The Adventures of Tintin - Wikipedia

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TheAdventuresofTintin
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TheAdventuresofTintin(French:LesAventuresde
Tintin[leavtydtt ] )isaseriesof24comicalbums TheAdventuresofTintin
createdbyBelgiancartoonistGeorgesRemi,whowrote
underthepennameHerg.Theserieswasoneofthe
mostpopularEuropeancomicsofthe20thcentury.By
2007,acenturyafterHerg'sbirthin1907,[1]Tintinhad
beenpublishedinmorethan70languageswithsalesof
morethan200millioncopies.[2]
TheseriesfirstappearedinFrenchon10January1929
inLePetitVingtime(TheLittleTwentieth),ayouth ThemaincharactersofTheAdventuresofTintin.
supplementtotheBelgiannewspaperLeVingtime Fromlefttoright:ProfessorCalculus,CaptainHaddock,
Sicle(TheTwentiethCentury).Thesuccessofthe
Tintin,Thompson,Snowy,Thomson,andBianca
seriessawtheserialisedstripspublishedinBelgium's
Castafiore.
leadingnewspaperLeSoir(TheEvening)andspuninto
asuccessfulTintinmagazine.In1950,Hergcreated Createdby Herg
StudiosHerg,whichproducedthecanonicalversionsof Publicationinformation
tenTintinalbums.TheAdventuresofTintinhavebeen
adaptedforradio,television,theatre,andfilm. Publisher Casterman
LeLombard
Theseriesissetduringalargelyrealistic[3]20thcentury. EgmontGroup
ItsheroisTintin,ayoungBelgianreporterand
Title(s)
adventurer.HeisaidedbyhisfaithfuldogSnowy(Milou
intheoriginalFrenchedition).Otherprotagonists TintinintheLandoftheSoviets
includethebrashandcynicalCaptainHaddockandthe TintinintheCongo
intelligentbuthearingimpairedProfessorCalculus TintininAmerica
(French:ProfesseurTournesol),aswellasthe CigarsofthePharaoh
incompetentdetectivesThomsonandThompson TheBlueLotus
(French:DupontetDupond)andtheoperadivaBianca TheBrokenEar
Castafiore. TheBlackIsland
Theserieshasbeenadmiredforitsclean,expressive KingOttokar'sSceptre
drawingsinHerg'ssignatureligneclaire("clearline") TheCrabwiththeGoldenClaws
style.[4]Itswellresearched[5]plotsstraddleavarietyof TheShootingStar
genres:swashbucklingadventureswithelementsof TheSecretoftheUnicorn
fantasy,mysteries,politicalthrillers,andsciencefiction. RedRackham'sTreasure
Thestoriesfeatureslapstickhumour,offsetbydashesof TheSevenCrystalBalls
sophisticatedsatireandpoliticalorculturalcommentary. PrisonersoftheSun
LandofBlackGold
DestinationMoon
Contents ExplorersontheMoon
TheCalculusAffair
1 History TheRedSeaSharks
1.1 LeVingtimeSicle:19291939 TintininTibet
1.2 LeSoir:19401945 TheCastafioreEmerald
1.3 LeJournaldeTintin:19461983
Flight714
2 Synopsis
2.1 Characters TintinandthePicaros
2.2 Settings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin#List_of_titles 1/27
2.2 Settings TintinandAlphArt

3 Research
4 Influences Formats Originalmaterialfortheseries
5 TranslationintoEnglish hasbeenpublishedasastripin
5.1 British thecomicsanthology(s)
5.2 American LePetitVingtime
5.3 Letteringandtypography LeSoir
6 Reception
Tintinmagazine
6.1 Awards
6.2 Literarycriticism andasetofgraphicnovels.
6.3 Controversy Originallanguage French
7 Adaptationsandmemorabilia
Genre Action/adventure
7.1 Televisionandradio
7.2 Cinema Publicationdate 19291976
7.3 Documentaries Maincharacter(s) Tintin
7.4 Theatre
Snowy
7.5 Videogames
7.6 Memorabiliaandmerchandise CaptainHaddock
7.7 Stampsandcoins ProfessorCalculus
7.8 Parodyandpastiche ThomsonandThompson
7.9 Exhibitions BiancaCastafiore
8 Legacy
9 Listoftitles Creativeteam
10 Seealso Writer(s) Herg
11 References
Artist(s) Herg
11.1 Notes
11.2 Citations Uncredited:
11.3 Bibliography BobdeMoor
12 Furtherreading EdgarP.Jacobs
13 Externallinks JacquesMartin
RogerLeloup
Colourist(s) EdgarP.Jacobs
History JosetteBaujot
FannyRodwell
LeVingtimeSicle:19291939 (alluncredited)
Creator(s) Herg
GeorgesRemi,bestknownunderthepennameHerg,
wasemployedasanillustratoratLeVingtimeSicle
("TheTwentiethCentury"),astaunchlyRomanCatholic,
conservativeBelgiannewspaperbasedinHerg'snativeBrussels. "TheideaforthecharacterofTintinand
RunbytheAbbNorbertWallez,thepaperdescribeditselfasa thesortofadventuresthatwouldbefallhim
cametome,Ibelieve,infiveminutes,the
"CatholicNewspaperforDoctrineandInformation"and momentIfirstmadeasketchofthefigure
disseminatedafarright,fascistviewpoint.[7]Wallezappointed ofthishero:thatistosay,hehadnot
HergeditorofanewThursdayyouthsupplement,titledLePetit hauntedmyyouthnorevenmydreams.
Althoughit'spossiblethatasachildI
Vingtime("TheLittleTwentieth").[8]PropagatingWallez'ssocio imaginedmyselfintheroleofasortof
politicalviewstoitsyoungreadership,itcontainedexplicitlypro Tintin."
[9]
fascistandantiSemiticsentiment. Inadditiontoeditingthe
Herg,15November1966. [6]
supplement,HergillustratedL'extraordinaireaventuredeFlup,
Nnesse,PoussetteetCochonnet("TheExtraordinaryAdventures
ofFlup,Nnesse,PoussetteandCochonnet"),[10]acomicstripauthoredbyamemberofthenewspaper'ssport
staff.Dissatisfiedwiththis,Hergwantedtowriteanddrawhisowncartoonstrip.[11]
Healreadyhadexperiencecreatingcomicstrips.FromJuly1926hehadwrittenastripaboutaBoyScout
patrolleadertitledLesAventuresdeTotorC.P.desHannetons("TheAdventuresofTotor,ScoutLeaderofthe
Cockchafers")fortheScoutingnewspaperLeBoyScoutBelge("TheBelgianBoyScout").[11]Totorwasa
stronginfluenceonTintin,[12]withHergdescribingthelatterasbeinglikeTotor'syoungerbrother.[6]Jean
MarcandRandyLofficierstatedthatgraphically,TotorandTintinwere"virtuallyidentical"exceptforthe
Scoutuniform,[13]alsonotingmanysimilaritiesbetweentheirrespectiveadventures,particularlyinthe
illustrationstyle,thefastpaceofthestory,andtheuseofhumour.[14]Hewasfascinatedbynewtechniquesin
themediumsuchasthesystematicuseofspeechbubblesfoundinsuchAmericancomicsasGeorge
McManus'BringingupFather,GeorgeHerriman'sKrazyKatandRudolphDirks'sKatzenjammerKids,copies
ofwhichhadbeensenttohimfromMexicobythepaper'sreporterLonDegrelle.[15]
AlthoughHergwantedtosendTintintotheUnitedStates,Wallezordered
himtosethisadventureintheSovietUnion,actingasantisocialist
propagandaforchildren.Theresult,TintinintheLandoftheSoviets,was
serialisedinLePetitVingtimefromJanuary1929toMay1930.[17]Popularin
FrancophoneBelgium,WallezorganisedapublicitystuntattheGareduNord
station,followingwhichheorganisedthepublicationofthestoryinbook
form.[18]Thestory'spopularityledtoanincreaseinsales,soWallezgranted
Hergtwoassistants.[19]AtWallez'sdirection,inJunehebeganserialisation
ofthesecondstory,TintinintheCongo,designedtoencouragecolonial
sentimenttowardstheBelgianCongo.Authoredinapaternalisticstylethat
depictedtheCongoleseaschildlikeidiots,inlaterdecadesitwasaccusedof
racism,howeveratthetimewasuncontroversialandpopular,andfurther
publicitystuntswereheldtoincreasesales.[20]
Thefrontpageofthe1May
1930editionofLePetit Forthethirdadventure,TintininAmerica,serialisedfromSeptember1931to
Vingtime,declaring"TintinOctober1932,Hergfinallygottodealwithascenarioofhisownchoice,and
revient!"("TintinReturns!")
