02 Greek Roman

Greek to Roman Architecture
Arch. Josephine Sandy R. Lu

UM CAFAE
HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
Revival Modern
Near East Islamic
ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

Egyptian
Pre-Historic Greek Roman
Near East

GREEK

GREEK: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
surrounded on three sides by
the sea, possessed of many
natural harbours, and
convenient for the
development of trade
mountainous nature of the
country separated the
inhabitants into groups or
clans = rivalry
rugged nature of the Greek
Peninsula & its widespread
islands = made
communication difficult
GREEK: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
MARBLE - chief mineral
wealth of Greece, the
most monumental
building material in
existence, and one
which favours purity of
line and refinement in
detail
The country was also
rich in silver, copper,
and iron.
GREEK: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing
heat: favoured an outdoor life, most of public
ceremonies took place in an open air, even in
religious rites, due to limited public buildings other
than temples
hot sun and sudden showers = porticoes and

colonnades which were such important features

GREEK: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
AEGEANS: worship nature, priestesses
conducted the religious rites
GREEKS: Represents their deities by large statues.

They worship natural phenomena, ancestors and
deified heroes

GREEK: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE

GREEK: SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE
Chief diversion were music, dancing, wrestling,
boxing, gymnastic, and bullfighting often with
religious connection. Women took part in hunting
and more strenuous games, as well as in craftwork
National games and religious festivals united them

in reverence for their religion, and gave them that
love for music, the drama, and the fine arts, and that
emulation in manly sports and contests for which
they were distinguished.
GREEK: SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE
people led an open-air life, for the public
ceremonies and in many cases the administration of
justice were carried on in the open air
Forms of government: tyrannic, aristocratic, &

democratic

GREEK: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
Early Period : Aegeans, Minoans & Myceneans (3000 BC
700 BC)
Hellenic Period: Greek cultural influence and power
was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia,
experiencing Prosperity and progress in
the arts, exploration, literature, theater,
architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy,
and science

GREEK: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD
roughness and massiveness of structure
GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD

Simplicity & Harmony
Purity of Lines
Perfection of Proportions
Refinement of Details
"carpentry in marble - timber forms imitated in stone
with remarkable exactness
GREEK: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Low pitch or flat roof on multi-storey structure
Stairway was developed for vertical circulation
principal building types: Houses termed as Megaron &
palaces
4 Methods of walling surface finishes:
a) Cyclopean a masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid
mortar
b) Polygonal a masonry w/c is constructed w/ stones having
polygonal faces
c) Rectangular block of stone cut into rectangular shapes.
d) Inclined blocks stones with inclined blocks
Low pitch or flat roof on multi-storey structure
Stairway was developed for vertical circulation
principal building types: Houses termed as Megaron &
palaces
4 Methods of walling surface finishes:
a) Cyclopean a masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid
mortar
b) Polygonal a masonry w/c is constructed w/ stones having
polygonal faces
c) Rectangular block of stone cut into rectangular shapes.
d) Inclined blocks stones with inclined blocks
Rectangular plan
Propylaea - Temples gateways
Colonnade surrounds the temple.
Lacunaria - timber paneled coffers, no ceiling
Walls were made up of stones.
Marble sculptures
Mural paintings on the walls of temples
Entasis - optical illusions were corrected from horizontal
lines not to appear dropping or sagging from the center
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
or HELLENIC PERIOD
Entasis - optical
illusions were
corrected from
horizontal lines not to
appear dropping or
sagging from the
center

GREEK: EXAMPLES
AEGEAN
ARCHITECTURE OR
EARLY PERIOD
1.) Megaron
Areas:
Enclosed porch
Living apartment or
megaron proper
Thalamus or The Megaron complex at Mycenae, view from
sleeping room the main hall (circular hearth visible in
foreground) through the anteroom and porch.
GREEK: EXAMPLES
AEGEAN
ARCHITECTURE OR
EARLY PERIOD
2.) Gate of Lions,
Mycenae
most ancient stone
sculpture in Europe

GREEK: EXAMPLES
AEGEAN
ARCHITECTURE OR
EARLY PERIOD
3.) Palaces
used by kings or local
chieftain
King Minos Palace, Crete

GREEK: EXAMPLES
4.) Tombs
2 Types of Aegean Tomb:
a) Tholos a stone-vaulted construction, shaped like an old
fashion beehive. It consists of a long passage known as
Dromos leading to domed chamber.
b) Rockcut or chamber tomb rectangular chamber, cut w/
in the slope hill -side approach by Dromos

