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15B11PH111
DIFFRACTION
LECTURE 8
DIFFRACTION
Diffraction of the light occurs when a light wave passes
very close to the edge of an object or through a tiny
opening, such as a slit or aperture.
S
A
b
B
S
According to geometrical optics region AB of
Screen SS to be illuminated and remaining
portion will be dark
If observation are made carefully and width of the slit is not
very large with respect to wavelength then the light intensity
in the region AB is not uniform and there is also some
intensity inside the geometrical shadow.
Fresnel Fraunhofer
FROUNHOFFER
In Fraunhofer class
of diffraction, incident
& outgoing rays are
parallel.
Start with single plane
of atoms (a grating)
Wave in phase
incident crests and
troughs aligned
COMPARISON
If source S and screen P In Fraunhofer class, S and
are at finite distance from P are at infinite distance
from the aperture and hence
the diffraction aperture (or
both incident and diffracted
slit system), then we have
waves may be considered to
Fresnel class of diffraction
be plane wave.
Fresnel Fraunhofer
Resultant amplitude from single slit LECTURE 8
D
y R
C 3
B 2
O a A
Resolving the amplitude parallel and perpendicular to OA
2 R cos sin 2a sin 2a cos sin
2 2 2
2a cos 2 sin 2a cos3 sin ... 2a cos(n 1) sin
2 2 2
1
2 R cos sin a sin a sin n
2 2 2
n 1 n 1
2 R cos sin 2a sin 2 cos 2
2 2 2
n
2 R cos sin 2a sin cos
n 1
2 2 2
n
R cos
a sin
2 cos
n 1
........(3)
2
sin
2
n
2 cos n 1 ............(3)
a sin
R cos
2
sin
2
Similarly
n
a sin
R sin 2 sinn 1 .......... ....( 4)
2
sin
2
n
2 2
a sin
R2 2 .......... ....( 5)
2
sin
2
Dividing (4) by (3) we have
tan tan
n 1
2
n 1 n
2 2
If we have large number of vibration as
cos t , cost ,
..., cost n 1
Then resultant vibration will be
n
R cos
a sin
2 cos[t
n 1
]
2
sin
2
n
a sin
cos[t n 1 ]
2 1
R cos
2
sin
2
If we simplify it (Ghatak, superposition of waves)
c os t c ost
E a
... c ost n 1
sin n
2 c osE
t
1
( n 1)
2
sin
2
1
R c ost ( n 1)
2
Where amplitude R of the resultant wave will be
sin n
Ra 2
sin
2
in the limit of n and 0 in such a way
that n b
n
n sin b sin
2
2 2 b sin
again sin
n
would tends to zero as n
n b sin
a sin a sin
2
R
b sin
sin sin
2 n
R
a sin b sin
sin b sin
n
For large value of n sin/n = /n
na sin A sin
R [ A na]
Resultant intensity at P which is proportional
to the square of the resultant amplitude R is
given by:
sin 2
sin 2
I R A
2 2
I0
2
2
P
b sin
where,
LECTURE 10
first minima
a sin =
Position of maxima and minima
Principal Maxima (I = Imax = Io)
The resultant amplitude is given by
A sin A 3 5 7
R [ .....]
3! 5! 7!
2
4
6
where,
b sin
A1 ......
3! 5! 7!
(i) If, = 0 sin/ = 0/0
b sin RA
For , 0 So, I max A I o
2
b sin 0 0 ..(1)
Diffraction Minima
From equation (1) again, intensity is minimum when
(ii) If, 0 but sin = 0 = m
,2 ,3 ,4 ..., m
m , where m 1, 2, 3,......
b sin
m
b sin m ..(2)
So, the condition for minima is
b sin m
Where n = 1, 2, 3. gives the condition of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, minima.
Here n 0, because for n = 0, = 0 corresponds principle maxima.