usedtheworktopushananticapitalist,anticonsumeristagendainkeeping
fromhisadventureinthe
withthepaper'sultraconservativeideology.[21]TheAdventuresofTintinhad
SovietUnion. [16]
beensyndicatedtoFrenchCatholicmagazineCursVaillants("Brave
Hearts")since1930,andHergwassoonreceivingsyndicationrequestsfrom
SwissandPortuguesenewspaperstoo.[22]
HergwentontopenastringofAdventuresofTintin,sendinghischaractertoreallocationssuchastheBelgian
Congo,theUnitedStates,Egypt,India,China,andtheUnitedKingdom.HealsosentTintintofictional
countriesofhisowndevising,suchastheLatinAmericanrepublicofSanTheodoros,theEastEuropean
kingdomofSyldavia,orthefasciststateBorduriawhoseleader,Msstler,wasacombinationofNaziGerman
leaderAdolfHitlerandItalianFascistleaderBenitoMussolini.[23]
LeSoir:19401945
InMay1940,NaziGermanyinvadedBelgiumasWorldWarIIbrokeoutacrossEurope.AlthoughHerg
brieflyfledtoFranceandconsideredaselfimposedexile,heultimatelydecidedtoreturntohisoccupied
homeland.[24]Forpoliticalreasons,theNaziauthoritiescloseddownLeVingtimeSicle,leavingHerg
unemployed.[25]Insearchofemployment,hegotajobasanillustratoratBelgium'sleadingnewspaper,LeSoir
(TheEvening),whichwasallowedtocontinuepublicationunderGermanmanagement.[26]On17October
1940,hewasmadeeditorofthechildren'ssupplement,LeSoirJeunesse,inwhichhesetaboutproducingnew
Tintinadventures.[27]Inthisnew,morerepressivepoliticalclimateofGermanoccupiedBelgium,Hergcould
nolongerexplorepoliticalthemesinhisAdventuresofTintinlesthebearrestedbytheGestapo.AsHarry
Thompsonnoted,Tintin'sroleasareportercametoanend,tobereplacedbyhisnewroleasanexplorer.[28]
From1943on,HergwiththehelpofEdgarP.JacobsstartedredrawingandcolouringtheearlyTintin
adventures,whilealsocollaboratingintheproductionofnewstories.Theoldstories,usuallyabitover100
pageslong,wererestructuredtofitinto62pages.Jacobseventuallyendedthecollaborationin1947when
Hergrefusedtosharethecreditwithhim.Theyremainedfriendsregardlessofthefact.
LeJournaldeTintin:19461983
Attheendofthewar,inSeptember1944,theAlliesenteredBrusselsandHerg'sGermanemployersfled.Le
SoirwasshutdownandTheAdventuresofTintinwasputonhold.[29]Thenin1946,Hergacceptedan
invitationfromBelgiancomicpublisherRaymondLeblancandhisnewpublishingcompanyLeLombardto
continueTheAdventuresofTintininthenewLejournaldeTintin(Tintinmagazine).[30]Whileelatedtohave
hisworkpublishedagain,HergquicklylearnedthatifTintinmagazinewashisdeliverer,itwasalsohis
demandingemployer.Henolongerhadtheindependencehepreferredhewasrequiredtoproducetwo
colouredpagesaweekforLeblanc'smagazineatallorder.[31]Despitethis,Herg'sdedicationtodetail
continued,hisartisticstandardsescalated,[32]evenashispressuresmounted.
Finally,in1950,HergbegantopoachthebettermembersoftheTintinmagazinestafftoworkinthelarge
houseonAvenueLouisethatcontainedthefledglingStudiosHerg.[33]BobDeMoor(whoimitatedHerg's
styleanddidhalfthework),[33]GuyDessicy(colourist),andMarcelDeHaye(secretary)werethenucleus.To
this,HergaddedJacquesMartin(imitatedHerg'sstyle),RogerLeloup(detailed,realisticdrawings),Eugne
Evany(laterchiefoftheStudios),[30]MichelDemaret(letterer),andBaudouinVanDenBranden(secretary).[34]
AsHarryThompsonobserved,theideawastoturntheprocessofcreatingTheAdventuresofTintinintoa
"veritableproductionline,theartworkpassingfrompersontoperson,everyoneknowingtheirpart,likean
artisticorchestrawithHergconducting."[35]TheStudiosproducedeightnewTintinalbumsforTintin
magazine,andcolouredandreformattedtwooldTintinalbums.StudiosHergcontinuedtoreleaseadditional
publicationsuntilHerg'sdeathin1983.In1986,atwentyfourthunfinishedalbumwasreleased,theStudios
weredisbanded,anditsassetsweretransferredtotheHergFoundation.[36]Bolsteredbyrecentadaptations,
TheAdventuresofTintincontinuetoentertainnewgenerationsofTintinfanstoday.
Synopsis
Characters
TintinandSnowy
TintinisayoungBelgianreporterwhobecomesinvolvedindangerous
casesinwhichhetakesheroicactiontosavetheday.TheAdventures
mayfeatureTintinhardatworkinhisinvestigativejournalism,but
seldomisheseenactuallyturninginastory.Heisaboyofneutral
attitudeswithwhomtheaudiencecanidentifyinthisrespect,he
representstheeveryman.
ReadersandcriticshavedescribedTintinasawellroundedyetopen
ended,intelligentandcreativecharacter,notingthathisratherneutral
personalitysometimeslabelledasblandpermitsabalanced
reflectionoftheevil,folly,andfoolhardiness,whichsurroundshim.The TintinandSnowy,appearingonthe
characternevercompromiseshisBoyScoutideals,whichrepresent formerheadquartersofTintin
Herg'sown,andhisstatusallowsthereadertoassumehisposition publisherLeLombard,closetothe
withinthestory,ratherthanmerelyfollowingtheadventuresofastrong GareduMidi,inBrussels
protagonist.[37]Tintin'siconicrepresentationenhancesthisaspect,with
ScottMcCloudnotingthatit"allowsreaderstomaskthemselvesinacharacterandsafelyenterasensually
stimulatingworld."[38]
Snowy(MilouinHerg'soriginalversion),awhiteWireFoxTerrierdog,isTintin'sloyal,fourlegged
companion.ThebondbetweenSnowyandTintinisverydeep,astheyhavesavedeachotherfromperilous
situationsmanytimes.Snowyfrequently"speaks"tothereaderthroughhisthoughts(oftendisplayingadry
senseofhumour),whicharenotheardbythehumancharactersinthestory.SnowyhasnearlyletTintindown
onoccasion,particularlywhendistractedbyabone.LikeCaptainHaddock,heisfondofLochLomondbrand
Scotchwhisky,andhisoccasionalboutsofdrinkingtendtogethimintotrouble.Whennotdistracted,Snowyis
generallyfearless,hisonlyfearbeingarachnophobia.WhenTintingetstiedupbyvillains(whichoften
happens),Snowyisusuallyabletofreehimbybitingthroughtherope.
CaptainHaddock
CaptainArchibaldHaddock(CapitaineHaddockinHerg'soriginalversion)isaMerchantMarineseacaptain
andTintin'sbestfriend.IntroducedinTheCrabwiththeGoldenClaws,Haddockisinitiallydepictedasaweak
andalcoholiccharacter,butlaterevolvestobecomegenuinelyheroicandevenasocialiteafterhefindsa
treasurefromhisancestor,SirFrancisHaddock(ChevalierFranoisdeHadoqueintheoriginalversion).The
Captain'scoarsehumanityandsarcasmactasacounterpointtoTintin'softenimplausibleheroismheisalways
quickwithadrycommentwhenevertheboyreporterseemstooidealistic.AfterheandTintinfindRed
Rackham'streasure,CaptainHaddocklivesintheluxuriousmansionMarlinspikeHall(Lechteaude
MoulinsartintheoriginalFrench).
ThehottemperedHaddockusesarangeofcolourfulinsultsandcursestoexpresshisfeelings,suchas"billions
ofblueblisteringbarnacles"or"tenthousandthunderingtyphoons","bashibazouk","visigoths",
"kleptomaniac",or"seagherkin",butnothingactuallyconsideredaswearword.Heisaharddrinker,
particularlyfondofrumandofScotchwhisky,especiallyLochLomondhisboutsofdrunkennessareoften
usedforcomiceffect,butsometimesgethimintoserioustrouble.
ProfessorCalculus
ProfessorCuthbertCalculus(ProfesseurTryphonTournesolinHerg'soriginalversiontournesolistheFrench
wordforsunflower)isanabsentmindedandpartiallydeafphysicistandaregularcharacteralongsideTintin,
Snowy,andCaptainHaddock.HewasintroducedinRedRackham'sTreasure,andbasedpartiallyonAuguste
Piccard,aSwissphysicist.[39]Theleadingcharactersdonotinitiallywelcomehispresence,butthroughhis
generousnatureandhisscientificability,hedevelopsalastingbondwiththem.Eventually,bytheendofLand
ofBlackGold,hebecomesaresidentofMarlinspikeHall.Normallymildmanneredanddignified,Calculus
occasionallyloseshistemperandactsinaspectacularlyaggressivemannerinresponsetoactualorperceived
insults,suchaswhenCaptainHaddockbelittleshisworkoraccuseshimof"actingthegoat".Heisafervent
believerindowsing,andcarriesapendulumforthatpurpose.Calculus'sdeafnessisafrequentsourceof
humour,asherepeatsbackwhathethinkshehasheard,usuallyinthemostunlikelywordspossible.Hedoes
notadmittobeingneardeafandinsistsheisonly"alittlehardofhearinginoneear."