GREEK: EXAMPLES
AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR
EARLY PERIOD
4.) Tombs
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

sometimes known as the Tomb of
Agamemnon,
largest and best preserved
consists of a long passage or
"dromos" (20 ft. broad by 115 ft. long)
GREEK: EXAMPLES
AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR
EARLY PERIOD
4.) Tombs

sometimes known as the Tomb of
Agamemnon,
largest and best preserved
consists of a long passage or
"dromos" (20 ft. broad by 115 ft. long)
GREEK: EXAMPLES
4.) Tombs

GREEK: EXAMPLES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
or HELLENIC PERIOD
5.) Temenos
A sacred enclosure
surrounding a temple or
other holy spot
Acropolis at Pergamon

GREEK: EXAMPLES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
or HELLENIC PERIOD
5.) Temenos
ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE) Acropolis at Athens

GREEK: EXAMPLES
GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
or HELLENIC
PERIOD

GREEK: EXAMPLES
Structures at Acropolis, Athens
Propylaea Temple of Nike Apteros
Pinacotheca & Glypthotheca Old Temple of Athena
Statue of Athena Promachos Stoa of Eumeses

Erectheion Theater of Dionysus
Parthenon Odeion of Herodes
Atticus

GREEK: EXAMPLES

GREEK: EXAMPLES

GREEK: EXAMPLES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
or HELLENIC PERIOD
Structures at Acropolis,
Athens
a) Temple of Nike
Architect Callicrates
Most exquisite small
Ionic temple dedicated to
" Wingless Victory"

GREEK: EXAMPLES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE or
HELLENIC PERIOD
Athens
b) Erectheion
Architect Mnesicles
Sculptor Phidias

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
Athens
b) Erectheion/ Erectheum
Caryatids - porch was built
to conceal the giant 15-ft
beam needed to support
the southwest corner over
the metropolis

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
Athens
b) Erectheion/ Erectheum

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
Athens
c) Parthenon
dedicated to the goddess
Athena
largest Greek Temple
Architect: Ictinus & Callicrates
Master Sculptor: Phidias
GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
c) Parthenon
a peripteral octostyle Doric
temple with Ionic architectural
features
stands on a platform or
stylobate of three steps

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
c) Parthenon
Stylobate
Stereobate
Crepidoma
Euthynteria

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
6.) Agora
square city or market place, the
Greeks political business &
economic life

GREEK: EXAMPLES
7.) TEMPLES
chief buildings
PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE

a) Pronaos the inner portico in front of naos or cella
b) Naos principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess, w/
porticoes & colonnades
c) Epinaos or Opisthodomus posticum which serves as the treasury
chamber
GREEK: EXAMPLES
7.) TEMPLES

GREEK: EXAMPLES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE a) Henostyle - one column
or HELLENIC PERIOD b) Distyle - two columns
c) Tristyle - three columns
7.) TEMPLES d) TetraStyle - four columns
TWO WAYS OF e) Pentastyle - five columns
DESCRIBING TEMPLES: f) Hexastyle - six columns
(rectangular) g) Heptastyle - seven columns
According to the number of h) Octastyle - eight columns
columns on the entrance front. i) Enneastyle - nine columns
j) Decastyle - ten columns
By the arrangement of the
k) Dodecastyle - twelve columns
exterior columns of the temple
in relation to naos

GREEK: EXAMPLES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE IN ANTIS temples that have one to four
columns between antae at the front.
or HELLENIC PERIOD AMPHI-ANTIS temples that have one to
four columns between antae at the front and
7.) TEMPLES rear.
TWO WAYS OF PROSTYLE temples that have a portico of
columns at front.
DESCRIBING TEMPLES: AMPHI-PROSTYLE temples that have a
(rectangular) portico of columns at the front & rear.
PERIPTERAL temples that have single
line of columns surrounding the naos.
PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL temples that have
flanked of cols. Attached to the naos wall.
DIPTERAL temples that have a double
line of columns surrounding the naos.
PSEUDO-DIPTERAL temples are like the
last, but the inner range of columns is omitted
ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE) on the flanks of the naos.
GREEK: EXAMPLES
7.) TEMPLES

GREEK: CLASSICAL MOULDINGS
Intercolumniation: spacing between the columns
Pycnostyle 1.5 dia
Systyle 2 dia
Eustyle 2.25 dia
Diastyle 3 dia
Areaostyle 4 dia

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
8.) STOA
covered walkways or porticos,
commonly for public usage
early stoas were open at the
entrance with columns, usually
of the Doric order, lining the
side of the building; they
created a safe, enveloping,
protective atmosphere
GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
9.) PRYTANEION
a senate house for the chief
dignitaries of the city

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
10.) BOULEUTERION
council house
covered meeting place of
the democratically elected
councils

