0 we use
()
=
+3
It could be estimated based on a random sample 1 , 2 , , from F by

=
+3

1 1 1
= +3 +2 +3 3.2
1 +3
=1 =1

1
Where = =1 is the sample mean, and is estimated by

Setting,
1
1 , 2 = 1 2+2 +3
+3 1

Again and have the same limiting distribution. But since is the usual U-statistics
+3

theory,it is asymptotically normal and all we need to evaluate . The following theorem summarized
+3
the large sample properties of or U-statistic.

Theorem 3.1:As , is asymptotically normal with mean zero and variance

2
1
() = +3 + +2 + + 2 ! + 2 ! (3.3)
+3
Under0 this value reduced to
2
02 = 2 + 4 ! +2 ! (3.4)

Proof: Since and have the same limiting distribution, weconcentrate on
+3
. Now this is asymptotic normal with mean zero and variance2=1, where

1 = 1 , 2 |1 + 2 , 1 |1 (3.5)
But
1
1 = (+2) 1 +3 + 1+2 +2 (3.6)
+3 1
Hence (3.3) follows.Under 0
1
1 = + 2 ! 1 +3 + 1+2 + 2 ! (3.7)
+3 1

Thus it is easy to get 02 as it is defined in (3.4). When = 0,

1
= 2 3 (3.8)
3

In this case0 = 4.47214 and the test statistic is

1 1
= 2 3 . (3.9)
1 3
=1 =1
And

=
, (3.10)
3

which is quite simple statistics. One can use the proposed test to calculate and reject 0 if
0 0
,where is the quintile of the standard normal distribution.
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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

2.2 The Pitman asymptotic efficiency

This subsection includes the calculations of the asymptotic efficiencies of the ODL test statistic. We use the


0
concept of Pitman's asymptotic efficiency (PAE) which is defined as = . These
0
calculations are done by using the following common alternative families:

(i) Linear failure rate family (LFR)

2
1 = 2 , 0, 0,

(ii) Makeham family

+ 1
2 = , 0, 0,

(iii) Weibull family

3 = , > 0, 0,

(iv) Gamma family

4 = 1 / , > 0, 0.

Since,
1
= (+2) .
+ 3 +3
Then we define
1
= 0 (+2) 0 + 0 (+2) 0 .
0 + 3 +3 0

\
0
= 0 2 0 +
0 0

\ \
2 0 0 2 0
0 0 0

Note that 0 (the exponential distribution) is attained at 0 = 0 in (i), (ii) and at 0 = 1 in (iii), (iv)
Direct calculations for the families in (i) and (ii) are given at = 0.

(i) Linear failure rate

1
= +2 +2 ! .
0
(ii) Makeham family
1 1
= + 2 ! 2 3+ .
0 2

Using mathematica program to calculate PAE for Weibull family and Gamma family at = 0.

(iii) Gamma family

= 0.298142.
(iv) Weibull family
= 0.67082.

Direct calculations of the asymptotic efficiencies of ODL test are given in Table 1. At = 0.

Table 1. Pitman asymptotic efficiencies for ODL test

Efficiency Linear failure rate Makeham family Weibull family Gamma family
0.894427 0.167705 0.67082 0.298142

It is clear from Table 1,we can see that the new ODL test statistic is more efficiency.

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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

III. MONTE CARLO NULL DISTRIBUTION CRITICAL POINTS

In practice, simulated percentiles for small samples are commonly used by applied statisticians and reliability
analyst. We have simulated the upper percentile values for 90%, 95%, 98% and 99%. Table 2 presented these
percentile values of the statistics in (3.10) and the calculations are based on 5000 simulated samples of sizes
= 5(1)30(5)50.

Table 2. Critical values of statistic .

n 90% 95% 98% 99%
5 0.6803 0.69300.7044 0.7100
6 0.6726 0.6844 0.6957 0.7032
7 0.6675 0.6799 0.6902 0.6961
8 0.6611 0.6741 0.6860 0.6928
9 0.6540 0.6691 0.6820 0.6873
10 0.6468 0.6645 0.6773 0.6852
11 0.6405 0.6597 0.6752 0.6828
12 0.6381 0.6563 0.6708 0.6791
13 0.6275 0.65240.6709 0.6780
14 0.6180 0.6413 0.6624 0.6719
15 0.6141 0.6406 0.6601 0.6706
16 0.6066 0.6354 0.6547 0.6660
17 0.6050 0.6319 0.6547 0.6646
18 0.5948 0.6232 0.6465 0.6630
19 0.5921 0.6214 0.6438 0.6579
20 0.5885 0.6198 0.6424 0.6517
21 0.5834 0.6128 0.6387 0.6519
22 0.5760 0.6083 0.6334 0.6449
23 0.5766 0.6066 0.6334 0.6443
24 0.5640 0.5982 0.6257 0.6411
25 0.5603 0.5944 0.6265 0.6423
26 0.5572 0.5915 0.6234 0.6369
27 0.5527 0.5888 0.6170 0.6322
28 0.5501 0.5855 0.6127 0.6301
29 0.5437 0.5776 0.6092 0.6256
30 0.5385 0.5770 0.6071 0.6250
35 0.5259 0.56500.5974 0.6109
40 0.5055 0.5488 0.5843 0.6016
45 0.4825 0.5289 0.5675 0.5888
50 0.4778 0.5182 0.5583 0.5764