Supportingcharacters
Herg'ssupportingcharactershavebeencitedasfarmore
"EverybodywantstobeTintin:generation developedthanthecentralcharacter,eachimbuedwithstrengthof
aftergeneration.Inaworldof characteranddepthofpersonality,whichhasbeencomparedwith
Rastapopouloses,TricklersandCarreidases thatofthecharactersofCharlesDickens.[41]Hergusedthe
or,moreprosaically,JolyonWaggsand
BoltthebuildersTintinrepresentsan supportingcharacterstocreatearealisticworld[3]inwhichtoset
unattainableidealofgoodness,cleanness, hisprotagonists'adventures.Tofurthertherealismandcontinuity,
authenticity." characterswouldrecurthroughouttheseries.Theoccupationof
BelgiumandtherestrictionsimposeduponHergforcedhimto
LiterarycriticTomMcCarthy,2006[40] focusoncharacterisationtoavoiddepictingtroublesomepolitical
situations.Asaresult,thecolourfulsupportingcastwasdeveloped
duringthisperiod.[42]
ThomsonandThompson(DupontetDupondinHerg'soriginalversion)aretwoincompetentdetectiveswho
looklikeidenticaltwins,theironlydiscernibledifferencebeingtheshapeoftheirmoustaches.[43]First
introducedinCigarsofthePharaoh,theyprovidemuchofthecomicreliefthroughouttheseries,being
afflictedwithchronicspoonerisms.Theyareextremelyclumsy,thoroughlyincompetent,andusuallybenton
arrestingthewrongcharacter.Thedetectivesusuallywearbowlerhatsandcarrywalkingsticksexceptwhen
sentabroadduringthosemissionstheyattemptthenationalcostumeofthelocalitytheyarevisiting,but
insteaddressinconspicuouslystereotypicalfolkloricattire.ThedetectiveswereinpartbasedonHerg'sfather
AlexisanduncleLon,identicaltwinswhooftentookwalkstogether,wearingmatchingbowlerhatswhile
carryingmatchingwalkingsticks.
BiancaCastafioreisanoperasingerofwhomHaddockisterrified.ShewasfirstintroducedinKingOttokar's
Sceptreandseemstoappearwherevertheprotagoniststravel,alongwithhermaidIrmaandpianistIgor
Wagner.Sheiscomicallyfoolish,whimsical,absentminded,andtalkative,andseemsunawarethathervoiceis
shrillandappallinglyloud.HerspecialityistheJewelSong(Ah!Jerisdemevoirsibelleencemiroir)from
Gounod'sopera,Faust,whichshesingsattheleastprovocation,muchtoHaddock'sdismay.Sheisoften
maternaltowardHaddock,ofwhosedislikesheremainsignorant.Sheoftenconfuseswords,especiallynames,
withotherwordsthatrhymewiththemorofwhichtheyremindher"Haddock"isfrequentlyreplacedby
malapropismssuchas"Paddock","Stopcock",or"Hopscotch",whileNestor,Haddock'sbutler,isconfused
with"Chestor"and"Hector".Herownnamemeans"whiteandchasteflower":ameaningtowhichProfessor
Calculusoncereferswhenhebreedsawhiteroseandnamesitforthesinger.Shewasbaseduponoperadivas
ingeneral(accordingtoHerg'sperception),Herg'sAuntNinie(whowasknownforher"shrill"singingof
opera),and,inthepostwarcomics,onMariaCallas.[44]
OtherrecurringcharactersincludeNestorthebutler,ChangtheloyalChineseboy,Rastapopoulosthecriminal
mastermind,JolyonWaggtheinfuriating(toHaddock)insurancesalesman,GeneralAlcazartheSouth
AmericanfreedomfighterandPresidentofSanTheodoros,MohammedBenKalishEzabtheArabemir,
Abdullahhismischievousson,Dr.MllertheevilGermanpsychiatrist,OliveiradaFigueirathefriendly
Portuguesesalesman,CuttsthebutcherwhosephonenumberisrepeatedlyconfusedwithHaddock's,andAllan
thehenchmanofRastapopoulosandformerlyHaddock'sfirstmate.
Settings
ThesettingswithinTintinhavealsoaddeddepthtothestrips.Hergminglesrealandfictionallandsintohis
stories,alongwithabaseinBelgiumfromwhereTintinsetsofforiginally26LabradorRoad,butlater
MarlinspikeHall.TheroleofsettingisaptlydemonstratedinKingOttokar'sSceptre,inwhichHergcreates
twofictionalcountries,SyldaviaandBorduria,andinvitesthereadertotourthemintextthroughtheinsertion
ofatravelbrochureintothestoryline.[45]OtherfictionallandsincludeKhemedontheArabianPeninsulaand
SanTheodoros,SoRico,andNuevoRicoinSouthAmerica,aswellasthekingdomofGaipajamainIndia.[46]
Alongwiththesefictitiouslocations,actualnationswereemployedsuchasBelgium,Switzerland,theUnited
Kingdom,theUnitedStates,theSovietUnion,Congo,Peru,India,Egypt,Indonesia,Nepal,Tibet,andChina.
OtheractuallocalesusedweretheSahara,theAtlanticOcean,andtheMoon.
Research
Herg'sextensiveresearchbeganwithTheBlueLotusHergstated,"ItwasfromthattimethatIundertook
researchandreallyinterestedmyselfinthepeopleandcountriestowhichIsentTintin,outofasenseof
responsibilitytomyreaders".[47]
Herg'suseofresearchandphotographicreferenceallowedhimtobuildarealiseduniverseforTintin,goingso
farastocreatefictionalisedcountries,dressingthemwithspecificpoliticalcultures.Thesewereheavily
informedbytheculturesevidentinHerg'slifetime.PierreSkillinghasassertedthatHergsawmonarchyas
"thelegitimateformofgovernment",notingthatdemocratic"valuesseemunderrepresentedin[such]aclassic
FrancoBelgianstrip".[48]Syldaviainparticularisdescribedinconsiderabledetail,Hergcreatingahistory,
customs,andalanguage,whichisactuallyaSlaviclookingtranscriptofMarols,aworkingclassBrussels
dialect.HesetthecountryintheBalkans,anditis,byhisownadmission,modelledafterAlbania.[49]The
countryfindsitselfthreatenedbyneighbouringBorduria,withanattemptedannexationappearinginKing
Ottokar'sSceptre.ThissituationparallelstheItalianconquestofAlbania,andthatofCzechoslovakiaand
AustriabyexpansionistNaziGermanypriortoWorldWarII.[50]
Herg'suseofresearchwouldincludemonthsofpreparationforTintin'svoyagetothemooninthetwopart
storylinespreadacrossDestinationMoonandExplorersontheMoon.Hisresearchforthestorylinewasnoted
inNewScientist:"TheconsiderableresearchundertakenbyHergenabledhimtocomeveryclosetothetype
ofspacesuitthatwouldbeusedinfutureMoonexploration,althoughhisportrayalofthetypeofrocketthat
wasactuallyusedwasalongwayoffthemark".ThemoonrocketisbasedontheGermanV2rockets.[51]
Influences
Inhisyouth,HergadmiredBenjaminRabierandsuggestedthatanumberofimageswithinTintinintheLand
oftheSovietsreflectedthisinfluence,particularlythepicturesofanimals.RenVincent,theArtDecodesigner,
alsoaffectedearlyTintinadventures:"HisinfluencecanbedetectedatthebeginningoftheSoviets,wheremy
drawingsaredesignedalongadecorativeline,likean'S'."[52]Hergalsofeltnocompunctioninadmittingthat
hehadstolentheimageofroundnosesfromGeorgeMcManus,feelingtheywere"somuchfunthatIused
them,withoutscruples!"[53]
DuringtheextensiveresearchHergcarriedoutforTheBlueLotus,hebecameinfluencedbyChineseand
Japaneseillustrativestylesandwoodcuts.Thisisespeciallynoticeableintheseascapes,whicharereminiscent
ofworksbyHokusaiandHiroshige.[54]
HergalsodeclaredMarkTwainaninfluence,althoughthisadmirationmayhaveledhimastraywhen
depictingIncasashavingnoknowledgeofanupcomingsolareclipseinPrisonersoftheSun,anerrorT.F.
