Chap 14 Frequency Response

Outline

Introduction
Transfer Function
The Decibel Scale
Bode Plots
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
Passive Filters
Scaling

Chap 14 Frequency Response 2

 Introduction
The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in
its behavior with change in signal frequency.

Time domain Frequency domain

Chap 14 Frequency Response 3
 Introduction
How to obtain the frequency response
Keep the amplitude and the phase of the sinusoidal source
constant (amplitude=1, phase=0)
Sweep the frequency from a starting frequency to a stop
frequency
Plot the amplitude and the phase of the desired voltage or
current versus frequency

Chap 14 Frequency Response 4

 Transfer Function
The transfer function H() of a circuit is the
frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor output Y() (an
element voltage or current) to a phasor input X()
(source voltage or current).

Y( )
H( ) = = H ( )
X( )

Chap 14 Frequency Response 5

Four Possible Transfer Functions
Type Input Output H ( )
Vo ( )
Voltage gain Vi ( ) Vo ( )
Vi ( )
I o ( )
Current gain I i ( ) I o ( )
I i ( )
Vo ( )
Transfer Impedance I i ( ) Vo ( )
I i ( )
I o ( )
Transfer Adimittance Vi ( ) I o ( )
Vi ( )
Chap 14 Frequency Response 6
 Magnitude and Phase Response
The transfer function H() can be expressed as

N( )
H( ) =
D( )
= H ( )e j ( )
Here,
H ( ) = H( ) is the magnitude response.
( ) is the phase response.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 7

 Zeros and Poles
A zero, as a root of the numerator polynomial N(),
is a value that results in a zero value of the function.

A pole, as a root of the denominator polynomial D(),

is a value for which the function is infinite.

N( )
H ( ) =
D( )

Chap 14 Frequency Response 8

 Example 1
Q: For the RC circuit, obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs
and its frequency response. Let vs = Vm cost.

Time domain Frequency domain

Chap 14 Frequency Response 9

 Example 1 (cont.)
Sol: VO 1/ jC 1 1
H( ) = = = =
VS R + 1/ jC 1 + j RC 1 + j
0
1
H= , = tan 1
1 + ( / 0 ) 2 0
where 0 = 1/RC.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 10

 Example 1 (cont.)

VO 1/ jC 1 1
H( ) = = = =
VS R + 1/ jC 1 + j RC 1 + j
0
1
H= , = tan 1
1 + ( / 0 ) 2 0

Table 14.1 For Example 14.1

/0 H /0 H
0 1 0 10 0.1 -84
1 0.71 -45 20 0.05 -87
2 0.45 -63 100 0.01 -89
3 0.32 -72 0 -90
Chap 14 Frequency Response 11
 Example 1 (cont.)
VO 1/ jC 1 1
H( ) = = = =
VS R + 1/ jC 1 + j RC 1 + j
0
1
H= , = tan 1
1 + ( / 0 ) 2 0

Chap 14 Frequency Response 12

 Example 2
Q: For the circuit, calculus the gain Io()/Ii() and its
poles and zeros.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 13

 Example 2 (cont.)
Sol:
By current division:
4 + j 2
Io ( ) = Ii ( )
4 + j 2 + 1/ j 0.5
Io ( ) j 0.5 (4 + j 2 ) s( s + 2)
= = 2 , s = j
Ii ( ) 1 + j 2 + ( j ) 2
s + 2s + 1
The zero are at
s( s + 2) = 0 z1 = 0, z2 = 2
The pole are at
s 2 + 2 s + 1 = 0 = ( s + 1) 2 = 0
Thus, there is a repeated pole (or double pole) at p = 1.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 14

 The Decibel Scale
Generally, the power gain is measured in bels.
P2
G = Number of bels = log10 ; ( P1 and P2 are power.)
P1
The decibel (dB) is 1/10th of a bel, and is
P2
GdB = 10 log10 dB
P1
Examples
P1 = P2, there is no change in power and the gain
is 0 dB.
P2 = 2P1, the gain is GdB = 10log10 2 3 dB
P2 = 0.5P1, the gain is GdB = 10log10 0.5 3 dB

