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Int. J. Nanotechnol., Vol. x, No.

x, xxxx 1

Simple flame etching of pencil electrode for


dopamine oxidation in presence of ascorbic acid
and uric acid

Umesh Chandra*
School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Jimma Institute of Technology,
Jimma University,
Jimma, P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
Email: umeshkiran17@gmail.com
*Corresponding author

B.E. Kumara Swamy


Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry,
Kuvempu University,
Shankaraghatta 577 451,
Shimoga, Karnataka, India
Email: kumaraswamy21@yahoo.com

Mohan Kumar
Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry,
Kuvempu University,
Shankaraghatta 577 451,
Shimoga, Karnataka, India
and
School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Jimma Institute of Technology,
Jimma University,
Jimma, P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
Email: mohankumar.mogi@gmail.com

Aboma Wagari Gebisa


School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Jimma Institute of Technology,
Jimma University,
Jimma, P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
Email: wagari.aboma@gmail.com

Copyright 200x Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.


2 U. Chandra et al.

M. Praveen
Department of Chemistry,
M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology (MSRIT),
Bengaluru 560097, India
Email: saintypraveen@gmail.com

Abstract: The simple graphite pencil electrode (GPE) tip was etched
by burning it using match stick. A dark black coloured deposition was
observed in the etched portion. This etched portion of GPE was subjected
to characterisation by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron
Microscopy. Further this etched electrode was used for simultaneous
investigation of dopamine and ascorbic acid in 0.2 M phosphate buffer of
pH 7.4. The modified GPE was stable and reproducible towards detection of
dopamine. The stability of this flame etched electrode towards dopamine was
characterised by applying multiple cycles. The effect of scan rate was found to
be adsorption-controlled electrode process. The detection limit was found to be
3.4708 107 M and quantification limit was found to be 11.5693 107 M.
The flame etched electrode applied for the detection of dopamine in presence of
ascorbic acid and uric acid. The electrode showed excellent selectivity for the
resolution of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid with respective oxidation
and reduction peak potentials. The effect of interference was done by varying
the concentration of one species while other two are kept constant by using
differential pulse voltammetric technique.

Keywords: graphite pencil electrode; GPE; flame etching; dopamine;


biosensor; simultaneous.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Chandra, U.,


Kumara Swamy, B.E., Kumar, M., Gebisa, A.W. and Praveen, M. (xxxx) AQ1: please check if
Simple flame etching of pencil electrode for dopamine oxidation in the authors
presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid, Int. J. Nanotechnol., Vol. x, No. x, initialisation is ok.
pp.xxxxxx.

Biographical notes: Umesh Chandra received his MSc and PhD in Industrial
Chemistry in 2007 and 2012, respectively from Kuvempu University,
Karnataka, India. He worked under Department of Science and Technology
major research project as JRF for two year (20082010). After completion
of this, he got Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship from University Grant
Commission, New Delhi. He worked as Lecturer in Sahydri Science College,
Shimoga, Karnataka, for one academic year. He is currently working as an
Assistant Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering and
Chair for PhD in Materials Science and Engineering Program, Jimma Institute
of Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia from 2014. His research area
is electrochemical biosensor. His research interest involves modification
of carbon based electrode for electrochemical investigation of several
neurotransmitters. He presented his research in various national and
international conferences by both oral and poster presentation. He has
published more than 30 research papers in reputed international journals.

B.E. Kumara Swamy received his Master of Science in Industrial Chemistry in


1997 from Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India, recipient of
Prof. M.R. Gajendraghad Gold Medal and Young Scientist Award from
Indian Council of Chemists in 2000 in Physical Chemistry Section. Later,
he received his PhD degree from the same department in August 2002.
He joined as National Science Foundation (NSF) Post-Doctoral Research
Simple flame etching of pencil electrode for dopamine oxidation 3

Associate in the Department of Chemistry in Southern Methodist University,


Texas, Dallas, USA (February 2003January 2006) and Research Associate
in University of Virginia, Virginia, USA (February 2006December 2006).
His area of interest involved in the modification of carbon paste electrode by
nanoparticles and some modifiers for the detection of neurotransmitters. He has
published more than 151 papers in referred journals and at present working as
an Assistant Professor in Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Industrial
Chemistry Department, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India from
December 2006. He has guided eight PhDs, three MPhils and presently
six PhD students and one PostDoctoral Fellow are working. He served as
referee and editorial board member in many journals. He completed four
projects from different funding agencies and member of several university
committees.

Mohan Kumar received his MSc in Industrial Chemistry and MTech in


Nanoscience and Technology from Kuvempu University, India in the year 2009
and 2011. He joined PhD program in the Department of P.G. Studies and
Research in Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University, India in 2013.
His areas of interest include synthesis, characterisation of nanomaterials
and their applications in the field of electrochemical and biosensors and
also in electropolymerisation. He has published 11 research papers in reputed
international journals. Presently, he is in the School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma,
Ethiopia.