Millsattributedtoanattempttoportray"Incasinaweofalatterday'ConnecticutYankee'".[55]
TranslationintoEnglish
British
TintinfirstappearedinEnglishintheweeklyBritishchildren'scomicEaglein1951withthestoryKing
Ottokar'sSceptre.[a][56]ItwastranslatedinconjunctionwithCasterman,Tintin'spublishers,andstartsby
describingTintinas"aFrenchboy".SnowywascalledbyhisFrenchname"Milou".[57]
TheprocessoftranslatingTintinintoBritishEnglishwasthencommissionedin1958byMethuen,Herg's
Britishpublishers.Itwasajointoperation,headedbyLeslieLonsdaleCooperandMichaelTurner,[58]working
closelywithHergtoattainanaccuratetranslationastrueaspossibletotheoriginalwork.[59]Dueinparttothe
largeamountoflanguagespecificwordplay(suchaspunning)intheseries,especiallythejokeswhichplayed
onProfessorCalculus'partialdeafness,itwasalwaystheintentionnottotranslateliterally,insteadstrivingto
sculptaworkwhoseidiomsandjokeswouldbemeritoriousintheirownright.DespitethefreehandHerg
affordedthetwo,theyworkedcloselywiththeoriginaltext,askingforregularassistancetounderstandHerg's
intentions.[59]
TheBritishtranslationswerealsoAnglicisedtoappealtoBritishcustomsandvalues.Milou,forexample,was
renamedSnowyatthetranslators'discretion.CaptainHaddock'sLechteaudeMoulinsartwasrenamed
MarlinspikeHall.[60]
WhenitcametimetotranslateTheBlackIsland,whichissetinGreatBritain,theopportunitywastakento
makethescenesmoretruetolifesuchasensuringthattheBritishpolicewereunarmedandensuringscenesof
theBritishcountrysideweremoreaccuratefordiscerningBritishreaders.[59]Methuenhaddecidedthatthe
bookdidnotportrayGreatBritainaccuratelyenough,andhadcompiledalistof131errorsofdetail,which
shouldbeputright,askingStudiosHergtoreworkitcompletely.Theresultingalbumisthedramatically
updatedandredrawn1966versionthatisthemostcommonlyavailabletoday.[61]Asoftheearly21stcentury,
EgmontpublishesTintinbooksintheUnitedKingdomandelsewhere.[62]
American
UnlikeinmostofWesternEurope,theTintinbookshavehadlimitedpopularityintheUnitedStates.[63]
TheworkswerefirstadaptedfortheAmericanEnglishmarketbyGoldenBooks,abranchoftheWestern
PublishingCompanyinthe1950s.ThealbumsweretranslatedfromFrenchintoAmericanEnglishwithsome
artworkpanelsblankedexceptforthespeechballoons.Thiswasdonetoremovecontentconsideredtobe
inappropriateforchildren,suchasdrunkennessandfreemixingofraces.[64]Thealbumswerenotpopularand
onlysixwerepublishedinmixedorder.[65]TheeditedalbumslaterhadtheirblankedareasredrawnbyHergto
bemoreacceptable,andtheycurrentlyappearthiswayinpublishededitionsaroundtheworld.[65]
From1966to1979,Children'sDigestincludedmonthlyinstalmentsofTheAdventuresofTintin.These
serialisationsservedtoincreaseTintin'spopularity,introducinghimtomanythousandsofnewreadersinthe
UnitedStates.[b][65]
AtlanticMonthlyPress,incooperationwithLittle,BrownandCompanybeginninginthe1970s,republished
thealbumsbasedontheBritishtranslations.Alterationsweremadetovocabularynotwellknowntoan
Americanaudience(suchasgaol,tyre,saloon,andspanner).Asoftheearly21stcentury,Little,Brownand
Company(ownedbytheHachetteBookGroupUSA)continuestopublishTintinbooksintheUnitedStates.[66]
Letteringandtypography
TheEnglishlanguageAdventuresofTintinbookswereoriginallypublishedwithhandwrittenletteringcreated
bycartographerNeilHyslop.[67]1958'sTheCrabWiththeGoldenClawwasthefirsttobepublishedwith
Hyslop'slettering.HyslopwasgivenversionsofHerg'sartworkwithblankpanels.[67]Hyslopwouldwritehis
Englishscriptonaclearcellophanelikematerial,aimingtofitwithintheoriginalspeechbubble.[67]
Occasionallythesizeofthebubbleswouldneedtobeadjustedifthetranslatedtextwouldnotfit.[67]Inthe
early2000s,Tintin'sEnglishpublishersEgmontdiscontinuedpublishingbooksfeaturingHyslop'shandwritten
lettering,insteadpublishingbookswithtextcreatedwithdigitalfonts.Thischangewasinstigatedbypublisher
CastermanandHerg'sestatemanagersMoulinsart,whodecidedtoreplacelocalisedhandletteringwitha
singlecomputerisedfontforallTintintitlesworldwide.[68]
Reception
Awards
On1June2006,theDalaiLamabestowedtheInternationalCampaignforTibet'sLightofTruthAwardupon
theHergFoundation,alongwithSouthAfricanArchbishopDesmondTutu.[69]Theawardwasinrecognition
ofHerg'sbookTintininTibet,Herg'smostpersonaladventure,[70]whichtheExecutiveDirectorofICT
EuropeTseringJampanotedwas"formany...theirintroductiontotheaweinspiringlandscapeandcultureof
Tibet".[71]In2001,theHergFoundationdemandedtherecalloftheChinesetranslationofthework,which
hadbeenreleasedwiththetitleTintininChineseTibet.Theworkwassubsequentlypublishedwiththecorrect
translationofthetitle.[72]AcceptingonbehalfoftheHergFoundation,Herg'swidowFannyRodwellstated,
"Weneverthoughtthatthisstoryoffriendshipwouldhavearesonancemorethan40yearslater".[69]
Literarycriticism
ThestudyofTintinhasbecomethelifeworkofmanyliterarycritics,observerssometimesreferringtothis
studyas"Tintinology".[73]AprominentliterarycriticofTintinisPhilippeGoddin,whopublishedHerget
Tintinreporters:DuPetitVingtimeauJournalTintin(1986,laterrepublishedinEnglishasHergandTintin
Reporters:From"LePetitVingtime"to"Tintin"Magazinein1987)andHergetlesBigotudos(1993)
amongstotherbooksontheseries.In1983,BenotPeeterspublishedLeMonded'Herg,subsequently
publishedinEnglishasTintinandtheWorldofHergin1988.[74]AlthoughGoddinandPeeterswerenative
Frenchspeakers,theEnglishreporterMichaelFarralsopublishedworksonsuchasTintin,60Yearsof
Adventure(1989),Tintin:TheCompleteCompanion(2001),[75]Tintin&Co.(2007)[76]andTheAdventuresof
Herg(2007),[77]ashadEnglishscreenwriterHarryThompson,theauthorofTintin:HergandhisCreation
(1991).[78]
Literarycritics,primarilyinFrenchspeakingEurope,havealsoexaminedTheAdventuresofTintin.In1984,
JeanMarieApostolidspublishedhisstudyoftheAdventuresofTintinfromamore"adult"perspectiveasLes
MtamorphosesdeTintin,publishedinEnglishasTheMetamorphosesofTintin,orTintinforAdultsin
2010.[79]InreviewingApostolids'book,NathanPerlRosenthalofTheNewRepublicthoughtthatitwas"not
forthefaintofheart:itisdenselypackedwithclosetextualanalysisandladenwithpsychologicaljargon."[80]
FollowingApostolids'swork,FrenchpsychoanalystSergeTisseronexaminedtheseriesinhisbooksTintinet
lesSecretsdeFamille("TintinandtheFamilySecrets"),whichwaspublishedin1990,[81]andTintinetle
Secretd'Herg("TintinandHerg'sSecret"),publishedin1993.[82]
ThefirstEnglishlanguageworkofliterarycriticismdevotedtotheserieswasTintinandtheSecretof
Literature,writtenbythenovelistTomMcCarthyandpublishedin2006.McCarthycomparesHerg'swork
withthatofAeschylus,HonordeBalzac,JosephConrad,andHenryJamesandarguesthattheseriescontains
thekeytounderstandingliteratureitself.[83]McCarthyconsideredtheAdventuresofTintintobe"stupendously
rich",[84]containing"amasteryofplotandsymbol,themeandsubtext"[85]which,influencedbyTisseron's
psychoanalyticalreadingsofthework,hebelievedcouldbedecipheredtorevealaseriesofrecurringthemes,
rangingfrombartering[86]toimplicitsexualintercourse[87]thatHerghadfeaturedthroughouttheseries.
ReviewingthebookinTheTelegraph,TobyClementsarguedhoweverthatMcCarthy'swork,andliterary
criticismofHerg'scomicstripsingeneral,cut"perilouslyclose"tosimplyfeeding"theappetiteofthose
willingtocrossthelinebetweenenthusiastandobsessive"intheTintinologicalcommunity.[88]
Controversy
TheearlieststoriesinTheAdventuresofTintinhavebeencriticised[90]fordisplayingracialstereotypes,animal
cruelty,colonialist,violent,andevenfascistleanings,includingethnocentriccaricaturedportrayalsofnon
Europeans.[91]WhiletheHergFoundationhaspresentedsuchcriticismasnavetandscholarsofHergsuch
asHarryThompsonhavesaidthat"HergdidwhathewastoldbytheAbbWallez",[92]Herghimselffeltthat
hisbackgroundmadeitimpossibletoavoidprejudice,stating,"Iwasfedtheprejudicesofthebourgeoissociety
thatsurroundedme."[53]
TintinintheCongohasbeencriticisedaspresentingtheAfricansasnaveandprimitive.[93]Intheoriginal
work,TintinisshownatablackboardaddressingaclassofAfricanchildren."Mydearfriends,"hesays,"Iam
goingtotalktoyoutodayaboutyourfatherland:Belgium."[c]Hergredrewthisin1946toshowalessonin
mathematics.[94]Herglateradmittedtheflawsintheoriginalstory,excusingitsaying,"Iportrayedthese
Africansaccordingto...thispurelypaternalisticspiritofthetime."[53]
SueBuswellsummarisedtheperceivedproblemswiththebookin
1988[95]as"alltodowithrubberylipsandheapsofdeadanimals",[d]
althoughThompsonnotedthisquotemayhavebeen"takenoutof
context".[96]
DrawingonAndrMaurois'LesSilencesducolonelBramble,Herg
presentsTintinasabiggamehunter,accidentallykillingfifteen TheearlyworksofTintinnaively
antelopeasopposedtotheoneneededfortheeveningmeal.However, depictedcontroversialimages.Later,
concernsoverthenumberofdeadanimalsledTintin'sScandinavian Hergcalledhisactions"a
publisherstorequestchanges.ApageofTintinkillingarhinocerosby transgressionofmyyouth."Herg
drillingaholeinitsbackandinsertingastickofdynamitewasdeemed substitutedthissequencewithonein
excessiveHergreplacedthepagewithoneinwhichtherhino whichtherhinoaccidentally
accidentallydischargesTintin'sriflewhilehesleepsunderatree.[89]In dischargesTintin'srifle. [89]
2007,theUK'sCommissionforRacialEqualitycalledforthebookto
bepulledfromshelvesafteracomplaint,stating,"Itbeggarsbeliefthat
inthisdayandagethatanyshopwouldthinkitacceptabletosellanddisplayTintinintheCongo."[97]In
August2007,aCongolesestudentfiledacomplaintinBrusselsthatthebookwasaninsulttotheCongolese
people.Publicprosecutorsinvestigated,andacriminalcasewasinitiated,althoughthematterwastransferred
toacivilcourt.[98]Belgium'sCentreforEqualOpportunitieswarnedagainst"overreactionandhyperpolitical
correctness".[99]
Hergalteredsomeoftheearlyalbumsinsubsequenteditions,usuallyatthedemandof
publishers.Forexample,attheinstigationofhisAmericanpublishers,manyoftheAfrican
charactersinTintininAmericawererecolouredtomaketheirraceCaucasianor
ambiguous.[100]TheShootingStaroriginallyhadanAmericanvillainwiththeJewish
Mr.Bohlwinkel surnameof"Blumenstein".Thisprovedcontroversial,asthecharacterexhibited
exaggerated,stereotypicallyJewishcharacteristics."Blumenstein"waschangedtoan
Americanwithalessethnicallyspecificname,Mr.Bohlwinkel,inlatereditionsandsubsequentlytoaSouth
AmericanofafictionalcountrySoRico.Herglaterdiscoveredthat'Bohlwinkel'wasalsoaJewish
name.[50]
Adaptationsandmemorabilia
TheAdventuresofTintinhasbeenadaptedinavarietyofmediabesidestheoriginalcomicstripandits
collections.Hergencouragedadaptationsandmembersofhisstudioworkingontheanimatedfilms.After
Herg'sdeathin1983,theHergFoundationandMoulinsart,thefoundation'scommercialandcopyrightwing,
becameresponsibleforauthorisingadaptationsandexhibitions.[101]
Televisionandradio
Twoanimatedtelevisionadaptationsandoneradioadaptationhavebeenmade.