Chap 14 Frequency Response 15

Gain in Terms of Voltage and Current
P1 = V12 R1 = I12 R1; P2 = V22 R2 = I 22 R2
P2 V22 R2 V2 R2
GdB = 10log = 10log 2 = 20 log 10log
P1 V1 R1 V1 R1
Assume R1 = R2 when comparing voltage levels,
V2
GdB = 20 log
V1
It can also be used to compare current levels,
I2
GdB = 20 log
I1

Chap 14 Frequency Response 16

 Remarks of GdB
Because of the square relationship
For power: 10log10
For voltage or current : 20log10
The dB value is the logarithmic measurement of the
ratio of one variable to another variable.
These two variables must be the same type.
Only the magnitudes are considered.
P2
GdB = 10log
P1
V2 I2
GdB = 20 log ; GdB = 20 log
V1 I1
Chap 14 Frequency Response 17
 Bode Plots

Bode plots: The semilog plots of the magnitude (in

decibels) and phase (in degrees) of a transfer
function versus the logarithm of the frequency.

Transfer function: H = H = He j
H dB = 20log10 H

Chap 14 Frequency Response 18

 Standard Form of H()
K ( j ) 1 (1 + j / z1 ) (1 + j 21 / k + ( j / k ) 2 )
H( ) =
(1 + j / p1 ) (1 + j 22 / n + ( j / n ) 2 )
K ( s ) 1 (1 + s / z1 ) (1 + 21s / k + ( s / k ) 2 )
H( s ) s = j =
(1 + s / p1 ) (1 + 22 s / n + ( s / n ) 2 )

Four key terms are needed.

1. A gain K
2. A pole ( s ) 1 of zero ( s ) at the origin.
3. A simple pole 1/(1 + s / p1 ) or zero (1 + s / z1 ).
4. A quadratic pole 1 (1 + 2 2 s / n + ( s / n ) 2 ) or
zero (1 + j 21 / k + ( j / k ) 2 ) .
Chap 14 Frequency Response 19
 Bode Plots
Steps to construct a Bode plot
Plot each factor separately.
Additively combine all of them graphically
because of the logarithms involved

The mathematical convenience of the logarithm

makes the Bode plots a powerful tool.
Straight-line plots used instead of actual plots

Chap 14 Frequency Response 20

 Constant Term K

H const ( ) = K
H dB
const
= 20 log10 K
= 0 if K > 0

= 180 if K < 0

Chap 14 Frequency Response 21

 Zero/Pole at the Origin
( ) = ( j ) = 1 90
1
H origin_zero ( ) = j = 90 H origin_pole

H dB
origin_zero
= 20log10 H dorigin_pole = 20log10
B
= 90 = 90

Chap 14 Frequency Response 22

 Simple Zero
Hsimple_zero ( ) = (1 + j z1 )
H dB
simple_zero
= 20log10 1 + j z1

1
= tan
z1
20log10 1 = 0, 0 0, 0

simple_zero
H dB = ; = tan 1 = 45, = z1
20log10 z , z1
1 90,

Corner frequency/break frequency

Chap 14 Frequency Response 23
 Simple Pole
Hsimple_pole ( ) = 1 (1 + j p1 )
simple_pole j
H
dB = 20log 10 1 +
p1

1
= tan
p1
20log10 1 = 0 , 0 0 , 0

H dBsimple_pole = ; = tan 1 = 45 , = z1
20log10 p , p1
1 90 ,
0.1p1 p1 10p1
0.1p1 p1 10p1

Chap 14 Frequency Response 24

 Quadratic Zero
Hquad_zero ( ) = 1 + j 2 1 k + ( j k )2 (complex zeros for 2 < 1)
j 2 j
2

H dB
quad_zero
= 20log10 1 + 1
+
k k

1 2 1 k
= tan
1 2 k2
0, 0 0, =0
2
H dB
quad_zero
= ; = tan 1 1 2 k2 = 90, = k
40log10 , 1 k
k 180,
H
40 180o
40 dB/dec 90o dB/dec

90o

0 0o
w w
0.01wn 0.1wn wn 10wn 100wn 0.01wn 0.1wn wn 10wn 100wn

Chap 14 Frequency Response 25

 Quadratic Pole
Hquad_zero ( ) = 1 (1 + j 2 2 n + ( j n ) 2 ) (complex poles for 2 < 1)
j 2 2 j
2

H dB
quad_zero
= 20log10 1 + +
n n

1 2 2 n
= tan
1 2 n2
0, 0 0, =0
2
H dB
quad_zero
= ; = tan 1 2 2 n2 = 90, = n
40log10 , 1 n
n 180,

Chap 14 Frequency Response 26

 Summary of Bode Plots

Factor Magnitude Phase

K

Chap 14 Frequency Response 27

 Summary of Bode Plots (cont.)