Aboma Wagari Gebisa is currently a School Dean and Lecturer at the School of
Materials Science and Engineering, Jimma Institute of technology, Jimma
University. He has done his MSc in Materials Engineering at the University of
Trento, Italy. During his Masters study, he had an opportunity to work
his thesis with corporate research group of Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart,
Germany. He also worked as Graduate Assistant II and Assistant Lecturer at
Mechanical Engineering Department, Jimma University after graduating in
BSc from Bahirdar University in Mechanical Engineering.

M. Praveen received his MSc in Industrial Chemistry in 2010 from


Sir. M.V. Govt. Science College, Bommankatte, Bhadravathi, Shimoga,
Karnataka and completed his MTech in Nanoscience and Technology from
Kuvempu University, India in the year 20102012. He joined PhD program
in the Department of Chemistry at M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, Karnataka. His area of interest include polymer nanocomposites for
EMI shielding applications.

This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled Simple flame
etching of pencil electrode for dopamine oxidation in presence of ascorbic acid
and uric acid presented at Second Indo-Canadian Symposium on Nano-Science
and Technology-2016, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, India,
1819 February, 2016.

1 Introduction

Electroanalytical methods have been used through the past three decades to explore the
function of neurotransmitters in the brain owing to their electroactive nature. Such
methods offer great promise for the biomolecule detection with features that consist of
4 U. Chandra et al.

high sensitivity, inherent miniaturisation, inexpensive, independence of sample turbidity,


minimal power demands and high compatibility with modern microfabrication
technologies [1,2]. In that chemically modified electrodes have been widely used as
sensitive and favourable analytical methods [3,4]. Electrode surface modification has
been demonstrated to be an effective means to reduce the overpotential of many electrode
processes [5]. Recently, carbon-based porous materials have been used in a variety of
fields including catalysis, purification, separation and energy storage because of their
high specific surface area, and high mechanical stability [68].
The graphite pencil electrode (GPE) has been successfully acting as a biosensor in
modern electroanalytical field. A porous composite consisting of graphite particles,
polymeric binder, and other additives such as clay, it shows high electrochemical
reactivity, high electrical conductivity, good mechanical rigidity, low cost, low
technology, high electrochemical reactivity and ease of modification, renewal, low
background current and miniaturisation and has a larger active electrode surface area and
is therefore able to detect low concentrations and/or volume of the analyt [911].
Modified GPEs have received great attention in recent years, as they have good
stability, reproducibility and more active sites. Majidi et al. [12] fabricated haemoglobin
film modified pencil lead electrode for nitrite determination. Erdem et al. [13] shows the
electrochemical detection of activated protein C by using an a Aptasensor based on
PAMAM dendrimer modified pencil graphite electrode. Multi-walled carbon nanotube
modified GPE was developed by Alipour et al. [14] for the selective detection of
methadone in biological samples. Chandra et al. [15,16] fabricated Poly (Naphthol
Green B) and Poly (amaranth) based GPE for selective detection of dopamine.
3-Hydroxyflavone and Morin was determined in biological fluids by Temerk et al. [17]
using pencil electrodes. Eksin and Erdem [18] electrochemically determined the
homocysteine at disposable graphite electrodes. Electrocatalytic reduction study of
metronidazole on Bismuth modified pencil-lead electrode was done by Zeynali et al. [19].
Kawde et al. [20] fabricated the platinum nanoparticle-modified GPE for highly sensitive
detection of hydrogen peroxide. Pala et al. [21] developed the peptide nanotube modified
pencil graphite electrode for Vitamin B12 analysis.
In this section, we have prepared the simple flame etched GPE for the
electrochemical investigation of dopamine. The flame etched GPE is characterised by
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

2 Experimental part

2.1 Reagents
Graphite pencil (Camlin, Hi Par Pencil Lead, 0.5 mm in diameter, HB) and match box
were purchased from local shops. Dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acids were purchase
from Himedia. 25 104 M stock solution AA was prepared by dissolving in double
distilled water and 25 104 M stock solution of UA in 0.1 M NaOH. The stock solution
DA (25 105 M) was prepared by dissolving in 0.1 M perchloric acid solution.
The phosphate buffer solutions of different pH were used as supporting electrolyte.
Above mentioned all chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further
purification. The double distilled water was used in the preparation of all aqueous
solutions.
Simple flame etching of pencil electrode for dopamine oxidation 5

2.2 Apparatus
The electrochemical experiments were carried out using a model-660 electrochemical
workstation (CHI660C). All experiments were carried out in a conventional
three-electrode system. The electrode system contained a working GPE, a platinum wire
as a counter electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode.
The surface morphology of bare graphite pencil and burnt graphite pencil were
analysed by using a JEOL JSM-848 SEM and the XRD patterns of the burnt and unburnt
pencil were measured using CuK radiation ( = 0.1543 nm) in a PAN analytical
X PERT PRO X-ray diffractometer.