Central maxima
2nd minima at
2
sin 1
b
Principal Maxima
A sin When 0 sin 0
R
A sin
Rmax A
b sin
0
0
Minima: When 0 but , sin 0
m , where m 1,2,3,..
b sin
m
b sin m
Secondary maxima:
sin 2
I R A
2 2
dI d A2 sin 2 2
2 sin cos sin 2
.2
A
2
d d 2
4
sin 0 or tan
But, here sin = 0 or = m gives the position of
primary mth minima, except when = 0 . Thus, the
position of secondary maxima is given by the
equation:
= tan (secondary maxima)
Y=tan
2
0
0 2
The first value of = 0 gives the principal maxima.
The remaining values of are near :
= 3/2, 5/2, 7/2 ..
The more exact values are 1.430, 2.46, 3.47, 4.471
2n 1
, where n 1,2,3....
2
b sin
2n 1
2
b sin
2n 1
2
b sin
2n 1
2
1 2n 1
sin
2b
So, secondary maxima lie at bsin = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2 etc as fist,
second, third etc....
First secondary maxima
2 3
sin
sin 2
2 4 A 2
I1 A 2
A 2
2
3
2
9 2
2
2
A I0
22 22
I1 1
I 1 I 0 / 22
I 0 22
(i.e. I1 is 4.5% of I0)
2ND Secondary maxima
2 2 5
A sin
A sin
2 2
2 4 A 2
A 2
I0
I2
2
5 2 25 2
62 62
( )
2
I2 1
( I2 is 1.61% of I0)
I0 62
3/2
Secondary maxima
-3 -2 - 0 2 3
b sin m for min ima
and b sin
2n 1
for sec . max ima
2
In this case slit width b = a
b sin
2n 1
2
Secondary maxima
-3 -2 - 0 2 3
Single Slit Fraunhofer diffraction: Effect of slit width
Principle maxima, = 0, I = I0 = A2
Minima, sin = 0, = m
= m = bsin/ or, sin = m/b
First minima at sin = /b
3
2
b
y y
1
D
b
D
-1
-2
-3
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
I/Io
b sin m
y mD
b m ymin
D b
Single-Slit Diffraction: Slit Width a
http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/javamirror/ipmj/java/slitdiffr/index.html
http://www.lightlink.com/sergey/java/java/slitdiffr/index.html
Larger a
Slits farther
Maxima
closer
Smaller a
Slits closer
Maxima
farther
LECTURE 11
d a C
O
s
b
B
L1
L2
d=a+b
Two parallel slits (each of width b)
separated by a distance d.
We have to
find out the
resultant Source
intensity
distribution
Slit
path difference between any
two consecutive points in a
slit will be sin
A1 A2 A2' sin
A2 A2
slit width b
slit separation A2 B2 d
Path difference B2 M
B1
d sin
2
B2 M
sin n
1
E1 2 cos t (n 1)
sin 2
2
1
R cos t ( n 1)
2
t t 1
sin 2 cos
A 2
cos t t 1
2
sin 2t 2 1 1
A 2 cos cos
2 2
sin 1 1
2A cos cos t
2 2
intensity distribution will be of the form
4 A sin
2 2
1
I cos 2
2 22
sin 2 1
4I 0 cos
2
2
Since; I (A)2
sin 2
Where, first term I 0 represents the intensity distributi on
2
y1 R cos t
y2 R cost 1
1 1
y y1 y2 2 R cos cos(wt )
2 2
2 R cos 1 amplitude of the resultant wave
2
2 1
I 4 R cos
2
2
4 A sin
2 2
1
I cos 2
2 2
2
sin 2 1
4I 0 cos
2
2
POSITIONS FOR MINIMA
Intensity of double slit diffraction pattern
4 A2 sin 2
I cos 2
b
2
b sin
m (m = 1,2,3)
b sin m .(1)
2d sin
and, 1 ( 2m 1)
d sin ( 2m 1) (2)
2
(m = 0,1,2,3)
POSITIONS FOR MAXIMA
Secondary diffraction maxima will occur when
3 5
, ,..., ( 2n 1)
2 2 2
b sin ( 2n 1) (3)
2
Similarly, interference maxima will occur when
1
cos b cos 1, or 1 / 2 0, ,2 ,...n ;
2
n 0,1,2,.. 1 2 ,4 ....... 2n
2d sin
for int erference, 2n
(4)
d sin n
n 1, d sin
sin , sin 1
d d
4 A sin
2 2
2 1
I cos 1
2
2
b
b
b sin
2 2
4 A sin
4 A sin
2 2
d d
2
b
2
b
d d
Single Slit 4 A2 sin 2 1
I cos 2
Width b 2
2
b sin
Diffraction at
Single slit
4A2 sin 2
I cos 2 b
2
Interference due to double slit for width d
2
2
LECTURE 12
Missing orders in double slit diffraction
The direction of interference maxima are
d sin n .(i)
n = 0,1,2,3.