Factor Magnitude Phase

( j ) N

Chap 14 Frequency Response 28

 Summary of Bode Plots (cont.)

Factor Magnitude Phase

1
( j ) N

Chap 14 Frequency Response 29

 Summary of Bode Plots (cont.)

1 + j
N
Factor
z
Magnitude Phase

Chap 14 Frequency Response 30

 Summary of Bode Plots (cont.)

1
Factor
(1 + j / p ) N
Magnitude Phase

Chap 14 Frequency Response 31

 Summary of Bode Plots (cont.)

N
2 j j 2

Factor 1 + +
n n

Magnitude Phase

Chap 14 Frequency Response 32

 Summary of Bode Plots (cont.)

1
Factor
[1 + 2 j / k + ( j / k ) 2 ]N
Magnitude Phase

Chap 14 Frequency Response 33

 Example 3
Q: Construct the Bode plots for the transfer function.
200 j
H( ) =
( j + 2)( j + 10)
10 j
H ( ) =
(1 + j / 2)(1 + j / 10)
10 j
= (90 tan 1 / 2 tan 1 / 10)
1 + j / 2 1 + j / 10

The magnitude and phase are

j j
H dB = 20 log10 10 + 20 log10 j 20 log10 1 + 20 log10 1 +
2 10

= 90 tan 1 tan 1
2 10
Chap 14 Frequency Response 34
 Example 3 (cont.)
Sol:
j j
H dB = 20log10 10 + 20 log10 j 20log10 1 + 20log10 1 +
2 10

= 90 tan 1 tan 1
2 10

Chap 14 Frequency Response 35

 Example 4
Q: Obtain the Bode plots for
j + 10
H( ) =
j ( j + 5) 2

Sol: 0.4(1 + j /10)

H ( ) =
j (1 + j / 5) 2
0.4 1 + j /10 1 1
= 2
(0 + tan 90 2 tan )
j 1 + j / 5 10 5
The magnitude and phase are
j j
H dB = 20log10 0.4 + 20log10 1 + 20log10 j 40log10 1 +
10 5

= 0 + tan 1 90 2 tan 1
10 5
Chap 14 Frequency Response 36
 Example 4 (cont.)
j j
H dB = 20log10 0.4 + 20log10 1 + 20log10 j 40log10 1 +
10 5

Chap 14 Frequency Response 37

 Example 4 (cont.)

= 0 + tan 1 90 2 tan 1
10 5

Chap 14 Frequency Response 38

 Example 5
Q: Draw the Bode plots for
s +1
H( s ) = 2
s + 60s + 100
Sol:
s +1 1 100(1 + s ) 1 1
H( s ) = 2 = 2
= (1 + s )
s + 60s + 100 1 + 6s 10 + ( s 10) 100 1 + 6 s 10 + ( s 10) 2

1/100(1 + j )
H( ) = ; ( s jw)
1 + j 6 /10 + ( j /10) 2

j 6 2
H dB = 20log10 100 + 20log10 1 + j 20log10 1 +
10 100
6 /10
= 0 + tan 1 tan 1
1 /100
2

Chap 14 Frequency Response 39

 Example 5 (cont.)
1 (1 + j 2 2 n + ( j n ) 2 )
j 6 2 2
H dB = 20log10 100 + 20log10 1 + j 20log10 1 + H = 20 log10 1 +
j 2 2 j
+
10 100
n n

Chap 14 Frequency Response 40

 Example 5 (cont.)
= 0 + tan tan
1 6 /10
1 1 (1 + j 2 2 n + ( j n ) 2 )

1 /100
2
2 2 n
= tan 1

1 2 n2

Chap 14 Frequency Response 41

 Example 6
Q: Given the Bode plot, obtain the transfer function H().

