International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104

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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijmecsci

Buckling analysis of functionally graded rectangular nano-plate based

on nonlocal exponential shear deformation theory
Korosh Khorshidi n, Abolfazl Fallah
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, 38156-88349, Iran

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this article, buckling response of functionally graded nano-plate based on exponential shear de-
Received 12 February 2016 formation theory is presented. The theory presented herein is built upon the classical plate theory.
Received in revised form In this displacement-based, rened shear deformation theory, an exponential functions are used in
18 April 2016
terms of thickness co-ordinate to include the effect of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia.
Accepted 25 April 2016
Available online 27 April 2016
The number of unknown displacement variables in the proposed theory are same as that in rst order
shear deformation theory. Nonlocal elasticity theory is employed to investigate effects of small scale on
Keywords: buckling of the functionally graded rectangular nano-plate. The material properties of the plate are as-
Buckling sumed to vary according to the Power Law form in the thickness direction. The governing equations and
Functionally graded
corresponding boundary conditions are derived by implementing Hamilton's principle. To show the
Rectangular nano-plate
accuracy of the formulations, our research results in specic cases are compared with available results in
Exponential shear deformation theory
Navier type solution the literature and a good agreement will be observed. Finally, the effect of various parameters such as
nonlocal parameter, Power Law indexes, aspect ratio, and the thickness ratio on the non-dimensional
critical buckling load of rectangular FG nano-plates are presented and discussed in detail.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction shields, heat exchanger tubes, thermo-electric generators, heat

Nanostructures are widely used in micro- and nano-scale de-
vices and systems such as biosensors, atomic force, microscopes,
micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electro-me-
chanical systems (NEMS) due to their superior mechanical, che-
mical, and electronic properties.In such applications, small scale
effects are often observed. These effects can be captured using
size-dependent continuum mechanics such as strain gradient
theory [13], modied couple stress theories [46], and nonlocal
elasticity theory [7]. Among these theories, the nonlocal elasticity
theory is initiated by Eringen is the most commonly used theory.
Unlike the local theories, which assume that the stress at a point is
a function of strain at that point, the nonlocal elasticity theory
assumes that the stress at a point is a function of strains at all
points in the continuum. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are
the new generation of novel composite materials in the family of
engineering composites, whose properties are varied smoothly in
the spatial direction microscopically to improve the overall
structural performance. These materials offer great promise in
high temperature environments, for example, wear-resistant lin-
ings for handling large heavy abrasive ore particles, rocket heat
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: k-khorshidi@araku.ac.ir (K. Khorshidi).
engine components, plasma facings for fusion reactors, and elec-
trically insulating metal/ceramic joints and also these are widely
used in many structural applications such as mechanics, civil en-
gineering, optical, electronic, chemical, biomedical, energy sour-
ces, nuclear, automotive elds, and ship building industries to
minimize thermo mechanical mismatch in metal-ceramic bond-
ing. In recent years, the application of FGMs has broadly been
spread in micro- and nano-scale devices and systems such as thin
lms [8,9], atomic force microscopes [10], micro- and nano-elec-
tro-mechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) [11,12].Most struc-
tures, irrespective of their use, will be subjected to dynamic loads
during their operational life. Increased use of nano FGMs in var-
ious structural applications such as thermo-nano-actuators, heat-
nano-sensors, pressure sensors and etc., necessitates the devel-
opment of accurate theoretical models to predict their response. In
recent years, the buckling of functionally graded materials for
nano-plate has been studied extensively. Pradhan [13] is re-
formulated higher order shear deformation theory using the
nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen to study the
buckling characteristics of grapheme sheets.Pouresmaeeli et al.
[14] are investigated an analytical approach for free vibration
analysis of all simply-supported edges double-orthotropic nano-
plates. The two nano-plates are assumed to be bonded by an in-
ternal elastic medium and surrounded by external elastic foun-
dation. The governing equations are derived based on the nonlocal