The direction of diffraction minima due to each slit
b sin m (ii)
m = 1,2,3,
Suppose for the same value of , b , and d are
such that both equations are simultaneously
satisfied, (i ) d sin n
(ii) b sin m
d n
b m
If d = 2b, then 2b/b = n/m
so n = 2m = 2,4,6., since, m = 1,2,3
So, even order interference maxima will coincide
with 1st, 2nd, 3rd, .. order diffraction minima due
to single slit.
Even order interference maxima will be
absent from diffraction pattern
For m = 1, n = 2 that is there should be five
Interference maxima (n = 0, 1, 2) in the central
maxima but only three interference maxima
will appear in the pattern i.e. for m = -1, 0, +1
If d = 4b then, n=4m = 4, 8, 12, 16 for n = 1,2,3
what order of interference pattern will be absent
for n = 1?
As the slit separation d increases the number of
Interference maxima appearing in the region of
Central diffraction maxima increases.
Q-1: A plane wave ( = 500nm) is incident at a long narrow slit of width 0.5mm.
Calculate the angles of diffraction corresponding to first three minima.
Q-2:Consider a set of two slits, each of width b (5x10-2 cm) and separated by a distance
d (0.1 cm), is illuminated by monochromatic light (632.8nm). If a convex Lens (f = 10
cm) is placed beyond the double slit arrangement. Find the number and positions of the
of interference maxima inside the first diffraction minima.
Double Slit: Diffraction and Interference
4 A2 sin 2 2 1 4 A2 sin 2
I cos cos 2 b
2
2 2
d n
Double Slit For d 5b, 5 n 5m
b m
what order is mis sin g ?
Width d
LECTURE 13
DIFFRACTION FROM N
NUMBER OF SLITS
(DIFFRACTION GRATING)
(DIFFRACTION GRATING)
P
A
d
C
bB
SLITS LENS
Suppose, all wavelets are making angle with its
normal on the slit, then resultant waves
displacement at point P due to the slit at A:
A sin
y cos(t ) R cos(t )
When, we have N number of slits separated by
distance d, each slit may be assumed to be
producing one resultant wave with amplitude R
at point P.
If phase difference between successive resultant waves
from N number of slits is 1 then displacements will be
represented as
A sin
y1 cos(t )
A sin
y2 cos(t 1 )
A sin 2
y3 cos(t 21 )
[1 (d sin )]
A sin
y4 cos(t 31 )
.
A sin
yN cos(t ( N 1)1 )
The resultant of all waves at point P will be
y = y1 + y2 + y3 + ..+ yN
A sin
Y [cos(t ) cos(t 1 )
cos(t 21 ) ... cos(t ( N 1)1 )
N1
A sin sin 1
Y 2
cos[t ( N 1) ]
sin 1 2
1
2
A sin sin Nb 1
Y . cos[t N1 ]
sin b 2
Resultant amplitude of the wave for N-slits
A sin sin Nb
R .
sin b 1
d sin
Where : b
2
A2 sin 2 sin 2 Nb
so, I n b sin
2 sin 2 b
2
A sin
2 2
sin 2 Nb
& represents difraction due to N slits
sin b
2
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
MAXIMA (Principal Maxima)
For I to be maximum, sin = 0
= 0 as well as b = 0, ,2, 3,.n
sin Nb N cos Nb
Lt Lt N
b n sin b b n cos b
So, intensity of the principle maxima in the diffraction
pattern can be:
N A sin
2 2 2
I
2
Maxima b sin bn
d
b n ( d sin ) nb
n d
sin
d
d sin
For b = n n
d sin n n = 0 ,1, 2, 3,
For n = 0 we get = 0. This gives the direction of the zero
order principal maximum. The values n = 1,2,3..
corresponds to first, second, third, principal maxima.