Chap 14 Frequency Response 42

Sol:
Example 6
A zero jw is at the origin becasue of the straight line with slope 20dB/decade.
40dB gain becaue the straight line is shifted by 40dB.
40 = 20 log10 K K = 102 = 100
Poles:
at p =1 1/ (1 + jw /1)
at p =5 1/ (1 + jw / 5)
at p =20 1/ (1 + jw / 20)
100 j
H ( ) =
(1 + j /1)(1 + j / 5)(1 + j / 20)
j104
=
( j + 1)( j + 5)( j + 20)
104 s
H(s) = , s = j
( s + 1)( s + 5)( s + 20)
Chap 14 Frequency Response 43
 Series Resonance
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the
capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude,
thereby resulting in a purely resistive impedance.
Vs 1
Z = H ( ) = = R + j L +
I jC
1
Z = R + j L
C
Im(Z) = L
1
=0 Z
C

Chap 14 Frequency Response 44

 Resonant Frequency
The value of which satisfies Im(Z)=0 is
called the resonant frequency 0.
For the series RLC circuit
1
Im(Z) = L =0
C
1 1
0 = rad/s = Hz
LC 2 LC

Chap 14 Frequency Response 45

 When Resonance Occurs
1. The impedance is purely resistive. The LC series
combination acts like a short circuit.
2. The voltage and the current are in phase, so the
power factor is unity.
3. The impedance Z() is minimum.
4. The voltage across L and C can be much larger
than the source voltage.

Vm Vm 1
VL = I 0 L = 0 L = VC =
R R 0C

Chap 14 Frequency Response 46

 Half-Power Frequencies
Vm
I=I=
R 2 + ( L 1/ C ) 2
The average dissipated power is
1 2
P( ) =I R
2
1 Vm2
Pmax = P(0 ) =
2 R
1 and 2 are called the half - power frequencies if
(Vm / 2) 2 Vm2 1
P(1 ) = P(2 ) = = = Pmax
2R 4R 2

Chap 14 Frequency Response 47

 Half-Power Frequencies (cont.)
1 2 1 1 1 Vm2 Vm
By P ( ) = I R = Pmax = and I = I =
2 2 22 R R 2 + ( L 1/ C ) 2
2
1
R + L
2
= 2R
C
R R
2
1
1 = + +
2L 2 L LC

R R
2
1

2 = + +
2L 2 L LC
0 = 12 ; ( geometric mean of the half frequencies )
Definition of half-power bandwidth B
R
B 2 1 =
L
Chap 14 Frequency Response 48
 Quality Factor: Q
Peak energy stored in the circuit
Q = 2
Energy dissipated by the circuit in one period at resonance
1 2
The peak energy stored is LI
2
1 2 1 1
The energy dissipated in one period is I R T = I 2R
2 2 f0
1 2
LI 2 f 0 L
Q = 2 2 =
1 2 1 R
I R
2 f0
0 L 1 R
Q= = = 0 ( B = )
R 0CR B L
R 0
B= =
L Q
Chap 14 Frequency Response 49
Relations Between 1,2 and 0, B
A resonant circuit is designed to operate at or near its
resonant frequency.
High-Q circuit: Q10
2
R R 1 B B
1 = + + = + ( ) 2 + 02
2L 2 L LC 2 2
2
R R 1 B B 2
2 = + + = + ( ) + 2
0
2L 2 L LC 2 2

0 1
2

Since B = and Q 10 0
Q 2Q

0 1 B
1 = + 0 ( ) 2 + 1 0 + 0 = + 0
2Q 2Q 2Q 2
Symmetric
= 0 + ( 1 ) 2 + 1 = 0 + = B +
2
2Q
0
2Q 2Q
0
2
0

Chap 14 Frequency Response 50

 Quality Factor: Q (cont.)
The quality factor of a resonant circuit is the ratio of its
resonant frequency to its bandwidth.