Herg'sAdventuresofTintin(LesaventuresdeTintind'aprsHerg)(1957)wasthefirstproductionof
BelvisionStudios.[102]TenofHerg'sbookswereadapted,eachserialisedintoasetoffiveminuteepisodes,
with103episodesproduced.[e]TheserieswasdirectedbyRayGoossensandwrittenbyBelgiancomicartist
Greg,latereditorinchiefofTintinmagazine,andproducedbyRaymondLeblanc.[f]Moststoriesintheseries
variedwidelyfromtheoriginalbooks,oftenchangingwholeplots.[102]
TheAdventuresofTintin(LesaventuresdeTintin)(199192)wasthemoresuccessfulTintintelevisionseries.
AnadaptationoftwentyoneTintinbooks,[g][103]itwasdirectedbyStphaneBernasconiandwasproducedby
Ellipse(France)andNelvana(Canada)onbehalfoftheHergFoundation.Theseriesadheredcloselytothe
albumstosuchanextentthatpanelsfromtheoriginalwereoftentransposeddirectlytothescreen.[103]The
seriesairedinoverfiftycountriesandwasreleasedonDVD.ItairedintheUSonHBO.[104]
TheAdventuresofTintin(199293)radioserieswasproducedbyBBCRadio4.ThedramasstarredRichard
PearceasTintinandAndrewSachsasSnowy.CaptainHaddockwasplayedbyLeoMcKerninSeriesOneand
LionelJeffriesinSeriesTwo,ProfessorCalculuswasplayedbyStephenMooreandThomsonandThompson
wereplayedbyCharlesKay.
TheAdventuresofTintinwerealsoreleasedasradiodramasonLPandcompactcassetterecordingsinFrench
languageversionsinBelgium,FranceandCanada,GermanlanguageversionsinWestGermany,Swedish
languageversionsinSweden,DanishlanguageversionsinDenmarkandNorwegianlanguageversionsin
Norway.
Cinema
FivefeaturelengthTintinfilmsweremadebeforeHerg'sdeathin1983.
TheCrabwiththeGoldenClaws(Lecrabeauxpincesd'or)(1947)wasthefirstsuccessfulattempttoadaptone
ofthecomicsintoafeaturefilm.WrittenanddirectedbyClaudeMisonneandJooBMichiels,thefilmwasa
stopmotionpuppetproductioncreatedbyasmallBelgianstudio.[105]
TintinandtheGoldenFleece(TintinetlemystredelaToisond'Or)(1961),thefirstliveactionTintinfilm,
wasadaptednotfromoneofHerg'sAdventuresofTintinbutinsteadfromanoriginalscriptwrittenbyAndr
BarretandRmoForlani.[106]DirectedbyJeanJacquesVierneandstarringJeanPierreTalbotasTintinand
GeorgesWilsonasHaddock,theplotinvolvesTintintravellingtoIstanbultocollecttheGoldenFleece,aship
lefttoHaddockinthewillofhisfriend,ThemistoclePaparanic.Whilstinthecityhowever,Tintinand
Haddockdiscoverthatagroupofvillainsalsowantpossessionoftheship,believingthatitwouldleadthemto
ahiddentreasure.[106]
TintinandtheBlueOranges(Tintinetlesorangesbleues)(1964),thesecondliveactionTintinfilm,was
releasedduetothesuccessofthefirst.Againbaseduponanoriginalscript,oncemorebyAndrBarret,itwas
directedbyPhilippeCondroyerandstarredTalbotasTintinandJeanBouiseasHaddock.[107]Theplotrevealsa
newinvention,theblueorange,thatcangrowinthedesertandsolveworldfamines,devisedbyCalculus'
friend,theSpanishProfessorZalamea.Anemirwhoseinterestsarethreatenedbytheinventionoftheblue
orangeproceedstokidnapbothZalameaandCalculus,andTintinandHaddocktraveltoSpaininorderto
rescuethem.[107]
TintinandtheTempleoftheSun(Tintinetletempledusoleil)(1969),thefirsttraditionalanimationTintinfilm,
wasadaptedfromtwoofHerg'sAdventuresofTintin:TheSevenCrystalBallsandPrisonersoftheSun.The
firstfulllength,animatedfilmfromRaymondLeblanc'sBelvision,whichhadrecentlycompleteditstelevision
seriesbasedupontheTintinstoriesitwasdirectedbyEddieLatesteandfeaturedamusicalscorebythe
criticallyacclaimedcomposerFranoisRauber.Theadaptationismostlyfaithful,althoughtheSevenCrystal
Ballsportionofthestorywasheavilycondensed.[107]
TintinandtheLakeofSharks(Tintinetlelacauxrequins)(1972),thesecondtraditionalanimationTintinfilm
andthelastTintinreleasefornearly40years,itwasbasedonanoriginalscriptbyGreganddirectedby
RaymondLeblanc.[108]Belvision'ssecondfeaturetakesTintintoSyldaviatooutwithisoldfoeRastapopoulos.
Whilethelookofthefilmisricher,thestoryislessconvincing.[109]Themoviewassubsequentlyadaptedintoa
comicalbummadeupofstillsfromthefilm.[110]
ResurgenceinTintinfilms
TheAdventuresofTintin:TheSecretoftheUnicorn(2011)wasStevenSpielberg'smotioncapture3Dfilm
basedonthreeHergalbums:TheCrabwiththeGoldenClaws(1941),TheSecretoftheUnicorn(1943),and
RedRackham'sTreasure(1944).[111]PeterJackson'scompanyWetaDigitalprovidedtheanimationandspecial
effects.Themovie'sreceptionwaspositiveJacksonwilldirectandSpielbergwillproduceasecondmovieofa
plannedtrilogy.[112]
Documentaries
OnedocumentaryaboutTintinwasmadeduringHerg'slifetime.YearsafterHerg'sdeath,anewdocumentary
filmaboutTintinandHergwasreleased,thenlateradocumentarytelevisionserieswasproduced.
I,Tintin(Moi,Tintin)(1976)wasproducedbyBelvisionStudiosandPierreFilm.[113]
TintinandI(Tintinetmoi)(2003),adocumentaryfilmdirectedbyAndersHgsbrostergaardandco
producedbycompaniesfromDenmark,Belgium,France,andSwitzerland,wasbasedonthetapedinterview
withHergbyNumaSadoulfrom1971.Althoughtheinterviewwaspublishedasabook,Hergwasallowedto
edittheworkpriortopublishingandmuchoftheinterviewwasexcised.[114]YearsafterHerg'sdeath,the
filmmakerreturnstotheoriginaltapesandrestoresHerg'softenpersonal,insightfulthoughtsandinthe
processbringsviewersclosertotheworldofTintinandHerg.[113]ItwasbroadcastintheUnitedStatesonthe
PBSnetwork,11July2006.[115]
SurlestracesdeTintin(OnthetrailofTintin)(2010)wasafivepartdocumentarytelevisionserieswhich
recapsseveralalbumsofthebookseriesbycombiningcomicpanels(motionlessorotherwise)withliveaction
imagery,withcommentaryprovided.