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2016.04.014
0020-7403/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104
theory.And the expressions of the natural frequencies are pro-
posed in an explicit form. Kiani [15] is studied the vibration of
elastic thin nano-plates traversed by a moving nanoparticle in-
volving Coulomb friction by using the nonlocal continuum theory
of Eringen. The eigen function technique and the Laplace trans-
form method are employed to solve the governing equations of the
nano-plate. Shahidi et al. [16] arepresented a nonlocal continuum
model based on the Eringens theory which is developed for vi-
bration analysis of orthotropic nano-plates with arbitrary variation
in thickness. Variational principle and Ritz functions are employed
to calculate the size dependent natural frequencies of non-uniform
nano-plates on the basis of nonlocal classical plate theory(NCLPT).
Thai and Choi [17] arepresented size-dependent functionally gra-
ded material for Kirchhoff and Mindlin plate models evaluated the
size effect, geometric nonlinearity, and material variation through
the thickness of the plate. The equations of motion are derived
from Hamiltons principle based on the modied couple stress
theory, von Karman nonlinear strains, and Power Law variation of
material through the thickness. Analytical solutions for the static
bending, buckling, and free vibration problems are presented for a
simply supported plate to bring out the effects of material length
scale parameter on the deection, buckling load, and frequency.
Rahmani and Pedram [18] are investigated Timoshenko beam
theory that applies the size dependent effects in functionally
graded material (FGM) beam. The material properties of FG nano-
beams are considered to vary based on the thickness according to
the Power Law. The equations of motion according to Eringen
nonlocal theory, using Hamiltons principle are derived and a
closed-form solution is presented for vibration behavior of the
proposed model. The nonlocal elasticity theory contains a material
length scale parameter that can apply the size effect in an FG
material. Mokhtar et al. [19] are reported thermal buckling ana-
lyses of S-FGM using rst order shear deformation theory. Material
properties are varied continuously in the thickness direction ac-
cording to a Sigmond distribution. The thermal buckling behaviors
under uniform, linear and sinusoidal temperature rise are ana-
lyzed according to thickness. In addition, the effects of tempera-
ture eld, volume fraction distributions, and system geometric
parameters are investigated. Reddy et al. [20] are presented ana-
lytical formulations and solutions for buckling analysis of simply
supported functionally graded plates (FGPs) using higher order
shear deformation theory (HSDT) without enforcing zero trans-
verse shear stresses on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. It
does not required for shear correction factors and transverse shear
stresses to vary parabolically across the thickness. Solutions are
obtained for FGPs in closed-form using Navier technique. Hossei-
ni-Hashemi et al. [21] are presented an exact solution for linear
buckling of in-plane loaded isotropic rectangular Mindlin plates
with different boundary conditions. The novelty of the paper is
that the analytical closed-form solution is developed without any
use of approximation for a combination of six different boundary
conditions; specically, two opposite edges are simply supported
and any of the other two edges can be simply supported, clamped
or free. Khorshidi [22] and Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [23] are in-
vestigated the acoustic radiation of a vibrating rectangular Mindlin
plates in different combinations of classical boundary condition. A
set of exact close-form equations is given for the rst time, using
the so-called Mindlin plate theory (a rst-order shear deformation
theory), for plates having two opposite edges that are simply
supported. Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [24,25] are developed an exact
closed-form solution for the free vibration of piezoelectric coupled
thick circular/annular FGPs subjected to different boundary con-
ditions on the basis of the Mindlins rst-order shear deformation
theory. Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [26], Fadaee et al. [27], Es'haghi
et al. [28], and Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [29] are developed an exact
closed-form procedure for free vibration analysis of functionally
95
graded moderately thick cylindrical shell, functionally graded
spherical shell, piezoelectric FGM circular plates, and moderately
thick rectangular plates, respectively. Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [30]
are presented an exact analytical solution for free vibration of
functionally graded circular/annular Mindlin nano-plates via
nonlocal elasticity. Sayyad and Ghugal [31] are analyzed the
bending and free vibration of thick isotropic rectangular plates by
using exponential shear deformation theory for the bi-directional
bending. Meziane et al. [32] presented an analytical solution for
the buckling and free vibration of exponentially graded sandwich
plates under various boundary conditions. In this paper, an ef-
cient and simple rened shear deformation theory was presented.
The displacement eld of the theory was chosen based on non-
linear variations in the in-plane displacements through the
thickness of the plate. By dividing the transverse displacement
into the bending and shear parts and making further assumptions,
the number of unknowns and equations of motion of the theory
was reduced. Equations of motion were derived from Hamiltons
principle. Yahia et al. [33] analyzed the Wave propagation in
functionally graded plates with porosities using various higher-
order shear deformation plate theories. In this work, the devel-
oped rened plate theories have fewer number of unknowns and
equations of motion than the rst-order shear deformation theory,
but accounts for the transverse shear deformation effects without
requiring shear correction factors. The rule of mixture was mod-
ied to describe and approximate material properties of the
functionally graded plates with porosity phases. The governing
equations of the wave propagation in the functionally graded plate
were derived by employing the Hamilton's principle.Tounsi et al.
[34] studied a rened trigonometric shear deformation theory
(RTSDT) for thermoelastic bending of functionally graded sand-
wich plates. In this work, unlike any other theory, the number of
unknown functions involved was only four, as against ve in case
of other shear deformation theories. The theory presented was
variationally consistent, did not require shear correction factor, the
displacement components were expressed by trigonometric series
representation through the plate thickness to develop a two-di-
mensional theory and gives rise to transverse shear stress varia-
tion such that the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically
across the thickness satisfying shear stress free surface conditions.
The sandwich with homogeneous face sheet and FGM core was
considered. Material properties of the FGM core were assumed to
vary according to a power law distribution in terms of the volume
fractions of the constituents.Bourada et al. [35] presented a new
simple shear and normal deformations theory for functionally
graded beams. In this paper, a new higher order shear deformation
model was developed for static and free vibration analysis of
functionally graded beams. The theory account for higher-order
variation of transverse shear strain through the depth of the beam
and satises the zero traction boundary conditions on the surfaces
of the beam without using shear correction factors. The material
properties of the functionally graded beam were assumed to vary
according to power law distribution of the volume fraction of the
constituents. Based on the higher-order shear deformation beam
theory, the equations of motion were derived from Hamiltons
principle. Navier type solution method was used to obtain fre-
quencies.Hamidi et al. [36] investigated a sinusoidal plate theory
with 5-unknowns and stretching effect for thermo mechanical
bending of functionally graded sandwich plates. In this research, a
simple but accurate sinusoidal plate theory for the thermo me-
chanical bending analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates is
presented. The main advantage of this approach is that, in addition
to incorporating the thickness stretching effect, it deals with only
5 unknowns as the rst order shear deformation theory (FSDT),
instead of 6 as in the well-known conventional sinusoidal plate
theory (SPT). Hebali et al. [37] considered a new quasi-3D
96 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104