0
Q=
B

Chap 14 Frequency Response 51

The Higher the Q, the Smaller the B

0
Q=
B

Chap 14 Frequency Response 52

 Resonance Voltage
For RLC circuits in resonance, the voltages across the
capacitor and the inductor are identical in magnitude by
opposite in sign.
The voltage magnitude across the capacitor and inductor
is equal to the external applied voltage multiplied by the
quality factor.
Vm
VC = VL =| I | 0 L = 0 L = VmQ
R
R
B=
L
0
Q=
B
Chap 14 Frequency Response 53
 Summary of Characteristics of
Resonant RLC Circuits

For Q>10

Voltage across L and C QVm

Chap 14 Frequency Response 54
 Example 7
Q: In the circuit, R = 2, L=1 mH, and C = 0.4 F. (a)
Find the resonant frequency and the half-power
frequencies. (b) Calculate the quality fsctor and
bandwidth. (c) Determine the amplitude of the current
at 0, 1, and 2.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 55

 Example 7 (cont.)
Sol: R = 2; L = 1mH ; C = 0.4 F
(a)
1 1
0 = = = 50 krad/s
LC 103 0.4 106
2
R R 1
1 = + +
2L 2 L LC
2 3 2 3 2
= 3
+ (10 ) + (50 10 )
2 10
R
2
1
= 1 + 1 + 2500 krad/s 49 krad/s 1 =
R
+ +
2L 2 L LC
2 = 1 + 1 + 2500 krad/s 51 krad/s
R R
2
1

2 = + +
2L 2 L LC
Chap 14 Frequency Response 56
 Example 7 (cont.)
(b) R = 2; L = 1mH ; C = 0.4 F
B = 2 1 = 2 krad/s
R 2
B = = 3 = 2 krad/s
L 10
0 L 50 103 103
Q= = = 25
R 2
0 50 103
B= = = 2 krad/s
Q 25 Definition of half-power bandwidth B
R
B B = 2 1 =
Since Q > 10, 1 = 0 = 50 1 = 49 krad/s L
2
0
B
2 = 0 + = 50 + 1 = 51 krad/s Q=
2 B
Chap 14 Frequency Response 57
 Example 7 (cont.)
R = 2; L = 1mH ; C = 0.4 F
(c) At =0
Vm 20
I= = = 10 A
R 2
At =1,2

10
Vm
I= = = 7.071 A
2R 2

Vm
I= I =
R 2 + ( L 1 / C ) 2
Chap 14 Frequency Response 58
 Parallel Resonance

I 1 1
Y = H ( ) = = + jC +
V R j L
1 1 1
or Y = + j C =G+ j C
R L L
Resonance occurs C 1 = 0 or = 1 rad/s
0 0
when 0 L LC

Chap 14 Frequency Response 59

 Relations Between 1,2 and 0, B
By the duality of series RLC circuit and parallel RLC circuit
(R, L, C)(1/R, C, L)

2
1 1 1
1 = + +
2 RC 2 RC LC
2
1 1 1
2 = + +
2 RC 2 RC LC

1
B = 2 1 =
Series RLC circuit RC
2
R R 1
1 = + +
2L 2 L LC 0 R
Q= = 0 RC =
2 =
R R
+ +
1
2
B 0 L
2L 2 L LC
Chap 14 Frequency Response 60
Relations Between 1,2 and 0, B (cont.)
2
1 0
1 = 0 1+
2Q 2Q
2
1 0
2 = 0 1+ +
2Q 2Q

For Q10
B B
1 0 , 2 0 +
2 2
Chap 14 Frequency Response 61
 When Resonance Occurs
1. The impedance is purely resistive. The LC parallel
combination acts like an open circuit.
2. The voltage and the current are in phase, so the
power factor is unity.
3. The admittance Y() is minimum.
4. The current flowing through L and C can be much
larger than the source current.
VImR
IL = = = I C = 0CI m R = QI m
0 L 0 L

Chap 14 Frequency Response 62

 Summary of Characteristics of
Resonant RLC Circuits
Characteristic Series circuit Parallel circuit
Resonant 1 1
frequency, 0 LC LC
Quality factor, Q 0 L 1 R
or 0 RC or
R 0 RC 0 L
Bandwidth, B 0 0
Q Q
2 2
Half-power 1 0 1 0
0 1 + 0 1+
frequencies, 1, 2 2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q
For Q 10, 1, 2 B 0
B
0
2 2
Chap 14 Frequency Response 63
 Example 8
Q: In the parallel RLC circuit, let R = 8 k, L = 0.2 mH,
and C = 8 F. (a) Calculate 0, Q, and B. (b) Find 1
and 2. (c) Determine the power dissipated at 0, 1,
and 2.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 64

