WELL INTEGRITY

Shell designs and tests the integrity of our natural gas wells to meet strict specifications based on our global
drilling standards as well as the local geology and environments in which we operate. We select our well
locations carefully, and our drilling, casing and cementing procedures meet or exceed regulatory requirements.
They are also designed to isolate gas and any fluids in the well and protect groundwater.

WELL DIAGRAM
The upper portions of our wells are specifically designed to prevent gas or fluids inside
the well from contacting the drinking water in the shallow rock. Wells are made of a
series of steel pipes sealed in place with cement. The steel pipe protecting the drinking
AQUIFER
water extends from the surface to below the level of drinking water supplies, typically
to a depth of 1,000 feet (about 300 meters) or more. The cement seal extends from the
surface to the entire length of this pipe; both are tested before proceeding. Additional
steel casing and cement are installed to further isolate and contain the fluids and gas in
the well. We monitor pressure in the wells during and after hydraulic fracturing and
throughout the life of the well to check that they are firmly sealed.

Conductor Pipe
Cement
Surface Casing
Cement
Production Casing

BREAKDOWN OF TYPICAL HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FLUIDS

IMPERVIOUS Local geologies determine the exact fracturing fluid formula; percentages may vary
ROCK
slightly according to location.
91% Water
8% Sand

1% Chemicals

Examples of chemicals include but are not limited to:

CHEMICALS

Surfactants Disinfectants Scale Inhibitors Friction Reducers Guar

Such chemicals may be commonly used in:

COMMON USES

5,000 to
10,000 Feet Shampoo Household Windshield Makeup Compact Pharmaceuticals
Cleaner Washer Fluid
1,500 to
3,000 Meters