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Sundaresan C. Madhushankara M.
School of Information Sciences School of Information Sciences
Manipal University Manipal University
Manipal India Manipal India
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 95 No.24, June 2014
13) RX_DATAK: This pin is used for data control bit for
4. USB 3.0 PHYSICAL LAYER DESIGN received symbol.
The pin diagram for the proposed USB3.0 Physical Layer
architecture is shown in figure 1. The description for the PHY 14) RX_STATUS: This pin used to indicate that received
pins is given below. data is proper or it has some errors.
4) PHY_MODE: This pin indicates that in which mode it is 5.1.1 Scrambler (Optional)
working (PCI Express mode or USB Super speed mode). The Scrambler uses an algorithm to pseudo-randomly
scramble each byte of data. Scrambling eliminates repetitive
5) PHY_RST: This pin resets the transmitter and receiver patterns in the bit stream. Repetitive patterns results in large
amounts of energy concentrated in discrete frequencies which
6) PHY_ELECIDLE: When PHY is in P0 or P1 power state lead to significant EMI noise generation. Scrambling spreads
this TX ELECIDLE signal is asserted. energy over a frequency range, hence minimizing average
EMI noise generated.
7) PHY_RATE: This pin controls the link signaling rate. 0
use for 2.5 GT/s signaling rate. 1 use for 5.0 GT/s 5.1.2 8b/10b Encoder
signaling rate. The scrambled 8b characters are encoded into 10b symbols by
the 8b/10b Encoder logic. And there is a 25% loss in
8) PHY_CLR: This pin is used to reset the write part of the transmission performance due to the expansion of each byte
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 95 No.24, June 2014
into a 10-bit character [3], [6]. A character is defined as the 8b Elastic Buffer is used to adjust for minor clock frequency
un-encoded byte of a packet. A Symbol is defined as the 10b variation between the recovered clock used to clock the
encoded equivalent of the 8-bit character. The purpose of incoming bit stream into the Elastic Buffer and the locally-
8b/10b Encoding the packet characters is primarily to create generated clock associated that is used to clock data out of the
sufficient 1-to-0 and 0-to-1 transition density in the bit stream Elastic Buffer [8].
so that the receiver can re-create a receive clock with the aid
of a receiver Phase Lock Loop (PLL) [11]. The 10b symbols are converted back to 8b characters by the
8b/10b Decoder. The 8b/10b Decoder also looks for errors in
5.1.3 Parallel-to-Serial converter the incoming 10b symbols. For example, error detection logic
The 10b symbols are converted to a serial bit stream by the can check for invalid 10b symbols or detect a missing Start or
Parallel-to-Serial converter. This logic uses a 2.5 GHz clock End character.
to serially clock the packets out on each Lane.
The De-Scrambler (Optional) reproduces the de-scrambled
packet stream from the incoming scrambled data stream. The
5.2 PHY Receiver Architecture De-Scrambler implements the inverse of the algorithm
The architecture for PHY Receiver is shown in figure 3. As implemented in the transmitter Scrambler.
the data bit stream is received, the receiver PLL is
synchronized to the clock frequency with which the data was
clocked out of the remote transmitter device. The transitions 6. SIMULATION RESULTS AND
in the incoming serial bit stream are used to re-synchronize
ANALYSIS
This design generates clock with the different clock frequency
i.e. 125MHz, 250MHz and 2.5GHz. For data rate purpose
design generates PCLK depends upon Power state, Rate and
PHY mode.
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 95 No.24, June 2014
7. CONCLUSION
This design explains the concept of USB 3.0 and Serial data
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
communication. This design is able to transfer data on We would like to thank our professors Mr. Madhushankara
2.5GHz clock as well as 5.0GHz. This design makes to M., Mr. Sunderasan C. and Asst. Prof Chaitanya CVS for
understand the Super speed features of USB 3.0. Due to data being our advisor and guide. We are grateful to them for their
bursting capability USB 3.0 provide far more speed than USB continuous support and invaluable inputs they have been
2.0 as device does not have to wait for the hubs providing us through the development of the project. This
acknowledgment. It also helps to understand 8b/10b encoder work would not have been possible without their support and
and decoder and how they provide a dc balanced data. And encouragement. We would also like to thank our friends
this design is designed and verified using Verilog HDL in Ashwin K Rao and Chandru Nagaraj for showing us some
Cadence NCSim simulation tool. examples that related to the topic of our project.
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 95 No.24, June 2014
Besides, we would like to thank our department School Of [6] Lattice Semiconductor Corporation 8b/10b
Information Science for providing us with a good Encoder/Decoder, February 2012.
environment and facilities to complete this project. It gave us
an opportunity to participate and learn about Hardware [7] Ching-Che Chung, Chen-Yi Lee, An All-Digital Phase
designing. In addition, we would like to thank our professors Locked Loop for high speed clock generation, Febr 6,
that they provided us huge and valuable information as the 2003.
guidance of our project. [8] Clifford E. Cummings and Peter Alfke, Simulation and
Synthesis Techniques for Asynchronous FIFO Design
9. REFERENCES with Asynchronous Pointer Comparisons, SNUG 2002.
[1] Universal Serial Bus 3.0 Specification, Revision 1.0,
November 12, 2008. [9] Ravi Budruk, Don Anderson & Tom Sanely, 2004. PCI
Express System Architecture, Mindshare Inc., pp 419-
[2] Data Manual Texas Instruments , Literature number: 434.
SLLSE16E, June 3, 2011
[10] Thatcher, Jonathan (1996-04-01). Thoughts on Gigabit
[3] A.X. Widmer and P.A. Franaszek, A dc-balanced, Ethernet Physical, IBM Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
partitioned block, 8B/10B transmission code, IBM
journal of Research and Development, vol.27, no.5, [11] Jenming Wu & Yu-Ho Hsu, 8B/10B Codec for Efficient
pp.440-451, Sep 1983. PAPR Re-duction in OFDM Communication Systems,
International technology roadmap for Semiconductors
[4] Universal Serial Bus 2.0 Specification, Revision 1.0, (ITRS).
March 13, 2006.
[5] PHY interface for the PCI Express and USB 3.0
Architecture, March 11, 2009.
IJCATM : www.ijcaonline.org 5