2.3 Preparation of flame etching pencil electrode


The flame etched graphite electrode (FEGPE) was prepared by bare graphite pencil
electrode (BGPE) tip is subjected to match stick flame. The tip was held in flame for
1015 s (A). The tip became red hot (B) and cooled to room temperature (C) (Scheme 1).
The etched portion was characterised by XRD and SEM.

Scheme 1 Preparation of FEGPE (see online version for colours)

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterisation of bare graphite pencil and burnt graphite pencil


The Figure 1 represents the XRD patterns of the BGPE and FEGPE respectively.
The strong diffraction peaks can be indexed as (002) at 26.5 and 26.39 for BGPE and
FEGPE with the inter-planar distance (0.336 nm and 0.337 nm) implies highly ordered
carbon structure [22]. The other peaks indexed as (100) at 44.5 and (004) at 54.5 for
both BGPE and FEGPE are correspond to the crystalline structure of graphite [23].
From both the XRD patterns, it was indicating the purest graphite structure.
The surface morphology of the BGPE and FEGPE were observed by SEM. Figure 2
shows the surface morphological vision of the graphite pencil before and after burning
collectively (a) and individually (b and c). As in Figure 2(b), the SEM images of BGPE
clearly illustrate the rough surface with striated and that of FEGPE (Figure 2(c)) showing
smooth deposition like and not striated surface. Compared to the previously reported
literature [24] flame etched electrode surface shown smooth deposition and this is
6 U. Chandra et al.

probably because of the use of the match stick for the etching process. During the process
of etching the possibly the surface coating organic binder on the BGPE get evaporated
and the dark black particles produced from the match stick were deposited on the surface.

Figure 1 XRD of BGPE and FEGPE (see online version for colours)

Figure 2 SEM images of BGPE and FEGPE with different magnifications (see online version
for colours)

3.2 Electrochemical oxidation behaviour of DA at BGPE and FEGPE


by cyclic voltammetry
Figure 3 shows the comparison of voltammograms for bare GPE and FEGPE for 50 M
DA with 0.2 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 supporting electrolyte in the potential range of
0.6 to 0.7 V at 0.1 Vs1 sweep rate. At BGPE, the electrochemical reaction of DA shows
less sensitive voltammogram. A pair of redox peak at BGPE (solid line) for DA were
Simple flame etching of pencil electrode for dopamine oxidation 7

obtained with anodic peak potential located at 0.25 V and cathodic peak potential was at
0.1 V (vs. SCE). The separation of redox peaks (Ep) was found to be 0.15 V. However,
at the FEGPE, during the first cycle we observed a pair of redox peaks obtained with
strong increased redox peak current signals (hallow circle) because of the formation of
smooth surface after flame etching . The anodic peak potential and cathodic peak
potential were located at 0.21 V and 0.1 mV, respectively. The Ep (Epa1 and Epc1) was
found to be 0.11 V. This reducing the overpotential and strong increase in the redox peak
current shows the electrocatalytical property of the FEGPE. The interesting thing was
that FEGPE showed another reduction peak (Epc2) around 0.38 V, it could be because
of oxidised dopamine molecule contains electron deficient ring and an electron-donation
amine. When amine is deprotonated, the molecule undergoes cyclisation resulting to the
formation of lucodopachrome. During the second cycle an additional oxidation peak
(Epa2) was found around 0.19 V because of the lucodopachrome oxidised to
dopachrome [25,26]. The probable mechanism was shown in Scheme 2.

Figure 3 Cyclic voltammograms of 50 M DA at BGPE (solid line) and FEGPE, first cycle
(hallow circle) and second cycle (solid circle) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 at
0.1 Vs1 scan rate

The effect of scan rate on the anodic peak current of 50 M DA was studied by cyclic
voltammetric technique with increasing the scan rate (0.05 Vs1 0.6 Vs1). The graph of
anodic peak current verses scan rate () was plotted (data was not shown) and showed
superior linearity between the scan rate and anodic peak current. The correlation
coefficient was found to be 0.9984 which indicates the electrode transfer reaction was
adsorption controlled.
To understand whether the Epc2 and Epa2 were exist or not, the experiment was
carried out at FEGPE by applying successive multiple cycle in the same above mentioned
solution and condition. The voltammogram was recorded for 15 multiple cycles
(Figure 4). The voltammogram shows negligible decrease for second and third cycles and
almost constant for further cycles and the results shows Epc2 and Epa2 were existing
strongly. This confirms that DA was undergoing ring cyclisation, that is, lucodopachrome
and that was oxidising to dopachrome [25,26].
8 U. Chandra et al.

