//

()

~ ~exclamation particle

Attached to a verb, or an adjective (+ ) to signify surprise, exclamation.

Example: . Wow, you speak Korean well.

~ ~continuous clause

Attached to a verb where the motion or action is still on going.

Example: . I am reading a book.

Can be used in past tense () like in the example if it continued until a

certain point.

Example: . I was reading a book.

-/ ~ false clause

/ is attached to a noun, negating a ~ clause.

Examples:

. I am a student.

. I am not a student.

~/ ~subject becomes

Used to indicate that subject becomes the noun attached to /. Can also be
used in and .

Example

. I became a uni student

. I will become a uni student

~ () ~the time that

Attached to a verb, adjective, or noun + indicating a period of time in

which something or a situation occurs.
Tense is not added to the modified verb, adjective or noun. Instead tense is
dictated by the end of the sentence.
Example:

? What do you do when you have time?

~() ~ or

Attached to a noun to indicate or, however must have the same verb/adjective
attached to the clause.
Example:

. When you have time do you swim or play

soccer.

. I will go on Saturday or Sunday.

~() / ~Can/Cant

Added to a verb indicating the ability or disability to do the verb.

. I can play piano.

. I cannot play piano.

~ ~ because of

~ is attached to a verb, adjective or noun+ to indicate a reason or

cause for an action or situation. The clause with ~ is the reason, for the
following clause.

. Because it rained, my clothes are drenched.

~/() Present tense modifier

Attached to a v/a/ to modify a following nouns current action or state. If an

adjective ends in a then - is used, any other consonant adjectives end in -.
All verbs + and use ~

Example:

. I like warm weather.

. I am eating delicious food.

. The clothes Im wearing are expensive.

(/) More than

A comparative construction equivalent to rather than often with the adverbs

and which is more and less respectively. As well can be used in
comparison of two different items without the original notion of a difference.

/ can also be used to express which had the most/ be the superlative
construction.
Example:
: ? Kalbi is more expensive than naengmyon, right?

: . . Of course kalbi is more expensive.

: ? Between Sundubujji and

dwinjangjjikae which do you like the most.

~() ~asking ones opinion

Attached to a verb, adjective or a noun+ indicating ones intention to ask the

listener how he/she predicts about the present or a future situation. Strictly a
question however.

irregular predicates are changed into as per normal.

Examples:

, ? Shall I speak in English or Korean.

? Is it going to rain tomorrow?

May also be used however to ask about a past situation however.

? Did it snow last night?

An act of~ing

This is used at the end of a verb when the verb needs to be expressed as a noun.
Examples:

. I like shopping.

() ~I presume that

Attached to a verb/adjective or noun + indicating a subjective guess or

presumption (with no prior knowledge), about the present or future.
Example:

? Do you think it will rain tomorrow?

Or it can be used for predications about the past as in:

Example:

: . I think it is raining in Jeju-island now.

: . I think it rained yesterday at Jeju-island.

When conjugating with simply remove it and replace it with the particle
.

~/() ~I think that

Attached to a verb/adjective or noun+ stem, indicating an uncertain
judgement or assumption about the present situation. Unlike () ,
however it does imply some level of existing knowledge. It gives a weakened
conclusive tone and makes the sentence soft and passive. Portrays ones mild
feelings.
Example:

. This skirt is too short.

. I think this skirt is too short.

// ~Change in state

Attached to an adjective stem, this indicates a change in state. Use of vs is

and usage verses other vowel endings. If using the form the correct
form is . However, is generally used instead.

Examples:

Because it is now spring, the weather is

much warmer.

. If you exercise every day, you will become healthy.

~ + ~the value of a noun + the total worth in money

Example:

: ? How much are the apples?

: 1000 . The big apples are 1000won each.

: 3000 . Can I please have 3000won worth of apples.

~() Because

Attached to a verb, adjective or noun+ indicating that the clause that it is

part of is the reason for the second clause. This is used with imperatives or
proposition clauses to show the speakers determination or hope. Conguating with
results in the removal of the

Example:

? This is a little small, could you please show

me a bigger one.

? Are you going to catch a taxi?

. Because you do not have a particularly

large amount of time, use the metro.

~() ~ If do x, you can do y

Attached to a verb indicating how to do something. The clause with
attached to it, is the first instruction, the following clause would be the result of
following the first instruction.
Example:

. If you want to speak Korean well study

hard.

. Cross the road here, and you will see it.

~// Sequential clause

Links too clauses in to a sequence, A B, do this action then the second. Or if

they are closely related.
Example:

. Cross the road, and go straight to the left.

. I met my friend and watched a movie together.

. Go home and rest.

() If clause

Attached to a verb, adjective or noun+ indicating a prerequisite or an

assumption.

. If work is done, lets go home.

. If it does rain tomorrow, I will go.

~ but clause

Attached to a verb, adjective or noun indicating but. The first clause can be
either positive or negative, but the second clause must be the opposite.

. There is a cafeteria but the food tastes bad.

. I could not sleep last night but today I am not

tired.

() Informal present stem

Added to present tense noun stem or . Used for both questions and
statements.

When used for future tense this turns into () , but in daily conversations
just () is used.

? Is that person Sumi?

? This holiday will you go back to your home town?

Informal propositive

Attached to a verb stem indicated lets do <verb> together.

Example

. - Lets go

~/() ~passive or unsure clause/ tends to be on the ~ side

Attached to a verb, adjective or noun+ indicating the subject has a tendency

to do the action or to be on the -er side. If you are not sure of how frequently
someone does something or you just want to put it modestly.

Adjectives with is simply replaced with e.g.

Other adjectives always use the ending.
/ always uses the ending.

Example:

. I have quite a large amount of clothes.

. Sumi is a bit of the tall side.

~()~Past tense noun modifier

Attached to a verb to indicate that the following noun has had the action occur in
the past.

ending verbs use ~ e.g.

Other stems use
Example:

. The person who put on white shoes is Sumi.

? How was the move you watched yesterday?

~~ To be like a noun

Attached to a noun indicating that the subject is like the noun+.

Examples:

. My teacher is scary like a tiger.

. Sumi, you look pretty like an angel today.

irregular conjugation

If the verb or adjective ends with and is then followed by , , , , then

is deleted.

~ ~yes (confirmation) but

~ is attached to a verb, adjective, and noun , indicating that what

was mentioned before is right, but there is another situation that has not been
considered. Either in the form of or ~.

This grammar point can also be used for past tense except uses or
//.
Examples:

. .

There is a bus going to . But there may be a lot of traffic.

. .

I am going to go. But I have an engagement, so I dont think I can stay until late.

~ Should/advice clause I should/ you should

Attached to verb indicating that doing the action is a better course of action. It
indicates a speakers hope or will, but if it refers to another persons behaviour it
indicates a speakers advice or suggestion to the listener.
Examples:

. Its late, I should leave now.

2 3 .

Line 2, is the long way, you should take line 3.

~/ ~but clause

~verb or