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2 2
P1, 1 4
5 i 53 4 2
5 16
25
2 2
P1, 1
2
4
5 i 53 i 53 9
25
2 2 2
P1, x x 1 1
2
1
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
i 3
2 5
1
2
2 2 2
P1, x x 1 1
2
1
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
i 3
2 5
1
2
2 2 2
P1, y y 1 1
2
i
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
1 3
2 5
49
50
2 2 2
P1, y y 1 1
2
i
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
1 3
2 5
501
2 2
P2, 2 4
5 i 53 4 2
5 16
25
2 2
P2, 2
2
4
5 i 53 i 53 9
25
2 2 2
P2, x x 2 1
2
1
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
i 3
2 5
1
2
2 2 2
P2, x x 2 1
2
1
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
i 3
2 5
1
2
2 2 2
P2, y y 2 1
2
i
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
1 3
2 5
501
2 2 2
P2, y y 2 1
2
i
2
4
5 i 53 1 4
2 5
1 3
2 5
49
50
The probabilities for state 3 are the same as state 2 except for detail of the calculation
b) States 2 and 3 differ only by an overall phase of ei 1 , so the measurement results are the
same; the states are physically indistinguishable. States 1 and 2 have different relative phases
between the coefficients, so they produce different results.
2. Problem 1.16
The measured probabilities are
P 1
2 P x 3
4 P y 0.067
P 1
2 P x 1
4 P y 0.933
Write the input state as
a b
Equating the predicted S z probabilities and the experimental results gives
a b
2 2
P a a
2 1 1
2 2
a b
2 2
P b b ei
2 1 1
2 2
allowing for a possible relative phase. Equating the predicted S x probabilities and the
experimental results gives
ei 1 e
2 2 2
i
P x x 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4 1 e 1 e 1 1 e
i i 1
4
i
e i 1
2 1 cos 34
cos 1
2
3 or 5
3
i 1 ie
2 2 2
P y y 1
2
1
2
ei 1
2
i
1
4 1 ie 1 ie 1 1 ie
i i 1
4
i
ie i 1 sin 0.067
1
2
sin 0.866 4
3 or 5
3 53
Hence the input state is
1
2 e i 53
n , 5
2 3
The probability is the complex square of the inner product of the given state and the + bra, so we
do the inner product first, expressing all states in the spin z basis:
y 1
2
i 1 1
2 2 2
3
i 12 i 2
3
1 i 3
1
2 2
The probability is then: 1 1 i 3 1 1 i 3 84 12
2 2 2 2
a b 2 c d 2
0 1
Sz
Sx 2 1 0
Now diagonalize:
2 2 0 2
2
0
2
2
as expected. Find the eigenvectors:
0 1 a a
ba
2 b
2 1 0 b
yielding
1
1
2 1
Sx
Likewise
0 1 a a
b a
2 1 0 b 2 b
1
1
2 1
Sx
Hence the eigenvalue equations are
0 1 1 1 1
2 1
1 Sz OK
2 1 0 1 2 2
2
0 1 1 1
1 2 Sz
1 1
OK
2 1 0 2 2 1 2
5. Problem 2.6
The spin component operator Sn is
Sn Sn
Sx sin cos Sy sin sin Sz cos
Using the matrix representations for Sx, Sy, and Sz gives
0 1 0 i 1 0
Sn sin cos sin sin cos
2 1 0 2 i 0 2 0 1
A. They are not normalized. Normalized vectors have magnitude one (inner product with
themselves = 1)
1 1 1
u u 9 9 18 u ' u x y
18 2 2
1 3 1
v v 9 1 10 v ' u x y
10 10 10
1 0
B. We must choose a basis, so choose x and y . Then
0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 3
u' and v ' . Note that this is equivalent to
2 0 2 1 2 1 10 1
a
u ' where a x u ' and b y u ' .
b