hyperbolic shear deformation theory for the static and free vi-
bration analysis of functionally graded plates. Bounouara et al. [38]
developed A nonlocal zeroth-order shear deformation theory for
free vibration of functionally graded nanoscale plates resting on
elastic foundation. The objective of this work was to present a
zeroth-order shear deformation theory for free vibration analysis
of functionally graded (FG) nanoscale plates resting on elastic
foundation. The model takes into consideration the inuences of
small scale and the parabolic variation of the transverse shear
strains across the thickness of the nanoscale plate and thus, it Fig. 1. Geometry of a FGM plate.
avoids the employ use of shear correction factors. Chaht et al. [39]
studied the bending and buckling behaviors of size-dependent E (z ) = (Ec Em ) Vf (z ) + Em, (1)
nano beams made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) in-
cluding the thickness stretching effect. The size-dependent FGM
nanobeam was investigated on the basis of the nonlocal con-
(z ) = ( c m ) Vf (z ) + m , (2)
tinuum model. The nonlocal elastic behavior was described by the
differential constitutive model of Eringen, which enables the
present model to become effective in the analysis and design of
z 1 g
nanostructures.Khorshidi et al. [40] presented an analytical solu- Vf (z ) = + ,
tion for the free vibrations of of functionally graded rectangular h 2 (3)
nanoplatesbased on an exponential shear deformation theory. In where g is the Power Law index and takes only positive values.
this study an exponential functions were used in terms of thick- According to Eqs. (1) and (2) when the Power Law index g ap-
ness coordinate to include the effect of transverse shear de- proaches zero or innity, the plate is isotropic composed of fully
formation and rotary inertia. Nonlocal elasticity theory was em- ceramic or metal, respectively .Typical values for metal and cera-
ployed to investigate effect of small scale on natural frequency of
mic used in the FG nano-plate are listed in Table 1
the functionally graded rectangular nanoplate. The govering
equations and corresponding boundary conditions were derived
2.1. Nonlocal elasticity theory
by implementing Hamiltons principle.
In the present research, for the rst time, buckling of func-
In nonlocal theory stress eld at each point body is a function
tionally graded nano-plates is investigated based on theexponen-
of the strain eld. So stress plays a major role in the theory which
tial shear deformation theory and nonlocal elasticity theory. The
is dened as [30]:
former includes effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary
inertia. The displacement eld of the theory contains three vari-
ables such as in the FSDT of plates. The theory is shown to be
tij = V ( X X ) ij (X ) dV
(4)
simple and more effective for the free vibration analysis of FGM where X is point on the body that the stress tensor on its efcacy,
nano-plates. It is assumed that the material properties vary based X can be any point else in the body, V is the volume of a region of
on the thickness according to the Power Law distribution. Navier the body that integral is taken on it, ij is local stress tensor,
solution is used to study the buckling of functionally graded nano- ( XX ) is Nonlocal kernel function Related to internal Char-
plates. To validate the accuracy of the results of this analysis, Since acteristic length. With respect to Properties nonlocal kernel
the results of nano-plates made of FGM are not available in the function ( XX ) that is discussed by Eringen with takes on a
literature, so the authors have broken the validation into two se- Greens function of a linear differential operator, 3 i.e.
parate parts; in the rst part, validate an isotropic rectangular
nano-plate, and in the second part, do the same for an FGM one, 3 ( X X )= ( X X ). (5)
and the results will be compared with solutions found in the lit-
By employing Eq. (5) on Eq. (4), the primary relation (1) form of
erature. Finally numerical result for FGM nano-plate will be pre-
the following differential equation becomes:
sented and the inuences of nonlocal parameters, Power Law in-
dexes, aspect ratio, and the thickness ratio on the non-dimensional 3tij=ij. (6)
critical buckling load of rectangular FGM nano-plates will be
presented and discussed in detail.The results of the present work For nonlocal linear elastic solids, the equations of motion have
may be used as bench marks for future works. the form:
tij, j+fi = (z ) u i , (7)

2. Theoretical formulations where is mass density, fi body forces and ui is the displacement
vector. By substitution Eq. (7) into Eq. (6) yields
Consider a rectangular FG-nano-plate of length a , width b , and
ij+3 ( fi (z ) u i )=0. (8)
total thickness h and composed of functionally graded materials
based on thickness as shown in Fig. 1. The properties of the nano- Nonlocal model with the linear differential operator 3 for two-
plate are assumed to vary through the thickness of the nano-plate dimensional case dened by:
with a Power Law distribution of the volume fractions of two
materials between the two surfaces. In fact, the top surface Table 1
( z = h/2) of the nano-plate is ceramic-rich whereas the bottom Material properties of the FGM plate.
surface ( z = h/2) is metal-rich.
Material E (GPa) (kg/m3)
Poissons ratio is assumed to be constant and is xed as
0.3 throughout the analysis. Youngs modulus and mass density
Aluminum (Al) 70 0.3 2702
are assumed to vary continuously through the nano-plate thick- Alumina ( Al2 O3) 380 0.3 3800
ness as [24]:
 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104 97

3=1 2 2 , (9) yz =2G (z ) yz . (12e)

where 2 is Laplace operator, which in Cartesian coordinates is:

2= 2/x2+ 2/y2, =e0 a, a is internal characteristic length and e0 is Substituting Eq. (11) Into Eq. (12), the displacement stress eld
material constant which is Specied by the experiment. The value will be as follows:
of the small-scale parameter is depends on boundary condition,
chirality, mode shapes, number of walls, and the nature of mo-
f (z ) +
tions. There is no accurate way to calculate this factor, but it is x y
suggested that the coefcient be determined by conducting a

comparison of dispersion curves from nonlocal continuum me- f (z ) +
xx y x
chanics and lattice dynamics of nano-material crystal structure yy

E (z ) 1
xy = f (z ) +
2.2. Assumptions made in the proposed theory xz 1 2 2 y x
1 df (z )
yx



2 dz
1. The displacement components uand v are the in-plane dis-
placements of middle surface in x and y directions respectively 1 df (z )

and w is the deection of middle surface in z direction. The 2 dz
magnitude of deection w is not of the same order as the u0 v
+ 0 2
thickness h of the plate and are small respect to the plate 2
x y w + w
thickness v0 x2
u0 y2
2. The in-plane displacement u and v includes three parts: + 2
y x w + 2w
a) A displacement component equivalent to displacement in
(1 ) u0 v y 2 x
2
classical plate theory. + 0 z .
b) Displacement component due to shear deformation which is 2 y x w
2
(1 )
assumed to be exponential in nature with respect to thickness (1 ) u0 xy

coordinate. 2 z 0
c) The shear strains in z direction, are zero in top and bottom of (1 ) v
0 0
plates. 2 z
3. The deection w in direction is assumed to be a function of x
and y coordinates.
Using Eq. (6) the stress-displacement constitutive relation of a
4. The plate is subjected to transverse load only.
nonlocal FG plate can be written as:
The displacement eld of the exponential shear deformation
2w 2w
theory is given as below [25]: + 2
NL x 2 y
w (x, y , t ) xx 2
u (x, y , z, t )=u0 (x, y , z, t )z +f (z ) (x, y , t ), yy
NL
w 2w
x (10a)