Theatre
Herghimselfhelpedtocreatetwostageplays,collaboratingwith
humouristJacquesVanMelkebeke.TintinintheIndies:TheMysteryof
theBlueDiamond(1941)coversmuchofthesecondhalfofCigarsof
thePharaohasTintinattemptstorescueastolenbluediamond.The
DisappearanceofMr.Boullock(19411942)hasTintin,Snowy,and
TintinandtheBlackIslandatthe ThomsonandThompsontrackthemysteriousMr.Boullockaroundthe
ArtsTheatreintheWestEndof worldandbacktoBrusselsagain.Theplayswereperformedatthe
London,bytheUnicornTheatre ThtreRoyaldesGaleriesinBrussels.Thescriptsoftheplaysare
Company,in198081[116] unfortunatelylost.[117]
Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,twoTintinplaysappearedattheArts
TheatreintheWestEndofLondon,adaptedbyGeoffreyCasefortheUnicornTheatreCompany.Thesewere
Tintin'sGreatAmericanAdventure,basedonthecomicTintininAmerica(19761977)andTintinandthe
BlackIsland,basedonTheBlackIsland(198081)thissecondplaylatertoured.[h][116]
AmusicalbasedonTheSevenCrystalBallsandPrisonersoftheSunpremiredon15September2001atthe
Stadsschouwburg(CityTheatre)inAntwerp,Belgium.ItwasentitledKuifjeDeZonnetempel(DeMusical)
("TintinTempleoftheSun(TheMusical)")andwasbroadcastonCanalPlus,beforemovingontoCharleroi
in2002asTintinLeTempleduSoleilLeSpectacleMusical.[118]
TheYoungVictheatrecompanyinLondonranHerg'sAdventuresofTintin,amusicalversionofTintinin
Tibet,attheBarbicanArtsCentre(20052006)theproductionwasdirectedbyRufusNorrisandwasadapted
byNorrisandDavidGreig.[119]TheshowwassuccessfullyrevivedatthePlayhouseTheatreintheWestEndof
Londonbeforetouring(20062007)[120]tocelebratethecentenaryofHerg'sbirthin2007.[1]
Videogames
TintinbeganappearinginvideogameswhenInfogramesEntertainment,SA,aFrenchgamecompany,released
thesidescrollerTintinontheMoonin1989.[121]Thesamecompanyreleasedaplatformervideogametitled
TintininTibetin1995fortheSuperNESandMegaDrive/Genesis.[122]AnotherplatformerfromInfogrames
titledPrisonersoftheSunwasreleasedthefollowingyearfortheSuperNES,PC,andGameBoyColor.[123]
Ascomputergraphicstechnologyimproved,videogameexperiencesimproved.In2001,Tintinbecame3Dina
gamecalledTintin:DestinationAdventure,releasedbyInfogramesforthePCandPlayStation.[124]Thenin
2011,anactionadventurevideogamecalledTheAdventuresofTintin:TheSecretoftheUnicorn,atieintothe
2011movie,wasreleasedbyUbisoftinOctober2011.[125]
Memorabiliaandmerchandise
Imagesfromtheserieshavelongbeenlicensedforuseonmerchandise,
thesuccessofTintinmagazinehelpingtocreateamarketforsuchitems.
Tintin'simagehasbeenusedtosellawidevarietyofproducts,from
alarmclockstounderpants.Countlessseparateitemsrelatedtothe
characterhavebeenavailable,withsomebecomingcollectors'itemsin
theirownright.[127]
TheHergFoundationhasmaintainedcontrolofthelicenses,through
Moulinsart,thecommercialwingofthefoundation.Speakingin2002,
PeterHoremans,thethendirectorgeneralatMoulinsart,notedthis
control:"Wehavetobeveryprotectiveoftheproperty.Wedon'ttake
lightlyanypotentialpartnersandwehavetobeveryselective...forhim
tocontinuetobeaspopularasheis,greatcareneedstobetakenofhis
use."[128]However,theFoundationhasbeencriticisedbyscholarsas
"trivialisingtheworkofHergbyconcentratingonthemorelucrative TheTintinShopinCovent
merchandising"inthewakeofamoveinthelate1990stochargethem Garden[126]
forusingrelevantimagestoillustratetheirpapersontheseries.[129]
Tintinmemorabiliaandmerchandisehasallowedachainofstoresbasedsolelyonthecharactertobecome
viable.Thefirstshopwaslaunchedin1984inCoventGarden,London.[126]Tintinshopshavealsoopenedin
bothBrugesandBrusselsinBelgium,andinMontpellier,France.In2014,aTintinshopopenedinTaguig,
Philippines,onlythesecondofitskindinSoutheastAsia.TheBritishbookstorechain,Ottakar's,foundedin
1987,wasnamedafterthecharacterofKingOttokarfromtheTintinbookKingOttokar'sSceptre,andtheir
shopsstockedalargeamountofTintinmerchandiseuntiltheirtakeoverbyWaterstone'sin2006.[130]
Stampsandcoins
Tintin'simagehasbeenusedonpostagestampsonnumerousoccasions.ThefirstTintinpostagestampwasan
eightfrancstampissuedbyBelgianPostforthe50thanniversaryofthepublicationofTintin'sfirstadventure
on29September1979,featuringTintinandSnowylookingthroughamagnifyingglassatseveralstamps.[132]
In1999,aninestampblockcelebratingtenyearsoftheBelgianComicStripCenterwasissued,withthecenter
stampaphotoofTintin'sfamousmoonrocketthatdominatestheComicStripCenter'sentryhall.[131]Tomark
theendoftheBelgianFrancandtocelebratetheseventiethanniversaryofthepublicationofTintininthe
Congo,twomorestampswereissuedbyBelgianPoston31December2001:Tintininapithhelmetanda
souvenirsheetwithasinglestampinthecenter.ThestampswerejointlyissuedintheDemocraticRepublicof
theCongo.[131]In2004,BelgianPostcelebrateditsownseventyfifthanniversary,aswellasthefiftieth
anniversaryofthepublicationofExplorersontheMoon,andthethirtyfifthanniversaryofthemoonlandings
withasouvenirsheetoffivestampsbasedupontheExplorersontheMoonadventure.[133]Tocelebratethe
centenaryofHerg'sbirthin2007,[1]BelgianPostissuedasheetof25
stampsdepictingthealbumcoversofall24AdventuresofTintin(in24
languages)plusHerg'sportraitinthecenter.[131]Asouvenirsheetof
tenstampscalled"Tintinonscreen",issued30August2011,depictsthe
Tintinfilmandtelevisionadaptations.[i][131]
Besidesstamps,Tintinhasalsobeencommemoratedbycoinseveral
times.In1995,theMonnaiedeParis(ParisMint)issuedasetoftwelve
goldmedallions,availableinalimitededitionof5000.[134]Asilver
medallionwasmintedin2004tocommemoratethe50thanniversaryof
theTintinbookExplorersontheMoon,againinalimitedrun,thistime
BelgianPost'sseriesofpostage of10,000.Itquicklysoldout.[135]In2004,Belgiummintedalimited
stamps"Tintinonscreen"issued30 editioncommemorativeeurocoinfeaturingTintinandSnowy
August2011featuringa celebratingthe75thanniversaryofTintin'sfirstadventureinJanuary
chronologicalreviewofTintinfilm 2004.[136]Althoughithasafacevalueof10,itis,aswithother
adaptationsmadethroughyears. [131] commemorativeeurocoins,legaltenderonlyinthecountryinwhichit
wasissuedinthiscase,Belgium.[136]In20062012Franceissuedthe
ComicStripHeroescommemorativecoinseriesfeaturingfamous
FrancoBelgiancomics,beginningin2006withTintin.[137]Itwasasetofsixdifferenteurocoinshonouring
Herg:three1eurosilvercoinsfeaturingTintinandtheProfessor,TintinandCaptainHaddock,andTintin
andChanga10(gold)featuringTintinanda20(silver)anda50(gold)featuringTintinandSnowy.[137]In
2007,onHerg'scentenary,Belgiumissuedits20(silver)Herg/Tintincoin.[138]
Parodyandpastiche
DuringHerg'slifetime,parodieswereproducedoftheAdventuresof
Tintin,withoneoftheearliestappearinginBelgiannewspaperLa
PatrieaftertheliberationofthecountryfromNaziGermanoccupation
inSeptember1944.EntitledTintinaupaysdenazis("TintinintheLand
oftheNazis"),theshortandcrudelydrawnstriplampoonsHergfor
workingforaNazirunnewspaperduringtheoccupation.[140]
AframefromBreakingFree,a
FollowingHerg'sdeath,hundredsmoreunofficialparodiesand revolutionarysocialistcomicthat
pastichesoftheAdventuresofTintinwereproduced,coveringawide parodiestheAdventuresofTintin[139]
varietyofdifferentgenres. [139]TomMcCarthydividedsuchworksinto
threespecificgroupings:pornographic,political,andartistic.[141]Ina
numberofcases,theactualname"Tintin"isreplacedbysomethingsimilar,likeNitnit,Timtim,orQuinquin,
withinthesebooks.[139]
McCarthy'sfirstgroup,pornographicparodies,includes1976'sTintinenSuisse("TintininSwitzerland")and
JanBucquoy's1992workLaVieSexuelledeTintin("Tintin'sSexLife"),featuringTintinandtheother
charactersengagedinsexualacts.[142]AnothersuchexamplewasTintininThailand,inwhichTintin,Haddock,
andCalculustraveltotheEastAsiancountryforasexholiday.ThebookbegancirculatinginDecember1999,
butin2001,Belgianpolicearrestedthoseresponsibleandconfiscated650copiesforcopyrightviolation.[143]
Otherparodieshavebeenproducedforpoliticalreasons:forinstance,TintininIraqlampoonstheworldpolitics
oftheearly21stcentury,withHerg'scharacterGeneralAlcazarrepresentingPresidentoftheUnitedStates
GeorgeW.Bush.[139]WrittenbythepseudonymousJackDaniels,BreakingFree(1989)isarevolutionary
socialistcomicsetinBritainduringthe1980s,withTintinandhisuncle(modelledafterCaptainHaddock)
beingworkingclassEnglishmenwhoturntosocialisminordertoopposethecapitalistpoliciesofthe
ConservativePartygovernmentofMargaretThatcher.WhenfirstpublishedinBritain,itcausedanoutragein
themainstreampress,withonepaperissuingtheheadlinethat"CommienuttersturnTintinintopicket
yob!"[139]
Othercomiccreatorshavechosentocreateartisticstoriesthataremorelikefanfictionthanparody.TheSwiss
artistExemcreatedtheirreverentcomicadventuresofZinzin,whatTheGuardiancalls"themostbeautifully
producedofthepastiches."[139]Similarly,CanadiancartoonistYvesRodierhasproducedanumberofTintin
works,noneofwhichhavebeenauthorisedbytheHergFoundation,includinga1986"completion"ofthe
unfinishedTintinandAlphart,whichhedrewinHerg'sligneclairestyle.[139]
TheresponsetotheseparodieshasbeenmixedintheTintinologicalcommunity.Manydespisethem,seeing
themasanaffronttoHerg'swork.[139]NickRodwelloftheHergFoundationtookthisview,declaringthat
"NoneofthesecopyistscountastruefansofHerg.Iftheywere,theywouldrespecthiswishesthatnoonebut
himdrawTintin'sadventures."[139]Wherepossible,thefoundationhastakenlegalactionagainstthoseknown
tobeproducingsuchitems.Othershavetakenadifferentattitude,consideringsuchparodiesandpastichesto
betributestoHerg,andcollectingthemhasbecomea"nichespecialty".[139]
Exhibitions
AfterHerg'sdeathin1983,hisartbegantobehonouredatexhibitions
aroundtheworld,keepingTintinawarenessatahighlevel.Thefirst
majorTintinexhibitioninLondonwasTintin:60yearsofAdventure,
heldin1989attheTownHallinChelsea.Thisearlyexhibition
displayedmanyofHerg'soriginalsketchesandinks,aswellassome
originalgouaches.[145]In2001,anexhibitionentitledMilleSabords!