 1
Example 8 (cont.) B = 2 1 =
RC
Sol: 2

(a) 1 1 1
1 = + +
1 1 105 2 RC 2 RC LC
0 = = = = 25 krad/s
LC 3
0.2 10 8 10 6 4 1 1
2
1
2 = + +
R 8 103 2 RC 2 RC LC
Q= = = 1600
0 L 25 10 0.2 10
3 3
0 R
Q= = 0 RC =
0 B 0 L
B= = 15.625 rad/s
Q

(b)
B
1 = 0 = 25000 7812 = 24,992 rad/s
2
B
2 = 0 + = 25000 + 7812 = 25, 008 rad/s
2

Chap 14 Frequency Response 65

 Example 8 (cont.) B = 2 1 =
1
RC
2
1 1 1
1 = + +
(c) At = 0 , Y = 1/R or Z = R = 8 k 2 RC 2 RC LC
2
1 1 1
2 =
V 10 90 2 RC
+
2 RC
+
LC
Io = = = 1.25 90 mA 0
Z 8000 Q=
B
= 0 RC =
R
0 L
1 2 1
P = I o R = (1.25 103 ) 2 (8 103 ) = 6.25 mW
2 2
Vm2 100
or P = = 3
= 6.25 mW
2 R 2 8 10
At = 1 , 2
Vm2
P= = 3.125mW
4R
Chap 14 Frequency Response 66
 Example 9
Q: Determine the resonant frequency of the circuit.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 67

 Example 9 (cont.)
Sol:

1 1 2 j 2
Y = j 0.1 + + = 0.1 + j 0.1 +
10 2 + j 2 4 + 4 2
At resonant, Im(Y) = 0, and
20
0 0.1 = 0 0 = 2 rad/s
4 + 40 2

Chap 14 Frequency Response 68

 Passive Filters
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with
desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others.

A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive

elements R, L, and C.

A filter is a active filter if it consists of active elements

(such as op amps and transistors) in addition to passive
elements R, L, and C.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 69

 Ideal Frequency Response of
Four Types Filters

Lowpass Filter (LPF) Bandpass Filter (BPF)

BSF

Highpass Filter (HPF)

Bandstop Filter (BSF)
Chap 14 Frequency Response 70
Characteristics of Four Type Filters

Type of Filters H(0) H() H(c) H(o)

Lowpass 1 0 1/ 2

Highpass 0 1 1/ 2

Bandpass 0 0 1

Bandstop 1 1 0

c is the cutoff frequency, and o is the center frequency.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 71
 Lowpass Filter
A lowpass filter is designed to pass only frequencies from
dc up to the cutoff frequency c.
Vo 1 jC 1 1
H ( ) = = = =
Vi R + 1 jC 1 + j RC 1 + j c
1
where c =
RC
1, =0

1
( ) = , = c
2
0 ,
0, =0

= 45 , = c
90 ,

Chap 14 Frequency Response 72
 Highpass Filter
A highpass filter is designed to pass all frequencies above
its cutoff frequency c.
Vo R j RC 1 j
H ( ) = = = =
Vi R + 1 jC 1 + j RC c 1 + j c
1
where c =
RC
0 , =0

1
H ( ) = , = c
2
1 ,
90 , = 0

= 45 , = c
0,

Chap 14 Frequency Response 73
 Bandpass Filter
A bandpass filter is designed to pass all frequencies
within a band of frequencies, 1<<2.
Vo R j RC
H( ) = = =
Vi R + j L + 1 jC 1 + j RC + ( j ) 2 LC
j
= RC
1 + j RC + ( j 0 ) 2
1
where 0 = = 12
LC
0 , =0

H ( ) = 1 , = 0
0 ,

90 , =0

= 0 , = 0
90 , Phase=
Quadratic poles + 900
Chap 14 Frequency Response 74
 Bandstop Filter
A bandstop filter is designed to stop or eliminate all
frequencies within a band of frequencies, 1<<2.
Vo j L + 1 jC 1 + ( j ) 2 LC
H ( ) = = =
Vi R + j L + 1 jC 1 + j RC + ( j ) 2 LC
1 + ( j 0 ) 2
=
1 + j RC + ( j 0 ) 2
1
where 0 = = 12
LC
1 , = 0