Scheme 2 Probable Electro-oxidation mechanism of dopamine at FEGPE (see online version


for colours)

Figure 4 Cyclic voltammograms of 50 M dopamine for 15 multiple cycles in 0.2 M PBS at


FEGPE at sweep rate 0.1 Vs1

3.3 Simultaneous determination of DA, AA and UA


The concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) were much higher than that
of DA and the. Since, the oxidation potential of AA and UA were nearly same as that of
DA result is an overlapped voltammetric response at BGPE. However, the prepared
Simple flame etching of pencil electrode for dopamine oxidation 9

FEGPE has ability to separate the oxidation peak potentials of DA, AA and UA. Figure 5
shows the cyclic voltammograms for solution containing mixture of 50 M DA, 100 M
UA and 200 M AA in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution at sweep rate of 0.1 Vs1.
The BGPE (solid line) showed only one broad and less sensible anodic peak for mixture
of sample. The FEGPE (solid circle) has able to separate the oxidation peaks of DA, UA
and AA by showing three well separated anodic peaks. The electrochemical response of
DA was showed at 0.25 V, AA was found to be at 0.03 V and the UA at 0.41 V by cyclic
voltammetric techniques. The resolutions of this mixture of three samples were also
performed by using differential pulse voltammetric technique (Figure 6). The oxidation
potentials of DA, AA and UA were found at 0.18 V, 0.06 V and 0.34 V, respectively.
The peak-to-peak separation between DA-AA was found to be 0.24 V and between
DA-UA was 0.16 V.

Figure 5 Cyclic voltammograms for simultaneous determination of 50 M DA, 100 M UA and


200 M AA at 100 mVs1 scan rate at BGPE (solid line) and at FEGPE (solid circle).
Inset figure is for mentioned mixture at only BGPE

3.4 Interference study


The simultaneous determination of DA, AA and UA in the mixture was carried out at
FEGPE by keeping two species concentration constant and varying one species
concentration. It can be seen that the concentration of DA was increased from 5 M to
100 M, while keeping the concentration of UA 100 M and AA 200 M. The anodic
peak current was linear with concentration of DA and there were no changes in the peak
current and peak potential was occur for AA and UA. The graph of anodic peak current
vs. DA concentration was plotted (Figure 7). The graph shows three linearity in the range
from 2.5 M to 7.5 M, 7.5 M to 40 M and 40 M to 100 mM. The inset figure shows
the expanded graph of first three dots. Standard deviation and slope for the inset figure
were found to be 2.08248 107 and 1.8 respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and
10 U. Chandra et al.

limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated by using the formula (1) and (2)
respectively, and by using the values of standard deviation and slope obtained for first
three dots. The detection limit was found to be 3.4708 107 M and quantification limit
was found to be 11.5693 107 M. The comparison of the experimentally obtained LOD
and LOQ with previous literatures was shown in Table 1 [2733].
LOD = 3S/M (1)
LOQ = 10S/M (2)

Figure 6 Differential pulse voltammograms for simultaneous determination of 50 M DA,


100 M UA and 200 M AA at 0.02 Vs1 scan rate at FEGPE (solid line)

Figure 7 Graph of anodic peak current vs. dopamine concentration (for first three points shown
in inset figure) (see online version for colours)
Simple flame etching of pencil electrode for dopamine oxidation 11

Table 1 Comparison of LOD an LOQ with previous literatures

Electrodes LOD (M) Methods References


6
Graphene modified electrodes 2.64 10 DPV [27]
6
Graphene/Pt-modified GC 0.03 10 Amperometry [28]
Carbon-spheres modified glassy carbon 2.00 106 DPV [29]
electrode
Sonogel-carbon L-cysteine modified electrode 1.00 107 SWV [30]
8
Poly(aspartic acid)-nanogold modified electrode 6.5 10 LSV [31]
Zinc oxide/redox mediator composite films 0.7 106 CV [32]
modified electrode
Palladium nanoparticle loaded carbon 0.2 106 DPV [33]
nanofibres modified electrode
Flame etching of graphite pencil electrode 3.4708 107 DPV This work

4 Conclusion

The prepared FEGPE shows smooth surface and exhibits excellent electrocatalytic
activity towards the detection of DA. The obtained results revealed that determination of
DA can be easily performed using FEGPE and this modified electrode has dramatically
enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards DA with good stability. The detection limit
and quantification limit of DA at FEGPE were found to be 3.4708 107 M and
11.5693 107 M, respectively. The applicability of FEGPE is able to identify the DA,
AA and UA in mixture of sample. AA and UA were not interferences in the
electrochemical investigation of DA. FEGPE also has good stability and this fabricated
electrode can be applied for study of other bioactive molecules and real samples.

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