+ 2
E (z ) y 2 x
(1 2) xy =
NL
z
1 2 2w
xz
NL (1 )
NL xy
w (x, y , t ) 0
v (x, y , z, t )=v0 (x, y , z, t )z +f (z ) (x, y , t ), yz
y (10b)
0

f (z ) + u 0 + v0
x y x y
W (x, y , z, t )=w (x, y , t ), (10c)

v0 + u 0
2 z 2 f (z ) y + x y x
()
where f (z ) = z e h and u, v and w are a displacement in the x ,
E (z ) 1
+ + (1 ) u 0 + v0 ,
y and z directions respectively, and u0 and v0 are the mid-plane 1 2 2 f (z ) y + x 2 y x


displacements.With the assumption of the linear equation of Von 1 df (z ) (1 ) u 0
Karman strain, the displacement strain eld will be as follows : 2 dz
2 z
(1 ) v

1 df (z ) 0
1
2 y

ij = ( ui , j + uj , i ) , i , j = x , y , z . 2 dz
2 (11)

Considering Hooke's Law for stress eld, the normal stress zz is where E (z ) is the Young's modulus and G (z ) = E (z ) /2 (1 + ) is the
assumed to be negligible in comparison with plane stresses xx and Shear modulus of the plate.
yy .Thus Stressstrain relationship will be as follows: The Hamiltons principle is employed to extract equations of
E (z ) motion. The Hamiltons principle in case of local form is as follows
xx= ( xx+yy ),
1 2 (12a) [28] :

E (z ) T
yy=
1 2
( yy+xx ),
(12b) 0 (U +W T ) dt =0,
(15)

xy=2G (z ) xy, (12c) where is the variation operator, U is the strain energy, W is the
work done by external forces, U +W total potential energy and T is
xz =2G (z ) xz , (12d) the kinetic energy.
98 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104

T h b a Nyy Nxy 2v 3w 2 4v
0 2h 0 0 (xx xx + yy yy + 2xy xy + 2xz xz + = I0 20 I1 + I3 2 2 I0 2 02
y x t yt 2 t t x
2
5w 4
+ 2yz yz ) dxdydz I1 + I3 2 2
yt 2x2 t x
b a w 2
0 0 N x xy w w dxdy
+ N 4v0 5w 4
x y x + I0 I1 + I3 2 2
2
t y 2 2
yt y 2 t y (18b)
h b a

(z ) ( u2 + v2 + w 2) dxdydz dt = 0,
2

2
0 0
h
2 (16)
2Mxx 2Mxy 2Myy 2w 3u0 3v0
+2 + = I0 2 + I1 +
where dot-top index contract indicates the differentiation, with x2 xy y2 t xt 2 yt 2
respect to the time variable, N x and N y the in-plane loads per- 4w 4w
I2 2 2 + 2 2
pendicular to the edges x 0 and y0, respectively, N xy the dis- x t y t
tributed shear forces parallel to the edges x 0 and y0, respec- 4 4 4w
tively. Using the Eq. (17) and substitution of the Eqs. (10) and (11), + I4 + 2 I0 2 2
xt 2 yt
2 t x
into Eq. (14)
5u0 5v0
+ I1 +
T h b a xt 2x2 yt 2x2
2 2
0 0 0
h xx (u0 ) z 2 (w ) + f (z ) ()
x x x 6w 6w
2 I2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2
x t x y t x
2
+ yy (v0 ) z 2 (w ) + f (z ) ( ) 5
x y y 5 4w
I4 + + I0 2 2
xt x
2 2 yt x
2 2 t y
2
+ xy 2z + f (z ) () + ( ) 5u0
xy y x 5v0
+ I1 +
xt 2y2 yt 2y2

+ (u0 ) + (v0 ) 6w
y x 6w
I2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2
x t y y t y
df (z ) df (z )
+ xz (u0 ) + + yz (u0 ) + dxdydz 4
z dz z dz 4
+ I4 +
b a 2w xt 2y2 yt 2y2
2w 2w
0 0 N x 2 (w ) + N y 2 (w ) + 2N xy
x y xy
(w ) dxdy
2w 2w 2w
+ N x 2 + N y 2 + 2N xy
x y xy
1
h b a 2u 3u

2
2h 0 0 (z ) 2 20 u0 + 2z 30 w
t t
4w 4w
2 N x 4 + 2 2
2
x x y
3w 2u0 2
+ 2z u0 2f (z ) 2 2f (z ) 2 u0 4w 4w
xt 2 t t + N y 2 2 +
y x y 4
2v0 3v 3w 2v0
2 v0 + 2z 30 w + 2z v0 2f (z ) 2 4w 4w
t 2 t yt
2 t + 2N xy 3 + ,
2w x y xy 3 (18c)
2
2f (z ) v0 + z2
t 2 xt x
2w
zf (z ) zf (z ) (w ) + (f (z ))2 Rxx Rxy 2u 3w 2
xt t x t + Q x = I3 20 I4 2
+ I5 2
y x t xt t
2w 2w 4u0 5w
+ z2 (w ) zf (z ) 2 I3 2 2 I4

yt y yt t x xt 2x2

zf (z ) (w ) + (f (z ))2 + ww dxdydz dt 4 4u 5w
t y t + I5 + I3 2 02 I4
(17) 2
t x 2 t y xt 2y2

With integration by parts and lemma of Calculus of Variations, 4

+ I5 2 2 ,
we can derive equations of motion and boundary conditions from t y (18d)
Eq. (16). By applying the relations between stress resultants in
local theory and nonlocal theory, and Eq. (17), and calculating the
Ryy Rxy 2v 3w 2
coefcients of u0 , v0, w , , , in Eq. (16), the nonlocal + Q y = I3 20 I4 + I5 2
equations of motion may be expressed as Eqs. (18a)(18e). y x t yt 2 t
4v0 5w
Nxx Nxy 2u 3w 2 4u 2 I3 2 2 I4
+ = I0 20 I1 + I3 2 2 I0 2 02 t x yt 2x2
x y t xt 2 t t x
4 4v 5w
5w 4 + I5 2 2
+ I3 2 02 I4
I1 + I3 2 2 t x t y yt 2y2
yt 2x2 t x