H ( ) = 0 , = 0 : rejection frequency
1 ,

0 , = 0

= 0 , = 0
0 ,

Chap 14 Frequency Response 75
 Example 10
Q: Determine what type of filter is shown in the below
circuit. Calculate the corner or cutoff frequency. Take
R = 2 k, L = 2 H, and C = 2 F.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 76

 Example 10 (cont.)
Sol:
Vo R 1/ sC
H( s) = = , s = j
Vi sL + R 1/ sC '
But
1 R / sC R
R = =
sC R + 1/ sC 1 + sRC
R /(1 + sRC ) R
H( s) = = 2 , s = j
sL + R /(1 + sRC ) s RLC + sL + R
or
R
H ( ) =
2 RLC + j L + R

Chap 14 Frequency Response 77

 Example 10 (cont.)
Since H(0) = 1 and H()=0, Lowpass Filter
R
H ( ) =
R 2 RLC + j L + R
H=
( R 2 RLC ) 2 + ( L) 2
2
c L
2
1 R
H2 = = or 2 = (1 c2 LC ) 2 +
2 ( R c2 RLC ) 2 + c2 L2 R
2 = (1 c2 4 106 ) 2 + (c 103 ) 2
2 = (1 4c2 ) 2 + c2 or 16c4 7c2 1 = 0
c2 = 0.5509 and 0.1134
c = 0.742 krad/s = 742 rad/s

Chap 14 Frequency Response 78

 Example 11
Q: If the bandstop filter in the figure is to reject a
200Hz sinusoid while passing other frequencies,
calculate values of L and C. Take R = 150 and the
bandwidth as 100 Hz.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 79

Sol:
Example 11 (cont.)
1 + ( j 0 ) 2
H ( ) =
1 + j RC + ( j 0 ) 2
o = 200 Hz; B = 100 Hz; R = 150
1
where 0 = = 12
LC
B = 2 (100) = 200 rad/s
But
R R 150
B= L= = = 0.2387 H
L B 200
0 = 2 f 0 = 2 (200) = 400
Since 0 = 1/ LC
1 1
C= = = 2.653 F
02 L (400 ) 0.2387
2

Chap 14 Frequency Response 80

 Scaling--Magnitude Scaling
Magnitude scaling is the process of increasing all
impedances in a network by a factor, the frequency
response remaining unchanged.
1
Z R = R, Z L = j L, ZC =
jC
R = K m R
ZR = K m Z R = K m R
L = K m L
ZL = K m Z L = j K m L
C
1 C =
ZC = K m ZC = Km
jC / K m
=
1 1 1
0 = = = = 0
LC K m LC / K m LC
Chap 14 Frequency Response 81
 Frequency Scaling
Frequency scaling is the process of shifting the
frequency response of a network up or down the
frequency axis while leaving the impedance the same.
R = R
L L
Z L = j ( K f ) L = j L L = L =
Kf Kf
1 1 C C
ZC = = C = C =
j ( K f )C jC Kf Kf
= K f
1 1 Kf
0 = = = = K f 0
LC ( L / K f )(C / K f ) LC
B = K f B
Chap 14 Frequency Response 82
 Magnitude and Frequency Scaling
Scale the magnitude and frequency at the same time
R = R
R = K m R
L
L = K m L L =
Kf
C
C = C
Km C =
Kf
=
R = K m R = K f
Km
L = L
Kf
1
C = C
Km K f
= K f
Chap 14 Frequency Response 83
 Example 12
Q: A fourth-order Butterworth lowpass filter is shown
in the Figure (a). The filter is designed such that the
cutoff frequency c = 1 rad/s. Scale the circuit for a
cutoff frequency of 50 kHz using 10-k resistors.

Chap 14 Frequency Response 84

 Example 12 (cont.)
Sol:
c 100 103 R 10 10 3
Kf = = = 105 , K m = = = 104
c 1 R 1
Km 104
L1 = L1 = (1.848) = 58.82 mH
Kf 10 5

Km 104
L2 = L2 = (0.765) = 24.35 mH
Kf 10 5

C1 0.765
C1 = =
K m K f 10 9
= 243.5 pF
C2 1.848
C2 = = = 588.2 pF
K m K f 10 9

Chap 14 Frequency Response 85