HergartexhibitionattheCentre ("BillionsofBlisteringBarnacles!")wasshownattheNationalNavy
GeorgesPompidoumodernart Museum(MusenationaldelaMarine)inParis.[146]In2002,the
museuminParis,commemoratingthe BunkamuraMuseumofArtinTokyostagedanexhibitionoforiginal
centenaryofHerg'sbirthin Hergdrawingsaswellasofthesubmarineandrocketshipinventedin
2007[144] thestripsbyProfessorCalculus.[147]TheNationalMaritimeMuseumin
Greenwich,London,hostedtheexhibitionTheAdventuresofTintinat
Seain2004,focusingonTintin'sseaexploits,andincommemorationofthe75thanniversaryofthepublication
ofTintin'sfirstadventure.[148]2004alsosawanexhibitioninHallesSaintGryinBrusselstitledTintinetla
ville("TintinandtheCity")showcasingallcitiesintheworldTintinhadtravelled.[149]
TheBelgianComicStripCenterintheBrusselsbusinessdistrictaddedexhibitsdedicatedtoHergin2004.[150]
TheBrussels'ComicBookRouteinthecenterofBrusselsaddeditsfirstTintinmuralinJuly2005.[151]
ThecentenaryofHerg'sbirthin2007[1]wascommemoratedatthelargestmuseumformodernartinEurope,
theCentreGeorgesPompidouinParis,withHerg,anartexhibitionhonouringhiswork.Theexhibition,which
ranfrom20December2006until19February2007,featuredsome300ofHerg'sboardsandoriginal
drawings,includingall124originalplatesofTheBlueLotus.[144]LaurentleBon,organizeroftheexhibitsaid,
"ItwasimportantfortheCentretoshowtheworkofHergnexttothatofMatisseorPicasso."[152]Michael
Farrsaid,"Herghaslongbeenseenasafatherfigureinthecomicsworld.Ifhe'snowrecognizedasamodern
artist,that'sveryimportant."[153]
2009sawtheopeningoftheHergMuseum(MuseHerg),designedincontemporarystyle,inthetownof
LouvainlaNeuve,southofBrussels.[154]Visitorsfollowasequenceofeightpermanentexhibitroomscovering
theentirerangeofHerg'swork,showcasingtheworldofTintinandhisothercreations.[155]Inaddition,the
newmuseumhasalreadyseenmanytemporaryexhibits,includingIntoTibetWithTintin.[156]
Legacy
Hergisrecognisedasoneoftheleadingcartoonistsofthetwentieth
century.[158]Mostnotably,Herg'sligneclairestylehasbeeninfluential
tocreatorsofotherFrancoBelgiancomics.ContributorstoTintin
magazinehaveemployedligneclaire,andlaterartistsJacquesTardi,
YvesChaland,JasonLittle,PhilElliott,MartinHandford,GeofDarrow,
EricHeuvel,GarenEwing,JoostSwarte,andothershaveproduced
worksusingit.[159]
Inthewiderartworld,bothAndyWarholandRoyLichtensteinhave TheHergMuseum,locatedinthe
claimedHergasoneoftheirmostimportantinfluences.[160] townofLouvainlaNeuve,southof
LichtensteinmadepaintingsbasedonfragmentsfromTintincomics, Brussels,openedinJune2009,
whilstWarholusedligneclaireandevenmadeaseriesofpaintingswith honouringtheworkofHerg. [157]
Hergasthesubject.Warhol,whoadmiredTintin's"greatpoliticaland
satiricaldimensions",[160]said,"Herghasinfluencedmyworkinthe
samewayasWaltDisney.Forme,Hergwasmorethanacomicstripartist".[161]
Herghasbeenlaudedas"creatinginartapowerfulgraphicrecordofthe20thcentury'storturedhistory"
throughhisworkonTintin,[115]whilstMauriceHorn'sWorldEncyclopediaofComicsdeclareshimtohave
"spearheadedthepostWorldWarIIrenaissanceofEuropeancomicart".[162]FrenchphilosopherMichelSerres
notedthatthetwentythreecompletedTintinalbumsconstituteda"chefd'oeuvre"("masterpiece")towhich
"theworkofnoFrenchnovelistiscomparableinimportanceorgreatness".[163]
In1966,CharlesdeGaullesaid,"Intheend,youknow,myonlyinternationalrivalisTintin!Wearethesmall
ones,whodonotletthemselvesbehadbythegreatones."[164][j]
InMarch2015,BrusselsAirlinespaintedanAirbusA320200withregistrationOOSNBinaspecialTintin
livery.[165]
TintinhasbecomeasymbolofBelgiumandsowasusedinavarietyofvisualresponsestothe2016Brussels
bombings.[166]
Listoftitles
FollowingarethetwentyfourcanonicalTintincomicalbumsasnamedinEnglish.Publicationdatesareofthe
originalFrenchlanguageversions.
Tintincomicalbums
Album Album Album
Title Serialisation Notes
Number (B&W) (colour)
Hergpreventedthis
book'srepublication
1 TintinintheLandoftheSoviets 19291930 1930 until1973.Ithas
neverbeenredrawn
inacolouredition.
2 TintinintheCongo 19301931 1931 1946
3 TintininAmerica 19311932 1932 1945
4 CigarsofthePharaoh 19321934 1934 1955 Republishedin
5 TheBlueLotus 19341935 1936 1946 colourandinafixed
62pageformat.
6 TheBrokenEar 19351937 1937 1943
Book10wasthe
7 TheBlackIsland 19371938 1938 1943,1966 firsttobeoriginally
8 KingOttokar'sSceptre 19381939 1939 1947 publishedincolour.
9 TheCrabwiththeGoldenClaws 19401941 1941 1943
10 TheShootingStar 19411942 1942
11 TheSecretoftheUnicorn 19421943 1943
Books11to15seta
12 RedRackham'sTreasure 1943 1944 middleperiodfor
13 TheSevenCrystalBalls 19431946 1948 Hergmarkedby
14 PrisonersoftheSun 19461948 1949 warandchanging
collaborators.
15 LandofBlackGold 19481950 1950,1971
16 DestinationMoon 19501952 1953
17 ExplorersontheMoon 19521953 1954
18 TheCalculusAffair 19541956 1956 Books16to23(and
19 TheRedSeaSharks 19561958 1958 revisededitionsof
books4,7&15)are
20 TintininTibet 19581959 1960 creationsofStudios
21 TheCastafioreEmerald 19611962 1963 Herg.
22 Flight714 19661967 1968
23 TintinandthePicaros 19751976 1976
Herg'sunfinished
24 TintinandAlphArt 1986 2004 book,published
posthumously.
Thefollowingaredoublealbumswithacontinuingstoryarc.
CigarsofthePharaoh&TheBlueLotus
TheSecretoftheUnicorn&RedRackham'sTreasure
TheSevenCrystalBalls&PrisonersoftheSun
DestinationMoon&ExplorersontheMoon
Apartfromtheseries,acomicalbumsupervisedby,butnotwrittenby,Hergwasreleasedbasedonthefilm
Tintinetlelacauxrequins.