4

4u0 5w 4 + I5 2 2 ,
+I0 I1 + I3 2 2 , t y (18e)
t 2y2 xt 2y2 t y (18a)
where
 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104 99

( 1 22) RiNL = RiL, i = xx, yy, xy 2w 2w

+ 2 + 2
x y x y
( 1 22) Q iNL = Q iL, i = x, y Rxx
2w 2w
( 1 22) MiNL = MiL, i = xx, yy, xy Ryy = D y + x A 2 + 2
R y x
xy
( 1 22) NiNL = NiL, i = xx, yy, xy, (19a) 1 w
2
+ (1 )
2 y x xy
u0 v
h + 0
2
x y
( I0, I1, I2 ) = h
( 1, z, z2 ) dz,
(19b) v0 u
2
+ C + 0 ,
y x

1 u0 v0
h +
2 y x
( I3, I4, I5 ) = 2h ( f (z), zf (z), (f (z))2) dz,
2 (19c)

2w 2w
h + 2 + 2
x y x y
(R L L
)
L 2 Mxx
xx , R yy , R xy = ( xx, yy, xy ) f (z ) dz, 2w
h (19d) 2w
2
Myy = A y + x B 2 + 2
M y x
xy 1 2w

+ (1 )
h
df (z ) 2 y x xy
(Q L
x, )
Q yL = 2
h
( xz , yz )
dz
dz,
(19e) u0 v
2
+ 0
x y
v0 u0
h + G + ,
y x

(N L
xx,
L
Nyy L
, Nxy)
= 2
h
( xx, yy, xy ) dz,
(19f)
1 u0
v0
2
+
2 y x

h
(M L
xx,
L
Myy L
, Mxy )
= 2
h
( xx, yy, xy ) zdz,
(19g)
2w 2w
2 + 2 + 2
x y x y
Nxx
where N and R are the forces and M is the moment, they act on the 2w 2w
body. The following sets of boundary conditions at the edges of the Nyy = C y + x G 2 + 2
N y x
plate are obtained as a result of the application of the Hamiltons xy 1 2w

principle: + (1 )
2 y x xy
Either Rxx=0 or prescribed at u0 v
+ 0
x = 0, a and Either Ryy=0 or prescribed at x y
y = 0, b v0 u0
(20a) + S + ,
y x

1 u0 v0
Either Rxy=0 or prescribed at +
2 y x
x = 0, a and Either Rxy=0 or prescribed at
y = 0, b (20b)
Q x
=F ,
Either Mxx=0 or
w
prescribed at Qy (21d)
x
w where:
x = 0, a and Either Myy=0 or
y
h
prescribed at y = 0, b (20c) E (Z )
(S, G, B) = 2h 1 2
( 1, z, z2) zdz,
2 (22a)
M Mxy
Either x +2 =0 or w prescribed at x=0,a
x y h
E
Either
My
+2
Mxy
=0 or prescribed
(A, C , D) = 2h 1 2
( zf (z), f (z), (f (z))2) dz,
2 (22b)
y x
at y=0,b (20d) h
E (z ) df (z )
2
(F ) = 2h
2 (1 + ) dz
dz.
Either Nxx=0 at x=0,a and Either Nyy=0 or at y=0,b (20e) 2 (22c)

Introducing the stress resultants: Substituting Eqs. 21(a)(d) into Eqs. 18(a)(e), yields:
100 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104

(1 ) 2u0 2v0 2 2 3w 2v 2u0 2 2 (1 ) 2u0 2v0

S + + C 2 + 2G C 20 + + D 2 + + C +
2 y2 xy y xy xy2 y xy y xy 2 xy x2
2u 2v0 2 2 3w 3w 3w 2v
+ S 20 + + D + 2 2A 2 A 3 + 2 H = I3 20
x xy xy x x y y x y t
2 2 3w 3w 3w 2 4v 5w 4
+ C 2 + G 3 + 3 I4 + I5 2 2 I3 2 02 I4 + I5 2 2
x xy x y yt 2 t t x yt 2x2 t x
2u0 3w 2 4u 4v0 5w 4
= I0 I1 + I3 2 2 I0 2 02 + I3 I4 + I5 2 2 .
t 2 xt 2 t t x 2
t y 2 2
yt y 2 t y (23e)
5w 4 4v 5w 4
I1 + I3 2 2 + I0 2 02 I1 + I3 2 2 , It can be seen that Eqs. (23(a)(e) are coupled functions of
xt 2x2 t x t y yt 2y2 t y (23a) displacements. The permissible displacement and rotation func-
tions that can satisfy the simply supported boundary conditions at
2v0 2u 0 2 2 (1 ) 2u 0 2v0 all edges of the plate is trigonometric series. Using Navier solution,
S + + C 2 + + S +
y 2 x y y x y 2 x y y 2 the explanation of the displacement and rotations are [17]
2 2
+ C + u 0= n= 1 umn cos (x) sin (y) sin ( mn t ), (24a)
xy x 2 m=1

3w 3w 3w
2G G 3 + 2
x 2y y x y

2
v0= n= 1 vmn sin (x) cos (y) sin ( mn t ), (24b)
2v 3w 4v m=1
= I0 20 I1 + I3 2 2 I0 2 02
t yt 2 t t x
5w 4 4v 5w 4
I1 + I3 2 2 + I0 2 0 2 I1 + I3 2 2 ,
yt 2y 2 t x t y yt 2y 2 t y (23b) w=
m=1
n= 1 Wmn sin (x) sin (y) sin ( mn t ), (24c)