GREEK: EXAMPLES
11.) THEATER
for plays
an open air structure, which consisted of orchestra, auditorium or
cavea out of the slope of hillside, in or near city

GREEK: EXAMPLES
HELLENIC PERIOD
11.) THEATER
Theater of Epidaurus
most beautiful example &
well preserved building
Architect: Polycleitus

GREEK: EXAMPLES
11.) ODEION
for music
carved or hollowed out of the hillside
acoustically-efficient
Odeion of Herodes

GREEK: EXAMPLES

GREEK: EXAMPLES
12.) STADIUM
sports arena

GREEK: EXAMPLES
13.) HIPPODROME
chariot race arena

GREEK: EXAMPLES
14.) PALAESTRA
wrestling school

GREEK: EXAMPLES
14.) GYMNASIA
exercise court

GREEK: CLASSICAL ORDERS
A.) DORIC ORDER
simpliest & the earliest among the 5
orders
Without base, directly on crepidoma
Height (including capital): 4 to 6 times the
diameter at the base
Divided into 20 shallow flutes separated
by arrises 3 main divisions:
Doric capitals had two parts - the square Architrave: principal beam
abacus above and circular bulbous of 2 or 3 slabs in depth
echinus below Frieze
Cornice, mouldings
B.) IONIC ORDER
volute or scroll capital (derived from
Egyptian lotus and Aegean art)
More slender than Doric
Needed a base to spread load
Height: 9 times the base diameter
Has 24 flutes separated by fillets Two parts:
Upper and lower torus Architrave, with fascia
Cornice
No frieze
C.) CORINTHIAN ORDER
Decorative variant of Ionic Order
Base and shaft resembled Ionic
More slender
Height of 10 diameters
Capital invented by Callimachus, inspired
by basket over root of acanthus plant 3 parts:
Architrave
Frieze
Cornice, developed type
with dentils

GREEK: CLASSICAL
ORDERS

GREEK: CLASSICAL
ORDERS

GREEK: CLASSICAL MOULDINGS

Egyptian
Pre-Historic Greek Roman
Near East

ROMAN
Roman Empire in 114 AD
under Emperor Trajan
BRITAIN
LONDON GERMANY
FRANCE
NIMES
ITALY
ROME
GREECE
SPAIN POMPEII
SEGOVIA BYZANTIUM
(CONSTANTINOPLE)
ATHENS
CARTHAGE
ANTIOCH PERSIA
AFRICA
EGYPT

ROMAN: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
The central and commanding position of Italy in the
Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary
in spreading art and civilisation over Europe, Western Asia,
and North Africa, they conquered first by war, dominated
by force of character, and then ruled by laws and civilised
by arts and letters.
The Romans were not a seafaring people like the Greeks,

and did not send out colonists in the same way to all parts
of the then-known world: they depended for the extension
of their power, not on colonisation, but on conquest.

ROMAN: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
Concrete
Chief building material was which rendered finest
example of Roman Architecture
made up of stone or brick rubble & a mortar of which
the important ingredient was pozzolana
ample supply of marbles, terra-cotta, stone, bricks,
sand, gravel & timber

ROMAN: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
North Italy - climate of the temperate region of
Europe
Central Italy - genial and sunny
South Italy - almost tropical
Diversity of architectural features & treatment in
the peninsula itself

ROMAN: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
religion of ancient Rome was part of the
constitution of the State
worship of the gods, adopted from the Greeks
under Latin names
venerated more their emperors than their gods
and because of this attitude, there were less
temples for worship

ROMAN: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Important Emperors who
patronizes architecture in Rome:
NERO
HADRIAN
DIOCLETIAN
VESPASIAN
SEPTIMUS SEVERUS
TRAJAN
CARACALLA
ROMAN: SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
In the Roman social system,
there were only patricians,
plebeians and slaves and no
middle class
Roman women were held in
high respect
family life was protected

ROMAN: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE

ROMAN: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
VASTNESS & MAGNIFICENCE
OSTENTATION & ORNATENESS

ROMAN: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
TYPES OF VAULTS DEVELOPMENT
a) Semi-circular/ Wagon-headed/ Barrel vault
borne on two parallel walls throughout its length
b) Cross vault
formed by intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal
span
used over square apartment or on square bays in long
hallways
c) Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola
used over circular structures
semi-domes for semi-circular recesses
5 ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
a) Opus Quadratum made up of
rectangular blocks of stone with or
w/ out mortar joints but frequently
secured with dowels and cramps
b) Opus Incertum made up of small
stones laid in a loose pattern
roughly assembling the polygonal
work
c) Opus Recticulatum fine joints were
in diagonal lines like the meshes of a
net
5 ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
d) Opus Testaceum triangular bricks
( plan) specially made for facing
the walls
e) Opus Mixtum consisted of bands of

tufa introduced at intervals in the
ordinary brick facing or alteration of
rectangular blocks with small
squared stone blocks
ROMAN: CLASSICAL ORDERS
COLUMN/ CAPITALS
a) TUSCAN
counterpart of Doric
capital
About 7 diameters
high
With a base, unfluted
shaft, moulded capital,
plain entablature