In view of Table 2, and Fig. 1, it is noticed that the critical values are increasing as the confidence level increasing
and is almost decreasing as the sample size increasing.

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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

3.1 The Power Estimates

Now, we present an estimation of the power estimate of the test statistic at the significance level = 0.05
using LFR, Gamma and Weibull distribution. The estimates are based on 5000 simulated samples for sizes
= 10, 20 and 30 with parameter = 2,3 4.

Table 3. Power estimates using = 0.05.

Parameter Sample Size
Distribution
n=10 n=20n=30
2 0.9988 0.9998 1.0000
LFR 3 0.99981.0000 1.0000
4 0.99921.0000 1.0000
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Weibull 3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 0.99780.99860.9988
Gamma 3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

It is clear from the Table 3 that our test has good powers for all alternatives and the power increases as the sample
size increases. The power is getting as smaller as the ODL approaches the exponential distribution.

3.2 Applications Using Complete (Uncensored) Data

Here, we present some of good real examples to illustrate the use of our test statistics in the case of
non-censored data at 95% confidence level.

Example 1: The data set of 40 patients suffering from blood cancer (Leukemia) from one of ministry of health
hospitals in Saudi Arabia sees Abouammoh et al. [2]. The ordered life times (in years)

0.315 0.496 0.616 1.145 1.208 1.263 1.414 2.025 2.036 2.162
2.211 2.370 2.532 2.693 2.805 2.910 2.912 3.192 3.263 3.348
3.348 3.427 3.499 3.534 3.767 3.751 3.858 3.986 4.049 4.244
4.323 4.381 4.392 4.397 4.647 4.753 4.929 4.973 5.074 4.381

It was found that = 0.678917 and this value exceeds the tabulated critical value in Table 2. It is evident that
at the significant level %95 this data set has ODL property.

Example 2: The following data in keating et al.[21] set on the time, in operating days, between successive failures
of air conditioning equipment in an aircraft. These data are recorded

3.750 0.417 2.500 7.750 2.542 2.042 0.583 1.000 2.333 0.833
3.292 3.500 1.833 2.458 1.208 4.917 1.042 6.500 12.917 3.167
1.083 1.833 0.958 2.583 5.417 8.667 2.917 4.208 8.667

by using (3.3) it is found that = 0.373289 which is less than the critical value of Table 2, then we accept the
null hypothesis. This means that the data set has the exponential property.

Example 3:Using the data set given in Grubbs [19], this data set gives the times between arrivals of 25 customers
at a facility

1.80 2.89 2.93 3.03 3.15 3.43 3.48 3.57 3.85 3.92
3.98 4.06 4.11 4.13 4.16 4.23 4.34 4.73 4.53 4.62
4.65 4.84 4.91 4.99 5.17

It is easily to show that = 0.668617 which is greater than the critical value ofTable 2. Thenwe accept 1
which states that the data set have ODL property and not exponential.

Example 4: Consider the well-known Darwin data (Fisher [18]) that represent the differences in heights between

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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

cross- and self-fertilized plants of the same pair grown together in one pot

4.25 8.708 0.583 2.375 2.25 1.333 2.792 2.458

5.583 6.333 1.125 0.583 9.583 2.75 2.542 1.417

We can see that the value of test statistic for the data set by formula (3.10) is given by = 2.41461 and this
value greater than the tabulated critical value in Table 2. This means that the set of data have ODLproperty and not
exponential.

IV. TESTING AGAINST ODL CLASS FOR CENSORED DATA

In this section, a test statistic is proposed to test 0 versus 1 with randomly right-censored data. Such a censored
data is usually the only information available in a life-testing model or in a clinical study where patients may be
lost (censored) before the completion of a study. This experimental situation can formally be modeled as follows.
Suppose n objects are put on test, and 1 , 2 , , denote their true life time. We assume that 1 , 2 , , be
independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) according to a continuous life distribution F. Let 1 , 2 , , be
(i.i.d.) according to a continuous life distribution G. Also we assume that , and , are independent.
In the randomly right-censored model, we observe the pairs , , = 1, , where = , and

1 = .
=
0 = .