3v0 3u 0 3 3
G + + A 3 +
y 3 xy 2
y xy 2 =
m=1
n= 1 mn cos (x) sin (y) sin ( mn t ), (24d)
3u 3v
+ (1 ) G 0
2
+ 2 0
xy x y

3 3 4w 4w 4w = n= 1 mn sin (x) cos (y) sin ( mn t ), (24e)
+ A 2 + 2
2B 2 2 A 4 + 2 2 m=1
x y xy x y y x y
where ( umn , vmn, Wmn, mn, mn ) are coefcients and mn is the
3u 0 3v
+ G + 20 frequency. Substituting Eqs. 24(a)(e) into 23(a)(e), and con-
x 3 x y
sidering mn zero, the formulations of buckling problem will be as
3 3 4w 4w
+ A 3 + 2 B 4 + 2 2 follows:
x x y x x y

= I0
2w 3u 0 3v0
+ I1 +
( [K ] Ncr Kg ) {} = {0}, (25)
t 2 xt 2 yt 2
4w
where [K ] collects all stiffness terms, Kg collects all terms related
4w 3 3 4w
I2 2 2 + + I4 + 2 I0 2 2 to the in-plane forces and {} are the vector of the unknown
x t 2 2
y t xt 2 yt 2 t x
coefcients. For each value of m and n, there is a unique value of
5u 0 5v0
+ I1 + Ncr . The critical buckling load is the smallest value of Ncr .
xt 2x 2 yt 2x 2
6w 6w 2w 2w 2w
I2 2 2 2 + + N x 2 + N y 2 + 2N xy
x t x y 2t 2x 2 x y xy
3. Numerical results
4w 4w
2 N x 4 + 2 2
x x y Since the results of Nano-plate made of FGM are not available
4w 4w 4w 4w in the literature, to validate the accuracy of the present Ex-
+ N y 2 2 + + 2N xy 3 + ,
y x y 4 x y xy 3 (23c) ponential shear deformation theory in predicting the critical
buckling load of FG nano-plate, that is subjected to different in-
(1 ) 2u0 2v0 2 2 3w plane loading conditions ( N x = 1Ncr , N y = 2 Ncr , N xy = 0.
C + + D 2 + 2A Where uniaxial compression is: 1 = 1, 2 = 0 and biaxial com-
2 y2 xy y xy xy2
pression is: 1 = 1, 2 = 1), two comparison studies are se-
2u 2v0
+ C 20 + parately conducted in this section to validate the results of the
x xy present formulation and conrm its reliability and high accuracy.
2 2 3w 3w Results are given for various values of the aspect ratios (a/b),
+ D 2 + A 3 + F
x xy x xy2 thickness ratios, and nonlocal parameter ( ).
2u0 3w 2
= I3 I4 + I5 2
t 2 xt 2 t 3.1. Isotropic rectangular Nano-plate
4u0 5w 4 4u
2 I3 2 2 I4 + I5 2 2 + I3 2 02 Table 2 represents a comparison of the non-dimensional critical
t x xt 2x2 t x t y nl l
buckling load ( N cr = Ncr a2/D ), and the buckling load ratios ( Ncr /Ncr ),
5w 4
I4 + I5 2 2 , with HSDT [31] for Nano-plate subjected to biaxial compression
2
xt y 2 t y (23d) ( 1 = 1, 2 = 1 with g 0, and the following parameters:
 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104 101

Table 2
nl l
Non-dimensional critical buckling load N cr = Ncr a2/D and buckling load ratio ( Ncr /Ncr ) for various non-dimensional nonlocal parameter, = /a .

a Method
b
h
a ( nl l
N cr Ncr /Ncr )
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.1 0.1 Present 18.6923 (1.000) 15.6109 (0.835) 10.4452 (0.559) 6.7323 (0.360) 4.4952 (0.240)
HSDT [31] 18.6861 (1.000) 15.6057 (0.835) 10.4408 (0.559) 6.7200 (0.360) 4.4937 (0.241)
0.01 Present 19.7281 (1.000) 16.4759 (0.835) 11.0240 (0.559) 7.1053 (0.360) 4.7443 (0.240)
HSDT [31] 19.7281 (1.000) 16.4916 (0.835) 11.0136 (0.559) 7.1030 (0.360) 4.7506 (0.241)
0.5 0.1 Present 11.9196 (1.000) 10.6160 (0.890) 7.9811 (0.670) 5.6482 (0.474) 4.0080 (0.336)
HSDT [31] 11.9171 (1.000) 10.6084 (0.890) 7.9794 (0.670) 6.7289 (0.576) 4.0072 (0.336)
0.01 Present 12.3327 (1.000) 10.9783 (0.890) 8.2577 (0.670) 5.844 (0.474) 4.1469 (0.336)
HSDT [31] 12.3327 (1.000) 10.9782 (0.890) 8.2577 (0.670) 7.1052 (0.576) 4.1478 (0.336)

a = 10, E = 30 106 , = 0.3, = 1 (26)

Where a, E, and are Nano-plate length, Young modulus,

Poissons ratio and plate density, respectively.And good agreement
can be seen between the results. Also the effects of various values
of non-dimensional nonlocal parameter ( /a = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 ),
aspect ratios (a/b 0.5, 1.0) and thickness to length ratios (h/
a 0.01, 0.1) on the non-dimensional critical buckling load ratios
are investigated.
Fig. 2 shows variations of the buckling load ratio with non-
dimensional nonlocal parameter for various aspect ratios with
h/a = 0.1. It can be seen that an increase of aspect ratio (a/b), leads
to a decrease of buckling load ratio of the Nano-plate, and also by
increasing the non-dimensional nonlocal parameters, the buckling
load ratio decreases, because by increasing in the nonlocal para- Fig. 2. Variations of buckling load ratio with nondimensional nonlocal parameter
meter, the strain energy decreases, and it causes the decrease of for various aspect ratios with h/a = 0.1.
plates rigidity.
Fig. 3 shows variations of critical buckling load with non-
dimensional nonlocal parameter for various length to thickness
ratios with a/b = 1, and it can be observed that an increase of the
length to thickness ratio causes an increase of the effect of the
nonlocal parameter on the buckling load.Because the effect of
shear deformation is signicant for a length to thickness ratio of
less than 10 and diminishes with an increase of length to thickness
ratio.