Minima
A2 sin 2 sin 2 Nb The intensity will be
I
2 sin 2 b zero or minimum when:
sin Nb 0 but sin b 0
sin Nb 0 Nb 0, ,2 ,... m
Nd sin
m
Nd sin m
Where m can have all the values except 0, N, 2N,
3N. because, for m = 0, N, 2N, 3N, sin b = 0 and
this gives the position of principle maxima as above.
From the above, it is observed that m = 0 gives the
principal maxima of zero order and m = 1, 2, 3,(N-1)
gives minima.
m = N gives principal maxima of first order.
d sin
,
2
,...
N 1 N 1 N 2
, , ,
N N N N N
...
2 N 1 , 2 N 1 , 2 N 2 ,..
N N N
0
Imp.: Here, there are (N-1) number of minima between two
successive principle maxima and hence, (N-2) secondary maxima.
Secondary Maxima
A2 sin 2 sin 2 Nb
I
2 sin 2 b
To find out position of secondary maxima, let us
again differentiate sin Nb
2
sin 2 b
d sin Nb
2
db sin b
2 sin Nb sin b N cos Nb sin Nb cos b
b 0
sin b sin b
2
sin Nb
0 or
sin b
N sin b cos Nb sin Nb cos b 0
N sin b cos Nb sin Nb cos b
tan b tan Nb / N
1 N 2 tan 2 b N tan b
Ntanb sin Nb
1 N 2 tan 2 b
Nb
sin Nb N sin b
sin b N 2 sin 2 b
sin b cos b 1
cos 2 b
N N
cos b cos 2 b N 2 sin 2 b
cos 2 b N 2 sin 2 b
cos b
sin Nb N
sin b 1 sin 2 b N 2 sin 2 b
sin Nb N
sin b ( N 2 1) sin 2 b 1
Therefore, the intensity of secondary maxima:
Diffraction at single slit
I '
2
sin b2
A sin N
2 2 2
2 (i)
[( N 1) sin b 1]
2 2
I' 1
2
I N 1sin 1
2
n+ dn dn
(nN-1) th order minima
n
Angular width = 2d
According to the condition for diffraction maxima,
d sin n n (1)
2
nth order principal
2d n
maxima
Nd cos n n+ dn dn
(nN-1) th order minima
n n- dn
Angular width = 2d
LECTURE 15
Diffraction Gratings
Like the double slit arrangement but with
a much greater number of slits, or rulings,
sometimes as many as several 1000 per
millimeter
Light passed through the grating forms
narrow interference fringes that can be
analyzed to determine the wavelength
d sin n n
Where, n = 0,1,2,3,...
n represents position of line and the
integers n are called order numbers
1 n
n sin
d
Rewriting the above we find the angle (n) to a particular line (say n =3)
depends on the wavelength being used
DIFFRACTION GRATING
N number of slits
b
= numbers of lines per inch d
a
d sinbright=n
(a+b) sinbright=n
n=0, 1, 2,
3 slits
2 slits
Intensity of Maxima for N-slits
N 2 A2 sin 2
I P max
2
A2 sin 2 N 2
I ' I S max 2
[( N 2 1) sin 2 b 1]
ABSENT ORDER IN DIFFRACTION PATTERN
OF A DIFFRACTION GRATING
I
2
sin b
2
The direction of principal maxima are
d sin n .(i) n =0,1,2,3.
The direction of diffraction minima due to each slit
b sin m (ii) m = 1,2,3,
(i ) d sin n
1) If d = 2b, then
(ii ) b sin m n/m = 2b/b = 2
d n d 2) n = 2m = 2,4,6.
nm
b m b
m=1, n=2
m=2, n=4 Absent orders of principal maxima
m=3, n=6
Overlapping orders in diffraction grating
1 4000A , 2 5000A
0 0
d sin n
4000n2
sin
d
5000n1
sin
d
5th order of principal maxima of 4000A will
coincide with 4th Order principal maxima of
5000A wavelength.
LECTURE 14
Dispersive power of grating
Rate of change of angle of diffraction per unit change of
wavelength.