TintinandtheLakeofSharks(1972)
Hergattemptedandthenabandonedonealbum:
LeThermozro(1958)
Seealso
TheAdventuresofJo,ZetteandJocko,anotherseriesbyHerg
ListofTintinhomevideoreleases
References
Notes
a.TintinfirstappearedinEagleVol2:17(3August),whichraninweeklypartsinthelowerhalfofthecenterfold,
beneaththecutawaydrawings,untilVol3:4(2May1952).
b.Atthattime,Children'sDigesthadacirculationofaround700,000copiesmonthly.
c."Meschersamis,jevaisvousparleraujourd'huidevotrepatrie:LaBelgique."
d."Deadanimals"referstothefashionforbiggamehuntingatthetimeofthework'soriginalpublication.
e.Twoserieswerecreated.Series1:Twobooks,twelveepisodes,wereadaptedinblackandwhiteasatestofthe
studio'sabilitiesthesewereactuallyfaithfultotheoriginalalbums.Series2:Eightbooks,91episodes,wereadapted
incolourthesewereoftenunfaithfultotheoriginalalbums.Theanimationqualityoftheserieswasverylimited.[102]
f.BelvisionhadjustbeenlaunchedbyRaymondLeblanc,whohadcreatedTintinmagazineadecadeearlier.
g.Theseriesranforthreeseasons,13episodeseachseasonthe21storiesusuallypresentedintwopartsegments.
h.GeoffreyCase(adapted),TonyWredden(directed):Tintin'sGreatAmericanAdventure,ArtsTheatre,London,18
December1976to20February1977,UnicornTheatreCompany.TintinandtheBlackIsland,ArtsTheatre,London,
198081,UnicornTheatreCompany.
i."Tintinonscreen"depictsbothTintintelevisionprogramsandfourofthefiveTintinfilmadaptations(LakeofSharks
wasomitted).
j."Aufond,voussavez,monseulrivalinternationalc'estTintin!Noussommeslespetitsquineselaissentpasavoir
parlesgrands."SpokenbyCharlesdeGaulle,accordingtohisMinisterforCulturalAffairsAndrMalraux.De
GaullehadjustbannedallNATOaircraftbasesfromFrance"thegreatones"referredtoUSAandUSSR.DeGaulle
thenadded,"Onnes'enapperoitpas,causedemataille."("Onlynobodynoticesthelikenessbecauseofmy
size.")[164]
Citations
1.Pollard2007Bostock&Brennan2007TheAge24May2006Junkers2007.
2.Farr2007a,p.4.
3.Thompson1991,p.207208.
4.Screech2005,p.27Miller2007,p.18Clements2006Wagner2006Lichfield2006Macintyre2006Gravett
2008.
5.Thompson2003Gravett2005Mills1983.
6.Assouline2009,p.19.
7.Thompson1991,p.24Peeters2012,pp.2029.
8.Thompson1991,pp.2425Peeters2012,pp.3132.
10.Goddin2008,p.44.
11.Farr2001,p.12.
12.Farr2001,p.12Thompson1991,p.25Assouline2009.
13.Thompson1991,p.29.
14.Lofficier&Lofficier2002,p.19.
15.Assouline2009,p.17Farr2001,p.18Lofficier&Lofficier2002,p.18.
16.Goddin2008,p.67.
17.Assouline2009,pp.2223Peeters2012,pp.3437.
18.Peeters2012,pp.3941.
21.Assouline2009,pp.3032.
24.Thompson1991,pp.9192.
32.Thompson1991,pp.176,174.
34.Thompson1991,pp.202203.
37.Walker2005.
38.McCloud1993.
39.Horeau2004.
40.McCarthy2006,pp.160161.
41.McCarthy2006,p.4.
42.Yusuf2005.
43.HowtotellaThompsonfromaThomson2006.
44.Farr2004.
45.Thompson2003.
46.McLaughlin2007,p.187.
47.Gravett2005.
48.McLaughlin2007,pp.173234.
49.Assouline2009.
50.Ewing1995.
51.Pain2004.
52.Moura1999.
53.Sadoul&Didier2003.
54.TheGreatWave2006.
55.Mills1983.
57.Corn1989TheTimes4August2009.
58.TheDailyTelegraph14August2009TheTimes4August2009.
59.Owens10July2004.
60.Farr2001,p.106.
61.Farr2001,p.72.
62.EgmontGroup2013.
63.BBCNews9January2009.
64.Thompson1991,p.103Apersonalwebsite(Netherlands)2006.
65.Owens1October2004.
66.HachetteBookGroup2013.
67.ChrisOwens(10July2004)."InterviewwithMichaelTurnerandLeslieLonsdaleCooper".Tintinologist.Retrieved
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69.BBCNews2June2006.
70.Farr2001,p.162.
71.Int'lCampaignforTibet17May2006.
72.BBCNews22May2002.
73.Wagner2006.
74.Peeters1989.
75.Farr2001.
76.Farr2007.
77.Farr2007a.
78.Thompson1991.
79.Apostolids2010.
80.PerlRosenthal2010.
81.Tisseron1990.
82.Tisseron1993.
86.McCarthy2006,pp.1314.
87.McCarthy2006,pp.106109.
88.Clements2006.
89.Thompson1991,pp.38,49Farr2001,p.22.
90.BBCNews28April2010Beckford2007.
91.Farr2001,p.22.
93.BBCNews17July2007.
94.Cendrowicz2010Farr2001,p.25.
95.Buswell1988.
97.Beckford2007BBCNews12July2007.
98.Samuel2011BBCNews13February2012.
99.Vrielink2012.
100.Mills1996.
101.Thompson1991,p.289Tintin.comMoulinsart2010.
102.Lofficier&Lofficier2002,pp.143144.
104.BaltimoreSun16November1991.
108.Da.2003.
110.Da.2003Lofficier&Lofficier2002,p.147.
111.Mulard2012.
112.Fischer2011.
114.Christensen2003.
115.PBSJuly2006.
116.Hodgson2008RLF:CurrentFellows2008CadambiWebsite:Plays&Musicals2006.
117.Sadoul1975,p.143Thompson1991,pp.132133,142Lofficier&Lofficier2002,pp.148149.
118.LeDevoir14December2007HLN.be13December2007Wainman2006CadambiWebsite:Plays&Musicals
2006.
119.Billington2005YoungVic.org2005Barbican2005CadambiWebsite:Plays&Musicals2006.
120.Smurthwaite2007SoniaFriedman.com2007.
121.MobyGames.com1989SinclairInfoseek1989.
122.MobyGames.com1995.
126.Pignal2010.
127.Conrad2004.
128.DITT2002.
129.Bright1999.
130.IrishTimes9January1999.
131.Ahl2011TintinMilou.free.fr2011.
132.PostBeeld2010Ahl2011TintinMilou.free.fr2011Kenneally1991.
133.White2007Ahl2011TintinMilou.free.fr2011.
134.Chard1995OmniCoin2009.
135.Tintinesque.com2004.
137.Numista2006CoinDatabase2006.
138.CoinTalk2007NumisCollect2007.
139.Coxhead2007.
140.McCarthy2006,pp.186187Thompson1991,p.168.
141.McCarthy2006,p.186BBCNews14February2001.
142.Coxhead2007McCarthy2006,p.186Perrotte&VanGong2006.
143.BBCNews14February2001.
144.LeFigaro20December2006DerSpiegel20December2006Chiha2007RadioTlvisionSuisse28June2010
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145.Owens25February2004CadambiWebsite:Exhibitions2006.
146.BDzoom.com2001Tintin.com21March2001Sipa3January2001CadambiWebsite:Exhibitions2006.
147.Tintin.com16March2002.
148.BBCNews29March2004Kennedy2003RMG.co.uk13November2003Horeau2004CadambiWebsite:
Exhibitions2006.
149.Soumous2004CadambiWebsite:Exhibitions2006.
150.TheIndependent15October2011Kenneally1991.
151.CityofBrusselsComicBookRoutedeKoningGansWebsite2005.
152.designboom2006.
153.Junkers2007TwoCircles21May2007Highbeam21May2007.
154.TheEconomist28May2009Contimporist3June2009Tintin.comMuseHerg2009.
155.Tintin.comMuseHerg2009.
156.MuseHergMay2012.
157.TheEconomist28May2009Contimporist3June2009.
158.RadioTlvisionSuisse28June2010.
159.Armitstead&Sprenger2011.
160.Thompson1991,p.280.
162.Horn1983.
163.Adair1993.
164.CharlesdeGaulle.org1958TheNewYorkTimes5March1983Lofficier&Lofficier2002,p.9.
165."TINTIN/ABrusselsAirlinesaircraftinTintincolours".
166.Butter,Susannah(24March2016),"Brusselsattacks:howTintinbecameasymbolofsolidarityonTwitter",London
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personalwebsite].Archivedfromtheoriginalon3August2013.Retrieved22June2013.
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Furtherreading
Books
Goddin,Philippe(2010).TheArtofHerg,InventorofTintin:Volume2,19371949.MichaelFarr(translator).San
Goddin,Philippe(2011).TheArtofHerg,InventorofTintin:Volume3:19501983.MichaelFarr(translator).San
Taylor,Raphal(8November2012).Herg:TheGeniusofTintin:ABiography.London:IconBooks.ISBN9781
848312753.
NewsArticles
Dowling,Stephen(9January2004)."Boyreporterstillaglobalhero".London:BBCNews.Archivedfromthe
originalon10November2013.Retrieved22December2012.
Jessel,Stephen(29November1998)."CrazyforTintin".London:BBCNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24
Pandey,Geeta(28September2005)."TintinventuresintoIndia'sruralmarkets".London:BBCNews.Archivedfrom
theoriginalon24December2013.Retrieved22December2012.
"TintinconquersChina".London:BBCNews.23May2001.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24December2013.
Websites
stergaard,Anders(2003)."TintinetMoi(Entiredocumentary)".Vimeo.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24
December2013.Retrieved9May2013.
Curran,James(17October2011)."UnofficialtitlesequenceforTheAdventuresofTintin,featuringelementsfrom
eachofthe24books".Vimeo.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10April2014.Retrieved22June2013.
Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://us.tintin.com)
Tintinologist.org(http://www.tintinologist.org),theoldestand WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoTintin.
largestEnglishlanguageTintinfansite
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