DEMONSTRATION OF DATA TRANSFER USING
AUTOMATED ARDUINO BASED MORSE CODE
Aniket Sachan
Sophomore Undergraduate
Electrical Engineering Dept.
IIT (BHU) Varanasi
aniket.sachan.eee15@itbhu.ac.in
Abstract In recent time optical fibers are gaining very high
importance for data transfer. However these all are based on
basic Morse code. A microcontroller can perform the task of
automation very efficiently. In a Morse code data is
represented by dots and dash and these signals are decoded by
another device thus providing a wireless channel. The creation
of light for signal formation is governed by arduino which
channels the data through LED. This in turn is captured by
another arduino which is calibrated with a photodiode .the
arduino then decodes the captured signal and displays the
output.
KeywordsData Transfer; Cryptology; Morse Code; Arduino;
LDR; Potentiometer
I. INTRODUCTION
This project has been undertaken to study how data can be
transferred using visible frequency light. The idea was sparked
by observing wireless data communication and optical data
transmission. Apart from that the mode of transfer was chosen
as Morse code to give a feasible method for transmitting data
which can be translated in electrical impulses easily thus
allowing it to be controlled and also to give it a certain degree
of encryption.
For this project a basic understanding of light dependent
resistance is required. Also Morse code is used thus a basic
guide to the decoding protocol has also been attached. Also
fundamental understanding of Arduino microcontroller and its
coding is required.
The model uses free space optical transmission through air.
The frequency of light being used for data transmission lies in
the visible range thus is actively detected by the LDR which in
conjunction with a potentiometer generates variations in
voltage which is then sensed by a second Arduino board to
reproduce the input data back into letters using the algorithm
and database given in the code.
The model comprises of two Arduino boards and the code
has two algorithms; namely one for coding the entered
characters into corresponding Morse code and the second for
reverting it back into English characters to be displayed.
Akshansh Chandravanshi
Sophomore Undergraduate
Electrical Engineering Dept.
IIT (BHU) Varanasi
akshansh.chandravanshi.eee15@itbhu.ac.in
II. APPLICATION
A. Optical Wireless Communication (OCW)
In OCW,unguided visible, infrared (IR),or ultraviolet (UV)
light is used to carry a signal. What has been used in the
project id visible frequency light. This is commonly referred
to as Visible Light Communication (VLC ). VLC systems take
advantage of light emitting diodes (LEDs) which can be
pulsed at very high speeds without noticeable effect on the
lighting output and human eye. VLC can be possibly used in a
wide range of applications including wireless local area
networks, wireless personal area networks and vehicular
networks among others[1].
In January 2009, a task force for visible light
communication was formed by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers working group for wireless personal
area network standards known as IEEE 802.15.7 [2]
B. RONJA
The RONJA (Reasonable Optical Near Joint Access) is
a free-space optical communication system originating in
the Czech Republic, developed by Karel Kulhav of Twibright
Labs. It transmits data wirelessly using beams of light. Ronja
can be used to create a 10 Mbit/s full duplex Ethernet point-to-
point link. It has been estimated that 1000 to 2000 links have
been built worldwide
The range of the basic configuration is 1.4 km (0.87 mi).
C. Visible Light Communication(VLC)
Visible light communication (VLC) is a data
communications variant which uses visible light between
400 and 800 THz (780375 nm). VLC is a subset of optical
wireless communications technologies.
The technology uses fluorescent lamps (ordinary lamps, not
special communications devices) to transmit signals at
10 kbit/s, or LEDs for up to 500 Mbit/s. Low rate data
transmissions at 1 and 2 kilometres (0.6 and 1.2 mi) were
demonstrated. RONJA achieves full Ethernet speed
(10 Mbit/s) over the same distance thanks to larger optics and
more powerful LEDs.
VLC can be used as a communications medium for ubiquitous
computing, because light-producing devices (such as
indoor/outdoor lamps, TVs, traffic signs, commercial displays
and car headlights/taillights) are used everywhere. Using
visible light is also less dangerous for high-power applications
because humans can perceive it and act to protect their
eyes from damage. Indoor positioning systems based on
VLC can be used in places such as hospitals, eldercare homes,
warehouses, and large, open offices to locate people and
control indoor robotic vehicles.[4]
1) Technical advantages
Ease of deployment
Can be used to power devices
License-free long-range operation (in contrast with
radio communication)
High bit rates
Low bit error rates
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Full duplex operation
Protocol transparency
Increased security when working with narrow
beam(s)
No Fresnel zone necessary
Reference open source implementation
2) Range limiting factors
For terrestrial applications, the principal limiting factors are:
III. PROCEDURE
As mentioned, the models comprises of two Arduino boards,
an LED, an LDR, jumper wires. The entire procedure is
divided into two parts; viz Encoding procedure and Decoding
procedure.
For encoding, the first Arduino board receives input in form of
electric signals of various delay time which light up the LED
for corresponding time durations thus forming the DOTS and
DASHES which comprise the morse code.
This conversion is done through an algorithm which contains
the database of the corresponding morse code for each English
character. The blinking of LED is done by providing high
potential at the positive terminal of the device.
Now the receiving end consists of another Arduino board
which is connected to a LDR. The LDR receives the light
coming from the signaling LED and the resistance changes
accordingly. This change in resistance in conjunction with a
potentiometer creates a series of potential difference which is
an exact replica of the input signal of DOTS and DASHES.
This signal is then interpreted by the second Arduino which
has its own copy of the Morse code database and contains an
algorithm which changes the voltage difference signals back
into English characters using the forementioned library. Thus
finally the input message is reproduce on the output screen.

Fog (10 to ~100 dB/km attenuation)

Beam dispersion
Atmospheric absorption
Rain
Snow
Terrestrial scintillation
Interference from background light sources
(including the Sun)
Shadowing
Pointing stability in wind
Pollution / smog
 IV. TECHNICAL ASPECTS Authors and Affiliations

A. Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as

a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly Anand Mohan Chaudhary
understood by a skilled listener or observer without Sophomore Undergraduate
special equipment. It is named for Samuel F. B. Morse, an Electrical Engineering Dept.
inventor of the telegraph. The International Morse IIT (BHU) Varanasi
Code[3] encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra anand.mchaudhary.eee15@itbhu.ac.in
Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of
punctuation and procedural signals (prosigns) as
standardized sequences of short and long signals called
"dots" and "dashes",[3] or "dits" and "dahs", as in amateur Naveen Kumar Jhakar
radio practice. Because many non-English natural Sophomore Undergraduate
languages use more than the 26 Roman letters, extensions Electrical Engineering Dept.
to the Morse alphabet exist for those languages. IIT (BHU) Varanasi
naveen.kjhakar.eee15@itbhu.ac.in
B. To increase the speed of the communication, the code was
designed so that the length of each character in Morse
varies approximately inversely to its frequency of Ankur Pathrabe
occurrence in English[5]. Thus the most common letter in Sophomore Undergraduate
English, the letter "E", has the shortest code, a single dot. Electrical Engineering Dept.
IIT (BHU) Varanasi
ankur.pathrabe.eee15@itbhu.ac.in

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Dr M.K.Verma for giving
us the opportunity of taking this project and for his guidance.
Also we would like to thank our seniors for helping us out
with the minor glitches that came along the way and assisting
us with the code.

References

[1] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6876267/
(OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY)
[2] http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.15.7
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code#cite_note-itu-r-1.
[4] ( http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ethanpng/)
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_encoding

C.