3.2. FGM plate

In Tables 3 and 4, there is a comparison for the non-dimen-

sional critical buckling load N = Ncr (a2/Em h3), with higher-order
theory [20], for the rectangular Al/Al2 O3 FGM plates, that are
simply supported at all edges, and subjected to uniaxial and biaxial
compressions. And a very good agreement between the results can
be observed.
Effects of length to thickness ratio (a/h) on nondimensional
critical buckling load under biaxial compression for a simply
supported FG plate and various material variation parameter (g), is
plotted in Fig. 4, and it can learned that the effect of shear de-
formation is signicant for a thickness to length ratio less than 10
and it diminishes with an increase of length to thickness ratio.
Fig. 5 shows effects of aspect ratio (a/b) on nondimensional
critical buckling load under biaxial compression for a FG plate and
the various material variation parameter, and it is clear that an
increase of the aspect ratio, results an increase of the nondimen-
sional critical buckling load.
4. Result and discussion
In this section, the FGM nano-plateis made of Aluminum/Alu-
mina ( Al/Al2 O3), which properties are listed in Table 1, is
Fig. 3. Variations of critical buckling load with nondimensional nonlocal parameter
for various aspect ratios with a/b = 1.
investigated. Tables 5 and 6 show the non-dimensional critical
buckling load N = Ncr (a2/Em h3) for an FGM Nano-plate subjected to
uniaxial compression and biaxial compression, respectively. And
the effects of various values of non-dimensional nonlocal para-
meter ( /a = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 ), aspect ratios (a/b 0.5, 1),
length to thickness ratios (a/h 5, 10), and Power Low index (g 0,
0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10) on the non-dimensional critical buckling load are
investigated and discussed in details.
It can be observed in the Tables 5 and 6 that the buckling load
decreases by increasing the nonlocal parameter, due to a decrease
of the strain energy, and also by increasing the aspect ratio, the
critical buckling load increases, since, the plate considering here is
assumed to be simply supported at all edges, a decrease in length
102 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104

Table 3
Comparison of non-dimensional critical buckling load ( N ) of FG plate subjected to
uniaxial compression along the x-direction ( 1 = 1, 2 = 0 ).

a a Method Power low index

b h

0 0.5 1 2 5 10

0.5 5 Present 6.7259 4.4268 3.4188 2.6457 2.1446 1.9209

HSDT [20] 6.7203 4.4235 3.4164 2.6451 2.1484 1.9213
10 Present 7.4069 4.8215 3.7118 2.8898 2.4152 2.1894
HSDT [20] 7.4050 4.8200 3.7100 2.8800 2.4100 2.1800
20 Present 7.5997 4.9317 3.7932 2.9582 2.4908 2.2689
HSDT [20] 7.5990 4.9300 3.7900 2.9500 2.4900 2.2600
1.0 5 Present 16.1425 10.6382 8.2340 6.3459 5.0408 4.4801
HSDT [20] 16.0200 10.6200 8.2200 6.3400 5.0500 4.4800 Fig. 5. Effect of aspect ratio (a/b) on nondimensional critical buckling load under
10 Present 18.5847 12.1266 9.3418 7.2636 6.0304 5.4521 biaxial compression for a FG plate and various material variation parameter (n).
HSDT [20] 18.5700 12.1200 9.3300 7.2600 6.0300 5.4500
20 Present 19.3544 12.5677 9.6682 7.5372 6.3434 5.7666
HSDT [20] 19.3500 12.5600 9.6600 7.5300 6.3400 5.7600
Table 5
Non-dimensional critical buckling load ( N ) of FG Nano plate subjected to uniaxial
compression along the x-direction ( 1 = 1, 2 = 0 ).