ROMAN: CLASSICAL ORDERS
COLUMN/ CAPITALS
b) COMPOSITE
combination of Ionic & Corinthian
Most decorative

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
1.) FORUM
open space used as a
meeting place , market or
rendesvouz for political
demonstrations
Forum Romanum
oldest & most important

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
1.) FORUM
Forum of Trajan
largest forum
Architect: Apollodorus
of Damascus

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
2.) RECTANGULAR
TEMPLES
used PseudoPeripteral, raised
in a podium, oriented towards
the south

Maison Caree, Nimes
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
3.) CIRCULAR & POLYGONAL
TEMPLES
derived from the temples of the
Greeks & the Etruscans which
became the prototype of the
Christian baptistery
The Pantheon
most famous & perfect
preservation of all ancient buildings
in Rome.
converted into a Christian church
named Sta. Maria Rotonda
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
4.) BASILICAS
halls of justice or assembly hall
Basilica in the Forum Pompeii

Basilica of Septimius Severus,
Lepcis Magna
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
5.) THERMAE
palatial public bath
Romans liked to keep

clean and fit
Built elaborate public
baths throughout the
empire
For as many as 30 men
and women in the open

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
5.) THERMAE
Parts of the thermae
a) Apodyteria dressing room
b) Laconicum (Sudatorium) - sweat
room, rubbing with oil
c) Tepidarium warm bath
d) Frigidarium cold bath
e) Unctuaria (Alipterion) oils and
perfumes room (unguents)
f) Calidarium hot room, or with
hot water bath
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
5.) THERMAE

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
6.) BALNEUM
private bath in Roman palaces
& houses
containing the following:
a) Tepidarium
b) Calidarium
c) Frigidarium

Hadrian Villa summer bath
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
7.) THEATERS OR
ODEION
Roman theaters were built up
by means of concrete
vaulting, supporting tiers of
seats, it was restricted to a
semi-circle

Theater & Portico of Pompeii, Rome
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
8.) AMPHITHEATERS OR
COLOSSEUM
use for gladiatorial combats,
elliptical in plan
The Colosseum
Also known as Flavian
Amphitheater
commenced by Vespasian &
completed by Domitian
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
8.) AMPHITHEATERS OR COLOSSEUM

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
9.) TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
erected to commemorate
victorious campaign of
emperors and Generals
Arch of Septimius Severus,

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE) The Forum, Rome
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
10.) PALACES
used to house the Emperors
Palace of Diocletian
Spalato largest palace & often
called a city in a house
covered a total of 8 acres,
almost the size of Escorial, Spain.

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
11.) ROMAN HOUSES
a) Domus
domestic dwelling
private house
b) Villa
Country House
a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and
gardens, colonnades, theaters & thermae
c) Insula
Apartment Block
3 to 4-storey tenement also called Werkmens Dwelling
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
11.) ROMAN HOUSES
villa
domus

insulae
ROMAN: EXAMPLES
12.) AQUEDUCTS
use for water supply, w/ smooth
channels or specus lined w/
hard cement & carried on
arches, in several tiers
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
13.) BRIDGES OR PONS
simple, solid & practical construction designed to resist the
rush of water

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
13.) FOUNTAINS
striking features of ancient & modern Rome
Types :
a) Lacus or Locus designed similar to a large basin of water.
b) Salientes similar to a large basin of water with spouting
jets.

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
13.) FOUNTAINS

ROMAN: EXAMPLES
13.) FOUNTAINS

02 Greek Roman

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02 Greek Roman

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Greek to Roman Architecture

Arch. Josephine Sandy R. Lu

Near East Islamic

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

hot sun and sudden showers = porticoes and

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

GREEKS: Represents their deities by large statues.

ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE)

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National games and religious festivals united them

Forms of government: tyrannic, aristocratic, &

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD

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King Minos Palace, Crete

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Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

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ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE) Acropolis at Athens

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Pinacotheca & Glypthotheca Old Temple of Athena

Statue of Athena Promachos Stoa of Eumeses

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PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE

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Pre-Historic Greek Roman

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The Romans were not a seafaring people like the Greeks,

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