Let 0 = 0 < 1 < 2 < < denote the ordered , and is the corresponding to
respectively.
Using the censored data , , = 1, , Kaplan and Meier [20] proposed the product limit estimator.

= 1 = , 0,
+1
:

Now, for testing 0 = 0, against 1 > 0,using the randomly right censored data, we propose the
following test statistic:
1 1
= 3 2 3 .
3
For computational purposes, may be rewritten as

1 1
= . (4.1)
3 3
Where
1 1

= 1 , =2 1 ,
=1 =1 =1 =1
and,
1
2
=3 1 .
=1 =1

Where = .
+1
Table 4.gives the critical values percentiles of test for sample sizes = 5 5 30 10 70,81,86.based on
5000 replications.

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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

Table 4. Critical values for percentiles of test

n 90% 95% 98% 99%
5 0.09651 0.13859 0.20003 0.25226
10 0.08166 0.12182 0.17443 0.21400
15 0.06461 0.09050 0.13029 0.15792
20 0.05159 0.07348 0.10401 0.12619
25 0.04419 0.06126 0.08593 0.10513
30 0.03738 0.05214 0.07011 0.08734
40 0.03067 0.04256 0.05678 0.06852
50 0.02538 0.03482 0.04918 0.05767
60 0.02244 0.03059 0.04002 0.04884
70 0.01968 0.02658 0.03639 0.04561
81 0.01735 0.02344 0.03169 0.03797
86 0.01646 0.02233 0.02917 0.03653

We noticed that from Table 4 and Fig. 2, the critical values are increasing as the confidence level increasing and is
almost decreasing as the sample size increasing.

4.1 The power estimates for

Her, we present an estimation of the power for testing exponentiality Versus ODL. Using significance level
= 0.05with suitable parameter values of at = 10,20 30 , and for commonly used distributions in
reliability such as LFR family, Gamma family and Weibull family alternatives which include in Table 5.

Table 5. Power estimates

Parameter Sample Size
Distribution
n=10 n=20n=30
2 0.9974 0.9992 0.9982
LFR 3 0.99961.0000 1.0000
4 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000
2 0.9968 0.9990 0.9994
Weibull 3 0.9990 1.0000 1.0000
4 0.9954 1.0000 1.0000
2 0.92940.94800.9548
Gamma 3 0.9334 0.9682 0.9662
4 0.93100.9768 0.9784

We notice from Table 5. We can show that our test has a good power, and the power increases as the sample size
increases.

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 A Moment Inequality For Overall Decreasing Life Class Of Life Distributions With Hypotheses

4.2 Applications Using Incomplete (Censored) Data

Example 1.
Consider the data of Susarla and Vanryzin [32], which represent 81 survival times (in weeks) of patients
melanoma. Out of these 46 represents non-censored data and the ordered values are:

13 14 19 19 20 21 23 23 25 26
26 27 27 31 32 34 34 37 38 38
40 46 50 53 54 57 58 59 60 65
65 66 70 85 90 98 102 103 110 118
124 130 136 138 141 234
The ordered censored observations are:
16 21 44 50 55 67 73 76 80 81
86 93 100 108 114 120 124 125 129 130
132 134 140 147 148 151 152 152 158 181
190 193 194 213 215

Now, taking into account the whole set of survival data (both censored and uncensored). It was found that the
value of test statistic for the data set by formula (4.1) is given by = 0.0492696 and this value greater than the
tabulated critical value in Table 5. This means that the data set hasODL property.

Example 2.
On the basis of right censored data for lung cancer patients from Pena [29]. These data consists of 86 survival
times (in month) with 22 right censored:
The whole life times (non-censored data):

0.99 1.28 1.77 1.97 2.17 2.63 2.66 2.76 2.79 2.86
2.99 3.06 3.15 3.45 3.71 3.75 3.81 4.11 4.27 4.34
4.4 4.63 4.73 4.93 4.93 5.03 5.16 5.17 5.49 5.68
5.72 5.85 5.98 8.15 8.62 8.48 8.61 9.46 9.53 10.05
10.15 10.94 10.94 11.24 11.63 12.26 12.65 12.78 13.18 13.47
13.96 14.88 15.05 15.31 16.13 16.46 17.45 17.61 18.2 18.37
19.06 20.7 22.54 23.36
The ordered censored observations are:
11.04 13.53 14.23 14.65 14.91 15.47 16.49 17.05 17.28 17.88
17.97 18.83 19.55 19.58 19.75 19.78 19.95 20.04 20.24 20.73
21.55 21.98

We now account the whole set of survival data (both censored and uncensored), and computing the test statistic
given by formula (4.1). It was found that = 0.433052 which is exceeds the tabulated value in Table 5. It is
evident that at the significant level 0.95 .Then this data set has ODL property.

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