Suppose, wavelength of light changes from to +d;
then if angle of diffraction is changed from to +d.
d
Then, dispersive power can be expressed as :
d
For central d sin n
principal d cos d nd
maxima of d n
grating, we
d d cos
know:
(i) Assume is very small, cos 1. So, for a given n, d/d is
constant.
(ii)When is large, It can easily be shown that dispersion is greater at
the red end.
(iii)d is inversely proportional to d, indicating smaller be the grating
element, larger be the angular dispersion
Ans . :
a b sin n
d
( a b) cosd nd d
a b
2
n
Diffraction by a circular aperture
When light from a point
source passes through a small
circular aperture, it does not
produce a bright dot as an
image, but rather a diffuse
circular disc known as Airy's
disc surrounded by much
fainter concentric circular
rings. This example of
diffraction is of great
importance because the eye
and many optical instruments
have circular apertures.
Resolvability
Rayleighs criterion for resolution
When the angular separation for two objects is such that the
central maximum of one diffraction pattern coincides with
the first minimum of the other we have a condition called the
Rayleighs criterion for resolving two nearby objects.
Resolving Power
The capacity of an optical instrument to show two
close objects separately is called resolution and the
ability of an optical instrument to just resolve the
images of two close point objects is called its
Resolving Power.
Resolving power of diffraction grating
In grating the resolving power refers to the power of
distinguishing two nearby spectral lines and is
defined as:
R
Resolving power of grating
Principal maxima
wavelength
for grating for
d sin n ....(1)
Principal max. for grating for d sin n( d ) ..(2)
wavelength +d
A
d
P1
P1
d
P2
O P2
C
a d =
d =/a = limit of resolution
Applying Airys condition
d = 1.22 /a
1/d = a/1.22
For Single slit: For Double slits: Missing order spectra
sin 2 4 A2 sin 2 1 in two slits
I R A 2 2
I
cos 2
2
2
2 When interference max.
I I o A ; 0 2
I 4 A2 I 0 coincides with diff. min,
b sin min n b sin D. min m
inter.max will be absent.
b sin s. max
2n 1 ; b sin S . max (2n 1) / 2
d sin
n
b sin m
2 n 1,2,.. d n d
nm
where n 1,2.. b m b
d sin I . min (2m 1) / 2
Missing order spectra in
d sin I . max n ; N-slit spectra
n 0,1,2... When ,higher order p.
For N-slits
A 2 sin 2 sin 2 Nb 1 d sin max. coincides with diff.
I
2 sin 2 b where, b min, that p.max will be
2
A2 N 2 sin 2 absent in the spectra.
I P . max d sin P. max n; where , n 0,1,2..
2
d n
& Nd sin min m; where , m nN 1( nN ) Dis.Power ,
d d cos
2
Width of the 2d n RP of DG nN RP of Telescope
a
principal max. Nd cos n d 1.22
Q-1: Consider a set of two slits each of width b=5x10-2cm and separated by a
distance d=0.1cm, illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength
6.328x10-5 cm. If a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed beyond the
double slit arrangement, calculate the positions of minima inside the first
diffraction minimum.
[Ans:0.0316mm, 0.094mm]
Q-2: A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed after a slit of width 0.6mm. If
a plane wave of wavelength 6000 A0 falls normally on the slit, calculate the
separation between the second minima on either side of the central maximum.
[Ans: =0.08cm]
Q-3: A grating (with 15000 lines per inch) is illuminated by sodium light. The
grating spectrum is observed on the focal plane of a convex lens of focal length
10 cm. Calculate the separation between D1 and D2 lines of sodium. (The
wavelengths of the D1and D2 lines are 5890A0 and 5896A0 respectively.)
Q-4: Copper is a FCC structure with a lattice constant 3.615 . An X-ray powder
photograph of copper is taken .The X-ray beams consists of wavelengths.1.540
and 1.544 . Show that diffraction maxima will be observed at
=(21.640,21.700), (25.210,25.280), (37.050,37.160), (44.940,45.090)
,(47.550,47.710),(58.430,58.670),(68.200,68.580),(72.290,72.760)