a a Power low index

Table 4 a b h
Comparison of non-dimensional critical buckling load ( N ) of FG plate subjected to 0 0.5 1 2 5 10
biaxial compression ( 1 = 1, 2 = 1).
0.0 0.5 5 6.7259 4.4268 3.4188 2.6457 2.1446 1.9209
a a Method Power low index
b h
10 7.4069 4.8215 3.7118 2.8898 2.4152 2.1894
20 7.5997 4.9317 3.7932 2.9582 2.4908 2.2689
0 0.5 1 2 5 10 1.0 5 16.1425 10.6382 8.2340 6.3459 5.0408 4.4801
10 18.5847 12.1266 9.3418 7.2636 6.0304 5.4521
0.5 5 Present 5.3807 3.5414 2.7350 2.1166 1.7157 1.5367 20 19.3544 12.5677 9.6682 7.5372 6.3434 5.7666
HSDT [20] 5.3760 3.5390 2.7330 2.1160 1.7190 1.5370 0.1 0.5 5 5.9873 3.9407 3.0434 2.3551 1.9091 1.7100
10 Present 5.9255 3.8572 2.9694 2.3118 1.9321 1.7515 10 6.5934 4.2920 3.3041 2.5724 2.1499 1.9489
HSDT [20] 5.9260 3.8570 2.9690 2.3120 1.9330 1.7520 20 6.7651 4.3901 3.3767 2.6333 2.2202 2.0198
20 Present 6.0797 3.9454 3.0346 2.3665 1.9953 1.8151 1.0 5 13.2038 8.8845 6.8767 5.2998 3.9832 3.4668
HSDT [20] 6.0790 3.8570 3.0340 2.3670 1.9960 1.8150 10 15.5210 10.1275 7.8018 6.0662 5.0362 4.5533
1.0 5 Present 8.0212 5.3191 4.1170 3.1729 2.5204 2.2400 20 16.1638 10.4959 8.0743 6.2948 5.2976 4.8159
HSDT [20] 8.0110 5.3130 4.1120 3.1720 2.5270 2.2400 0.2 0.5 5 4.5035 2.9641 2.2892 1.7715 1.4360 1.2862
10 Present 9.2924 6.0633 4.6709 3.6318 3.0152 2.7260 10 4.9595 3.2284 2.4853 1.9349 1.6171 1.4660
HSDT [20] 9.2890 6.0620 4.6700 3.6320 3.0180 2.7260 20 5.0886 3.3022 2.5398 1.9807 1.6700 1.5192
20 Present 9.6772 6.2839 4.8341 3.7686 3.1717 2.8833 1.0 5 6.6309 4.4951 3.5029 2.6672 2.0003 1.7410
HSDT [20] 9.6760 6.2830 4.8340 3.7690 3.1720 2.8830 10 9.0466 5.9542 4.5984 3.5585 2.8846 2.5836
1.5 5 Present 10.6945 9.0544 6.9969 5.4085 4.3599 3.8967 20 9.9624 6.4851 4.9924 3.8868 3.2485 2.9448
HSDT [20] 11.6820 7.8300 6.0800 4.6640 3.6180 3.1720 0.3 0.5 5 3.1509 2.0977 1.6200 1.2537 0.9583 0.8376
10 Present 14.1659 9.9826 7.6862 5.9820 4.9908 4.5211 10 3.5098 2.2847 1.7588 1.3693 1.1444 1.0375
HSDT [20] 14.6080 9.5690 7.3790 5.7280 4.7120 4.2380 20 3.6012 2.3369 1.7974 1.4017 1.1818 1.0752
20 Present 15.4289 10.2458 7.8809 6.1455 5.1789 4.7105 1.0 5 3.6240 2.4568 1.9145 1.4577 1.0933 0.9515
HSDT [20] 15.5890 10.1330 7.7980 6.0760 5.1010 4.6300 10 4.9443 3.2542 2.5132 1.9449 1.5766 1.4121
2.0 5 Present 15.7757 10.6945 8.3338 6.3456 4.7591 4.1421 20 5.4449 3.5444 2.7286 2.1243 1.7754 1.6094
HSDT [20] 15.7240 10.6620 8.3090 6.3350 4.7750 4.1380 0.4 0.5 5 1.9512 1.3167 1.0245 0.7821 0.5934 0.5186
10 Present 21.5230 14.1659 10.9402 8.4662 6.8629 6.1467 10 2.4906 1.6213 1.2481 0.9717 0.8121 0.7362
HSDT [20] 21.5050 14.1550 10.9320 8.4640 6.8750 6.1480 20 2.5554 1.6583 1.2755 0.9947 0.8386 0.7629
20 Present 23.7020 15.4289 11.8776 9.2473 7.7285 7.0060 1.0 5 2.2168 1.5028 1.1710 0.8917 0.6687 0.5820
HSDT [20] 23.6970 15.4260 11.8750 9.2470 7.7370 7.0070 10 3.0244 1.9906 1.5373 1.1897 0.9643 0.8637
20 3.3305 2.1680 1.6690 1.2994 1.0860 0.9845

with a constant width, causes a decrease of the degree of freedom

Fig. 4. Effect of length to thickness ratios (a/h) on nondimensional critical buckling
load under biaxial compression for a simply supported FG plate for various material
variation parameter (g).
(DOF) of the plate, and an increase of the stiffness and frequency
parameter. Also, it is realized that by increase the nonlocal para-
meter, the rate of the variation of non-dimensional critical buck-
ling load, will decreasing, because an increase of the nonlocal
parameter causes the strain energy to decrease, and consequently
causes the plates rigidity to decrease.By comparing Tables 6 and 5,
it is found out that the critical buckling loads in uniaxial com-
pression are larger than in biaxial compression. Also, Fig. 6 is
plotted to better illustrate the effect of different parameters on
non-dimensional critical buckling load.
According to Fig. 6, for lower Power Law index, the rate of the
non-dimensional critical buckling load, is higher, and the effect of
the non-dimensional nonlocal parameter on the non-dimensional
critical buckling load is signicant, and diminishes with an in-
crease of Power Low index because by increasing in the Power Law
 K. Khorshidi, A. Fallah / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 113 (2016) 94104 103

Table 6 reported in the literature for simply supported rectangular FG

Non-dimensional critical buckling load ( N ) of FG nano-plate subjected to biaxial Nano-plates, demonstrate the high stability and accuracy of the
compression along the x-axis ( 1 = 1, 2 = 1). present solution. The present work demonstrates the effects of
a a
variations of nonlocal parameter, thickness to length ratio, Power
Power low index
a b h Law indexes and aspect ratio on the critical values of an FG Nano-
0 0.5 1 2 5 10 plate. this shows that the critical buckling load decreases by in-
creasing the value of the nonlocal parameter, and also increasing
0.0 0.5 5 5.3807 3.5414 2.7350 2.1166 1.7157 1.5367
the Power Law index causes the non-dimensional critical buckling
10 5.9255 3.8572 2.9694 2.3118 1.9321 1.7515
20 6.0797 3.9454 3.0346 2.3665 1.9953 1.8151 to decrease, moreover, an increase of aspect ratio increases the
1.0 5 8.0212 5.3191 4.1170 3.1729 2.5204 2.2400 critical buckling load, and an increase of the length to thickness
10 9.2924 6.0633 4.6709 3.6318 3.0152 2.7260 causes an increase of the critical buckling load. All analytical re-
20 9.6772 6.2839 4.8341 3.7686 3.1717 2.8833
sults presented here can provide other research groups with a
0.1 0.5 5 4.7898 3.1525 2.4369 1.8841 1.5273 1.3679
10 5.2748 3.4336 2.6433 2.0579 1.7199 1.5592 reliable source to check their analytical and numerical solutions.
20 5.4121 3.5121 2.7013 2.1066 1.7761 1.6158
1.0 5 6.6989 4.4422 3.4383 2.6499 2.1049 1.8708
10 7.7605 5.0637 3.9009 3.0331 2.5181 2.2766
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